小麦麸皮及面粉戊聚糖对面团特性及面包烘焙品质影响的比较研究

从小麦麸皮和面粉中分别制备水溶和水不溶戊聚糖，将其以0．5％的比例添加到面粉中，以研究其对面团特性及面包烘焙品质的影响。研究发现，小麦麸皮水溶戊聚糖对面团特性及面包烘焙品质的影响与面粉中的水溶戊聚糖相似，可明显改善面团特性及面包烘焙品质，主要体现在：可增加面团的粉质吸水量，增加面团的稳定时间，增加面包的体积，改善面包的内部质构；小麦麸皮水不溶戊聚糖对面团特性及面包烘焙品质有明显的弱化作用；而面粉中的水不溶戊聚糖则对面团特性及面包烘焙品质影响不大。     

Effect of Thermal Treatment on Selected Cereals and Millets Flour Doughs and Their Baking Quality

Selected cereals (rice and sorghum) and millets (finger millet and pearl millet) were steamed for 20 min at ambient pressure. The rheological properties of doughs, made from these steamed as well raw grain flours, were characterized in addition to examining their baking quality. The two-cycle compression test was employed and instrumental values were correlated with sensory attributes (color, aroma, taste, stickiness, chewiness, tearing strength, cohesiveness, and rollability) using principal component analysis (PCA). Rice doughs made from both raw as well as thermally treated flour imparted maximum hardness (96.6–99.3 N) and least cohesiveness (0.05–0.09) with highest stickiness values (105–110°) among all the dough samples at the same moisture content. Pearl millet and raw sorghum flour doughs possessed the least instrumental hardness, adhesiveness, and stickiness and were the easiest to flatten. The PCA biplot showed that sensory and instrumental cohesiveness formed a cluster on the left side on the x axis while shear force, and sensory attributes like tearing strength, chewiness, stickiness, and rollability formed another cluster on the other side of the axis. Raw rice and finger millet doughs were associated with the high extent of instrumental and sensory stickiness. Thermally treated pearl millet and sorghum doughs were the best followed by treated rice and finger millet samples to give the desirable dough characteristics, and were quite close to wheat chapathi in texture.     

Effect of Wheat Bran Particle Size on Dough Rheological Properties

Commercial hard red spring, hard red winter, soft white and durum wheat brans were used to investigate the effect of wheat bran particle size on the rheological properties of doughs. Wheat brans were first coarsely ground and passed through a bran finisher to remove additional endosperm and aleurone layers. These processes increased total dietary fibre content and decreased starch content of the wheat bran samples. Three particle size distributions, for each wheat bran class, were obtained by further grinding (not by sifting) of the bran samples by different experimental mills. Coarse bran can retain significantly more water than medium or fine bran as measured by a centrifuge method, but bran particle size had no significant effect on dough water absorption. Addition of wheat bran into bread dough systems increased dough water absorption rate, reduced mixing time and decreased dough mixing tolerance as measured by farinograph. Fine particle size wheat bran decreased dough mixing tolerance and reduced mixing time compared to coarse bran. Dough containing fine particle size bran exhibited more strength than dough containing coarse bran after a 180-min rest period as measured by the extensigraph. © 1997 SCI.     

麦麸添加量和粒度对中国干面条质构特性的影响

利用山农优麦号面粉为材料,研究不同麦麸添加量(质量分数为5%、10%、15%、20%)和不同粒度(0.16～0.43、0.43～1.0、1.5～2.0、2.0～2.5mm)对面条质构特性的影响。结果表明：麦麸添加量和粒度对面条质构特性产生显著影响(P＜0.05)。面条质构特性参数脆性、柔韧性、曲线积分随着麸皮添加量和粒度的增加而显著降低。当麸皮粒度小于0.43mm时,干面条的脆性随着添加量的增加呈下降趋势;对于5%的添加量,不同粒度处理脆性没有显著差异,但当添加量超过10%时,粒度处理间存在显著差异(P＜0.05)。当添加少于10%的细麸皮时,干面条柔韧性稍有下降,但对于粗麸皮,当添加量少于5%时干面条柔韧性就呈显著下降趋势。随着添加量和麸皮粒度的增加,熟面条的硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性显著下降,而黏性增加。熟面条弹性和黏聚性没有表现出规律性的变化。对于细麸皮,随着添加量增加面条的硬度没有显著降低,而添加粗麸皮则表现出显著的下降趋势。对于中等粒度和大粒度麸皮,添加量在5%～15%处理间对面条的黏聚性、弹性和恢复性没有显著差异。因此,添加10%之内的细麦麸和不超过5%的中等粒度的麦麸能够加工出富含膳食纤维的干面条。     

Effect of dried guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) leaf powder on rheological,organoleptic and nutritional characteristics of cookies

Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) is a shrub with various medicinal properties like, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, etc., and widely used in Ayurvedic preparations. Use of dried Tinospora leaf powder (DTLP) at the levels of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% on the rheological characteristics of wheat flour; organoleptic and nutritional characteristics of cookies was studied. Incorporation of increasing amount of DTLP from 0 to 7.5% increased farinograph water absorption, decreased dough stability; increased amylograph gelatinization temperature, decreased peak viscosity; increased hardness, decreased cohesiveness and springiness of cookie dough; decreased spread ratio and increased breaking strength of the cookies. Sensory evaluation showed that cookies incorporated with 5% DTLP were acceptable. Addition of DTLP increased the protein, dietary fiber, iron, calcium, radical scavenging activity and β-carotene contents of the cookies. The results showed the possibility of utilizing DTLP to improve the nutritional properties of cookies.     

麦麸添加量和粒度对发酵面团特性的影响

以小麦粉为原料,采用4个添加量(5%、10%、15%、20%)、3个粒度(0.85 mm、0.17 mm、0.10 mm)处理麦麸,研究麦麸对小麦粉粉质特性、糊化特性以及发酵面团特性的影响。结果表明:随着麦麸添加量的增加,小麦粉的吸水率、形成时间、粉质指数增大;峰值黏度、低谷黏度、衰减值、最终黏度和回生值下降;发酵面团弹性模量G'、黏性模量G″上升;弛豫时间T_(21)、T_(22)呈现增加的趋势,质子密度A_(21)、A_(22)和A_(23)增加,面团的各项特性较好。然而,当麦麸含量达到20%,面团的质量变差。0.10 mm麦麸粒径的弱化值较大,0.17 mm和0.85 mm麦麸粒径的粉质特性较好,而麦麸的粒度减小会使G'、G″增大。当麦麸添加量小于15%,粒度为0.85 mm时,发酵面团的特性最好。     

蒸汽爆破甘薯渣粉对小麦粉粉质及饼干品质特性的影响

研究蒸汽爆破甘薯渣粉对小麦粉粉质及混合粉制作饼干品质特性的影响。将蒸汽爆破甘薯渣粉添加到小麦粉中,测定不同比例蒸汽爆破甘薯渣粉与小麦粉混合后的沉淀指数、糊化特性、粉质特性以及混合粉饼干质构性质。结果表明：小麦粉中添加不同量的蒸汽爆破甘薯渣粉后,小麦混合粉的沉淀指数、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、稀懈值、最终黏度和反弹值均降低;蒸汽爆破甘薯渣粉添加到小麦粉中,面筋蛋白被稀释,吸水能力随可溶性膳食纤维质量分数的增加而增加,而面团的形成时间和稳定时间缩短,弱化度升高,粉质质量指数降低;混合粉焙烤出的饼干质构特性发生变化。根据饼干的质构特性和感官评定结果,在低筋面粉中添加质量分数6%的蒸汽爆破甘薯渣粉时,混合粉制作的饼干品质最佳。     

薏米全粉的添加对小麦粉加工品质的影响

研究不同添加量（5%、10%、15%、20%和25%）的薏米全粉对小麦粉的粉质特性,拉伸特性、糊化特性以及对馒头的质构和感官评价的影响。结果表明：薏米全粉的添加增加了小麦粉中蛋白质、油脂和灰分的含量。与小麦粉面团相比,薏米全粉不影响小麦粉的形成时间和稳定时间,但在添加量高于15%时弱化度增加显著;添加薏米全粉的面团拉伸能量,延伸性总体上降低,最大拉伸阻力在45?min和135?min差异不显著,拉伸比增加显著。薏米粉的添加显著提高了馒头的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性,显著降低了回复性和内聚性,感官评定与质构硬度和咀嚼性结果一致。随着薏米全粉的添加,口感各个指标总体上降低,但是5%～10%的薏米全粉添加量对馒头感官评价影响不大,并且少量薏米所产生的气味更受人喜爱。结合上述因素,考虑到对面团流变特性、糊化特性和馒头品质的影响,小麦粉中添加10%的薏米全粉较为合适。     

Functionality of Commercially Produced Wheat Flour Solubles in Cakes, Cookies, and Wieners

The performance of wheat flour solubles (WFS) obtained by ultrafiltration and spray drying of a gluten-wheat starch plant effluent was evaluated in cakes, cookies, and wieners. Batter density, cake volume, and quality of high ratio white layer cake decreased with increase in the level of WFS when it was used either as a wheat flour substitute (0–20%) or an egg white substitute (0–50%). Volume and textural characteristics of a yellow layer cake with and without substitution by WFS of 50% whole egg was not significantly different. Increasing WFS substitution levels (0–25%) of a sugar-snap cookie formulation reduced the spread factor and increased the crispness of the cookies without significantly affecting other textural characteristics. Firmness and cook stability of wieners with (6% level) and without WFS were not significantly different.     

Effect of Compositional Variation of Gluten Proteins and Rheological Characteristics of Wheat Flour on the Textural Quality of White Salted Noodles

Protein quality parameters of wheat flour, as well as protein content, showed significant relationship with hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, adhesiveness, chewiness, and gumminess of the cooked noodles. A significant positive correlation (0.54) was observed between glutenins and hardness of noodles. Chewiness of the noodles increased with the protein content, sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation volume, dough development time, dough stability, and glutenins. Hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of the noodles were negatively affected by gliadin to glutenin ratio. Multiple regression analysis depicted significant relationships of the various noodle quality parameters with wheat flour characteristics. The results revealed that the relative composition of the gliadins and glutenins had a considerable effect on the textural profile of noodles indicating their defining contribution on the noodle quality. The resulting information could be useful in predicting the noodle-quality potential of the varieties.     

Effect of Extruded Wheat Germ on Dough Rheology and Bread Quality

Wheat germ, a by-product of the milling industry, has interesting nutritional properties. However, it has limited use due to a high risk of rancidity, which could be reduced by using certain thermal treatments such as extrusion. The aim of this study was to investigate how wheat germ extrusion affects the changes induced by its addition to bread dough. For this purpose, different quantities of extruded or raw wheat germ (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 20?g/100?g flour) were added to bread dough. Rheological characteristics of the dough and final quality characteristics of the bread were analysed from both the physical and the sensory points of view. Wheat germ addition increased water absorption and development time but decreased stability after over-kneading, dough tenacity, extensibility, and dough alveographic strength. The addition of extruded wheat dough improved stability and decreased extensibility and strength. Bread made from dough with added wheat germ presented decreased volume, cohesiveness, and elasticity and increased firmness. However, extrusion increased the volume of breads with added wheat germ and improver and decreased firmness. All breads obtained positive acceptability scores in sensory analysis, although wheat germ addition (10?g/100?g flour) slightly decreased texture, appearance, and overall acceptability scores of breads. Germ extrusion therefore improves dough rheology and bread quality and constitutes a suitable treatment to stabilise wheat germ in bread dough.     

微波处理对小麦粉品质的影响

为了改善小麦粉的品质,研究了微波处理对小麦粉糊化特性、质构特性和粉质拉伸特性的影响.结果表明:微波处理后小麦粉的糊化温度降低,黏度和回生值升高.经微波处理的小麦粉凝胶硬度和回复性下降,弹性和内聚性无显著差异.小麦粉经微波处理后面团吸水率和跌落值D250降低,面团的稳定时间延长.微波处理后小麦粉面团的抗拉强度、弹性强度明显增强,而面团延伸度有明显下降.初步研究认为,在微波功率400 W,处理时间为6 min时小麦粉的品质有明显改善.     

Determination of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat Bran and Whole-Wheat Flour by Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay

A rapid and accurate fluorescence polarization (FP) immunoassay has been optimized for the determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat bran and whole-wheat flour. A preliminary treatment with activated charcoal was used to eliminate the strong matrix effect due to highly colored interfering compounds present in raw wheat bran extracts. In particular, matrix effect was removed by adding activated charcoal to the wheat bran extract (3.5 mg/mL) and mixing for 3 min of incubation time prior to the FP immunoassay analysis. No preliminary treatment was necessary for whole-wheat flour. Average recoveries from samples spiked with DON at levels of 500, 1,000, and 1,500 μg/kg were 95 % for wheat bran and 94 % for whole-wheat flour, with relative standard deviation generally lower than 13 %. Limits of quantification of the optimized FP immunoassay were 120 μg/kg for both matrices. The overall time of analysis was lower than 15 min for wheat bran and 10 min for whole-wheat flour. Good correlations (r?>?0.971) were observed between DON contents obtained by both FP immunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography with immunoaffinity cleanup for 37 and 23 samples of naturally contaminated wheat bran and whole-wheat flour, respectively. These results show that the FP immunoassay is suitable for high-throughput screening as well as for quantitative determination of DON in wheat bran and whole-wheat flour.     

Influence of Buckwheat Flour and Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Rheological Behaviour and Baking Performance of Gluten-Free Cookie Dough

In the present study, the influence of buckwheat flour and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the production of sheetable gluten-free cookie dough of acceptable rheological properties and subsequently their effect on the quality of gluten-free cookies was studied. The buckwheat flour was used to replace 10, 20 and 30 % of rice flour in gluten-free formulations. Cookie doughs of 100 % rice flour and 100 % wheat flour served as control samples. The impact of CMC addition was examined on formulation containing 20 % of buckwheat flour. Oscillatory and creep measurements were applied to test the effect of buckwheat flour and CMC on the viscoelasticity of gluten-free cookie dough. Frequency sweep results showed that all samples had solid elastic-like characteristics. An increase in the buckwheat flour addition led to a decrease in storage modulus and zero shear viscosity and an increase in tan δ and maximum creep compliance, while the addition of CMC led to an increase in dough tenacity and resistance to deformation. Cookie dough containing 30 % of buckwheat flour expressed the highest viscous properties, as revealed by relative viscous compliance value. The gluten-free dough containing CMC and buckwheat flour between 20 and 30 % replacement level showed similar strength and extensibility as wheat cookie dough. The results of the physical and sensory evaluation of gluten-free cookies showed that buckwheat addition led to a decrease in cookie hardness and fracturability and an increase in eccentricity (deformation from regular shape) as well as the overall acceptability, as evaluated by untrained panellists.     

小麦粉特性与生湿面品质的关系研究

研究了小麦粉特性与生湿面品质的关系。以13种小麦粉为原料,测定其蛋白质质量、溶剂保持力、内源酶活力等特性,并对制得生湿面的外观、质构及感官品质进行分析。结果表明,麦谷蛋白大聚体质量分数与面片亮度呈显著负相关,谷醇比与熟面黏聚性呈显著负相关,乳酸溶剂保持力与咀嚼性、感官评分呈显著正相关,脂肪氧合酶活力与硬度、咀嚼性呈显著正相关。经主成分分析和聚类分析,将13种小麦粉分为3类：第Ⅲ类小麦粉的蛋白质质量、面团流变学品质显著优于其他小麦粉,熟面食用品质最佳;第Ⅱ类小麦粉制得面片亮度显著高于其他小麦,外观品质最优。通过将国产小麦与第Ⅱ类/第Ⅲ类小麦搭配可用于制备外观与食用品质俱佳的生湿面专用粉。     

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUGAR-SNAP COOKIES USING GRANULE SURFACE DEPROTEINATED WHEAT STARCH

The physical properties of soft wheat starch granule surface proteins and soy flours or isolates, which contribute to the texture of sugar‐snap cookies was studied. Soft wheat flour was deproteinated and cookies were produced containing 0, 10, 20 or 30% soy flour, or one of two types of ground, textured soy flour. Color, fracture force and spread ratio of cookies were determined. Cookies formulated with wheat starch stripped of the starch granule surface proteins exhibited significant alterations in diameter, fracture force, thickness and surface cracking. Cookies containing ground, textured soy flour and protein‐stripped starch granule wheat flour were larger, thinner and had more surface cracking than those produced with nontextured soy flour. Wheat starch granule surface proteins appear to partially mediate the interaction of proteins and starch in a sugar‐snap cookie system.     

挤压与汽爆麦麸添加对小麦粉糊化特性的影响

以低筋、中筋和高筋小麦粉为材料,考察原麦麸、挤压麦麸和汽爆麦麸的添加量、粒度对小麦粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明：在0.178～0.250 mm粒度范围内,随着麦麸添加量的增加,小麦粉峰值黏度、最终黏度和回生值都显著性下降（P＜0.05）,而糊化温度和糊化起始时间则呈现二次曲线增加的趋势。汽爆麦麸和挤压麦麸对于小麦粉糊化起始时间和糊化温度的提升效果明显高于原麦麸。随着原麦麸粒径的减小,中筋、高筋小麦粉的峰值黏度、最终黏度和回生值均呈现先降低再升高的变化趋势,而3 种麦麸糊化温度和糊化起始时间呈现下降趋势。在0.150～0.420 mm粒度范围内时,原麦麸的粒度对低筋小麦粉回生值的影响具有显著差异（P＜0.05）;挤压麦麸和汽爆麦麸的粒度对中筋小麦粉峰值黏度的影响无显著差异（P＞0.05）;原麦麸和汽爆麦麸的粒度对高筋小麦粉峰值黏度的影响具有显著差异（P＜0.05）。     

糯麦粉及转谷氨酰胺酶(TGase)在冷冻糯性糕团中的应用

以糯米粉和含10%(以粉质量计)糯麦粉的糯米-糯麦组合粉为研究对象,在研究不同添加量(0、0.5%、1%,以粉质量计)转谷氨酰胺酶(TGase)对其糊化特性影响的基础上,探讨TGase对这2种不同体系制得的糯性糕团样品所产生的影响,并对含TGase的糕团样品的冻藏特性进行研究。结果表明：与糯米粉相比,添加10%糯麦粉会使得组合粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度相对降低。而经TGase处理后,组合粉的峰值黏度和最终黏度分别增加了15.19%和15.23%。在糯米粉中混入糯麦粉可降低糯性糕团的硬度,延缓样品老化。而添加TGase,可明显降低糯米粉和糯米-糯麦组合粉制作的糕团的塌陷度。此外,在用糯麦-糯米组合粉制作的糯性糕团中添加1% TGase,可使冻藏6周的糯性糕团仍保持90%的表面完好率。因此,通过糯麦粉和TGase的应用可制得抗老化的、弹性大且冻藏稳定性好的糯性糕团产品。     

Rheological Properties of Bread Dough Formulated with Wheat Flour–Organic Calcium Salts–FOS-Enriched Inulin Systems

The objective of this work was to study the effect of organic calcium salts–fructooligosaccharide (FOS)-enriched inulin systems on dough structure and rheological properties of wheat flour dough. Wheat flour was enriched with calcium lactate (CaLa₂) or calcium citrate (Ca₃Ci₂) (from 1,080 to 2,520 ppm Ca) and FOS-enriched inulin (In) (from 0 to 13 %, w/w flour basis). Alveographic, texture, relaxation, and viscoelasticity properties of dough were analyzed. Wet and dry gluten quantity, related to scanning electron microscopy structure, was also determined. Tenacity, extensibility, and deformation energy of dough decreased with the increment of In content. When CaLa₂ was employed, they changed mainly with fiber, hiding the effect of lactate; whereas with Ca₃Ci₂, these parameters were not only affected by the fiber, but also by the salt. At In 6.5 %, high calcium content (2,520 ppm Ca) produces an increase in hardness and a decrease in cohesiveness for citrate ion; the opposite effect was detected with lactate ion. These parameters decreased at high content of In (13 %). Adhesiveness was dependent only on In level; more adhesive dough at In?>?6.5 % were obtained, mainly in the case of CaLa₂. Ca₃Ci₂ prevents the decrease in adhesiveness at In?>?12 %. At high calcium levels, high In produced more elastic dough only in the presence of citrate; for lactate, the predominant factor was In. Lactate anion destabilizes protein structure, and together with In favors formation of a less elastic gluten network. On the other hand, the stabilizing effect of citrate ion in a firm network was enhanced by FOS-enriched inulin.     

麸皮稳定化处理方式对全麦粉品质的影响

研究了微波、常压蒸汽和挤压三种麸皮稳定化处理方式对全麦粉理化性质、加工品质、贮藏稳定性及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:挤压处理降低了全麦粉湿面筋含量;挤压和蒸汽处理显著提高了全麦粉的降落数值（P<0.05）,微波处理对降落数值没有显著性差异。蒸汽处理后,全麦面团的稳定时间和粉质质量指数显著提升（P<0.05）,全麦粉的弱化度显著降低（P<0.05）,微波、蒸汽和挤压组的脂肪酶及脂肪氧化酶的活力显著降低（P<0.05）;在全麦粉贮藏期间,挤压和蒸汽组的脂肪酸值较低（<120 mg/100 g）,且上升缓慢,改善了全麦粉稳定性,而微波组的脂肪酸值上升较快,且脂肪酸值较高（>120 mg/100 g）。挤压和蒸汽组的多酚和黄酮含量及多酚对ABTS+·清除能力和氧自由基吸收能力均显著低于微波组（P<0.05）。根据全麦粉的贮藏稳定性和全麦面团的品质,麸皮常压蒸汽稳定化处理适合于全麦粉加工。