果葡糖浆中的2-氨基乙酰苯及其检测方法综述

介绍了在果葡糖浆中可能存在的、对产品口感风味有潜在影响的一种叫2-氨基乙酰苯的微量物质,分析其可能形成机理和来源,以及在国外在检测2-氨基乙酰苯时所常用的方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定甘蔗节间果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖的含量

研究高效液相色谱(HPLC)示差折光检测法测定甘蔗节间糖含量,建立一种简便、快速和准确可靠的,能同时测定果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖含量的高效液相色谱法。HPLC 方法采用Agilent Zorbax carbohydrate 柱(4.6mm ×250mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈- 水(75:25,V/V),流速1.0mL/min,柱温30℃,检测器温度35℃。该法相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.82%～0.87%(n=5),加标回收率为97.84%～99.12%,糖类质量浓度在0.625～20mg/mL 内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数在0.9982(n=6)以上。采用本法测定两种甘蔗品种不同时期、不同节间糖含量,均获得满意结果。     

毛细管电泳电化学检测法测定枣中糖类物质

采用高效毛细管电泳—电化学检测法同时测定了枣中的主要成分蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖的含量，在15min内可实现三种组分的基线分离；研究了电极电位，电解液的浓度，电泳电压和进样时间等对分析性能的影响，得到了最优分离检测条件。以铜圆盘电极为工作电极，工作电极电位为0．75V(vsAg／AgCl)，电泳介质为0．1mol／L NaOH溶液。在0．002～2mmol／L的浓度范围内，蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖果线性范围均为0．002～2mmol／L检出限分别为0．78、0．46、0．71μmol／L(3倍S／N)。峰电流的相对标准偏差RSD分别为2．13％、1．22％和0．26％(n=7，c=0．4mmol／L）。     

超高效液相色谱-质谱联用测定啤酒中果糖、葡萄糖的含量

建立啤酒中微量果糖和葡萄糖的超高效液相色谱-四极杆质谱联用测定方法。该方法中样品经过滤后直接上机测试,用Waters Acquity色谱柱（2.1 mm×150 mm,1.7 μm）进行分离,流动相采用水∶乙腈（10∶90,V/V）,以电喷雾离子源负离子多反应监测模式进行检测。该方法测定果糖的线性范围为1.25～30 mg/L,线性相关系数R2=1,检出限为0.05 mg/L;葡萄糖的线性范围为2～50 mg/L,线性相关系数R2=0.999 9,检出限为0.49 mg/L。将方法用于实际样品检测,结果灵敏、准确、重现性好。     

外部因素对酒精酵母GJ2008果糖与葡萄糖酒精发酵的影响

在高体积分数乙醇胁迫下,考察糖比例、微通氧和温度等外部因素对果糖与葡萄糖利用及其差异性的影响,旨在为高浓度甘蔗汁发酵生产酒精提供参考和依据。用YPDF培养基模拟甘蔗汁,调节乙醇体积分数为11.2%,初始酵母数为1.40×108个/m L进行酒精发酵,测定发酵过程中果糖与葡萄糖质量分数,并采用曲线下面积法对果糖与葡萄糖代谢曲线进行分析。在高体积分数乙醇胁迫条件下,葡萄糖质量分数占初总糖质量分数40%及以上时,果糖代谢会严重地受到葡萄糖的代谢阻遏;微通氧可有效地缩小发酵后期果糖/葡萄糖利用差异性,提高乙醇产率61.70%;较低温度明显有利于发酵后期酵母数的维持;相比外源乙醇,糖的代谢更易受到内源乙醇的影响。酒精酵母GJ2008对葡萄糖有一定偏好性,然而此种偏好性不会受到外部因素的影响。对高体积分数甘蔗汁酒精发酵而言,发酵后期需保证微通氧和较低温环境,并应尽可能减少发酵后期葡萄糖的含量,从而去除葡萄糖对果糖的代谢调控作用。     

外源乙醇对果糖与葡萄糖酒精发酵的影响

研究了不同体积分数外源乙醇对酵母GJ2008利用等量果糖与葡萄糖混合发酵过程的影响,旨在为高浓度甘蔗汁酒精发酵提供参考和依据。用YPDF培养基模拟甘蔗汁,并调节乙醇体积分数为0%、6%、9%和12%,以初始酵母数为1.12×108个/mL进行酒精发酵,高效液相色谱法测定发酵过程中果糖与葡萄糖含量,并采用曲线下面积法对果糖与葡萄糖代谢曲线进行分析。在外源乙醇体积分数为0%~9%时,酵母GJ2008可以快速利用果糖和葡萄糖进行酒精发酵,但对葡萄糖有着明显的偏好;在外源乙醇体积分数为12%时,果糖和葡萄糖消耗缓慢,生物量得不到有效增加。等质量浓度果糖与葡萄糖混合发酵表明:外源乙醇对果糖代谢的影响明显大于对葡萄糖代谢的影响,外源乙醇体积分数达6%以上时,糖转化乙醇的产量减少了19%~27%。     

高效液相色谱法测定菠萝蜜果实中的葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖

研究菠萝蜜果实葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的提取方法并对不同果实部位的糖进行分离,建立能同时测定菠萝蜜果实中3 种糖的高效液相色谱方法。CHO-820钙型糖柱为分析柱,柱温90 ℃,流动相为超纯水,流速0.5 mL/min,进样体积10 μL,用示差折光检测器检测。结果表明：100%乙醇是蔗糖的适宜提取液,若同时测定3 种糖,则最适提取液为80%乙醇溶液,方法的相对标准偏差为1.51%～7.01%,相关系数在0.999 0以上,加标回收率为98.55%～102.33%;菠萝蜜果肉（以鲜质计算）中3 种糖总含量高达14.01 g/100 g,其中蔗糖含量最高,种皮中糖总含量为10.19 g/100 g,以葡萄糖和果糖为主,果腱中含量最低,仅3.54 g/100 g。不同果实部位果糖与葡萄糖含量相近。     

离子色谱法检测水果、饮品中的蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖

建立离子色谱法同时分离检测两种水果和两种饮品中的蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖的分析方法。采用METROSEP CARB 1(150mm×4.0mm)阴离子交换分离柱和脉冲安培检测器,对淋洗分离条件进行优化。确定柱温20℃、淋洗液30mmol/L NaOH溶液,淋洗液流速1.0mL/min,总分析时间25min。在1.0～50.0mg/L范围内蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖分别呈良好线性。在优化的分离条件下,蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖的检出限分别为0.085、0.126mg/L和1.072mg/L(进样体积20μL,峰面积定量)。用8.0mg/L蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖的混标溶液连续5次进样,3种糖峰面积的相对标准偏差分别为6.09%、2.90%和3.03%,保留时间的相对标准偏差分别为2.49%、1.78%和1.79%。样品测定的回收率为83.4%～126.6%。用该方法检测了水果和饮品中的3种糖,效果良好。同时具有操作简单,结果准确,快速有效等优点,可为水果和饮品质量检测提供一个简单有效的方法。     

Co-crystallization of Sucrose at High Concentration in the Presence of Glucose and Fructose

ABSTRACT: Co-crystallization of sucrose from a highly concentrated sucrose syrup (≤ 7% moisture, w/w) at 131 °C with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of fructose, glucose, or a mixture of fructose and glucose was investigated. The crystallization of sucrose was delayed in presence of these lower molecular weight sugars. The DSC melting endotherm of co-crystallized samples exhibited a decrease in crystalline sucrose in the sample as a function of increased level of glucose and fructose. The mechanical strength of co-crystallized granules was found to be related to the moisture content and the amount of glucose or fructose content in the sample. The samples containing 10, 15, and 20% glucose in co-crystallized product demonstrated crystallization of glucose in its monohydrate form during 1 mo of storage.     

离子色谱法检测蜂蜜和葡萄酒中的蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖

建立离子色谱法同时分离检测蜂蜜和葡萄酒中的蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖的分析方法。用METROSEP CARB 1(150mm × 4.0mm)阴离子交换分离柱和脉冲安培检测器,对淋洗分离条件进行优化。选择10mmol/L NaOH 为淋洗液,淋洗液流速1.0mL/min,总分析时间25min。蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖的检测限分别为0.085、0.126、1.072mg/L(进样体积20μL)。混标溶液连续8 次进样,峰高的相对标准偏差为3.12%～10.56%,保留时间的相对标准偏差为2.36%～3.25%。样品测定的回收率为90.0%～99.5%。该方法具有样品前处理简单,灵敏度高,快速有效等优点,可为蜂蜜和葡萄酒质量检测提供一个简单有效的方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定低热量食品中的葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖醇和山梨糖醇的研究

本研究将高效液相色谱法与化学水解相结合，探讨了低热量食品中葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖醇和山梨糖醇同时测定方法。采用ＷａｔｅｒｓＳｕｇａｒＰａｋＩ柱，以甲醇为流动相，对样品中的葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖醇和山梨糖醇进行分离，用示差折光检测器进行测定。并根据蔗糖水解生成等摩尔的果糖和葡萄糖，以本法测得样品水解前后果糖的增加量，判定样品中是否含有蔗糖并计算蔗糖的含量。从而达到同时测定低热量食品中五种组分的目的，本法简单、快速、精确、实用。     

Level of Acrylamide Precursors Asparagine, Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose in Potatoes Sold at Retail in Italy and in the United States

The free amino acid asparagine and the reducing sugars glucose and fructose has been reported to serve as precursors for the heat‐induced formation of potentially toxic acrylamide in a variety of plant‐based food. To contribute to our knowledge about the levels of these precursors, we used ion‐exchange chromatography to measure free asparagine and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure free glucose, fructose, and sucrose in 9 potato varieties sold at retail in Italy and in 22 varieties sold in the United States. Asparagine levels (in mmol/kg of fresh wt) ranged from 1.17 for the Agata potatoes to 57.65 Russet potatoes, a 49.3‐fold variation from lowest to highest value. The corresponding levels for fructose ranged from 1.73 (Fingerling Ozette) to 33.63 (Red), a 19.4‐fold variation from the lowest to the highest value. For glucose, the concentration ranged from 1.11 (Jelli) to 34.73 (Yukon Gold B) potatoes, a 31.3‐fold variation from lowest to highest value. The corresponding values for sucrose ranged from 1.16 (Fingerling Ozette) to 40.61 (Marabel) potatoes, a 35fold variation. The American potato varieties Kennebec, White, and Fingerling Ozette and the Italian potato varieties Agria, Merit, and Marabel had very low levels of both asparagine and reducing sugars. The results may enable consumers, restaurants, and processors to select commercial potatoes with low levels of acrylamide precursors for baking or frying.     

体外消化/Caco-2细胞模型分析发酵对面粉铁生物利用率的影响

中国居民膳食以谷物为主食,谷物中铁吸收率低是造成营养性贫血的主要原因,适当的加工方式可缓解谷物中植酸、多酚等物质对铁生物利用率(Fe bioavailability,FeBV)的影响。为考察酵母发酵对面粉FeBV的影响,采用体外消化/Caco-2细胞模型。结果表明,面团在发酵后pH值呈下降趋势,酸度呈上升趋势;多酚、植酸含量降低,植酸酶活性升高,以上各指标在发酵前后差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。发酵后面粉样品的FeBV增加约5%~38%,大多数面粉FeBV发酵前后比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:发酵可降低面粉的pH值,增加酸度,有利于面粉多酚和植酸的降解以及植酸酶活力的升高,可有效提高面粉FeBV。     

Iron Bioavailability from Common Raisin-containing Foods Assessed with an In Vitro Digestion/Caco-2 Cell Culture Model: Effects of Raisins

The effects of raisins on iron bioavailability from wheat bran cereal, bread, rice pudding, and granola bars were studied. Iron bioavailability was assessed with an in vitro digestion/Caco‐2 cell culture model. Raisins reduced iron bioavailability from all foods except granola bars. Raisins also reduced iron bioavailability from samples of wheat bran cereal and bread fortified with elemental iron or ferrous sulfate, but this inhibitory effect was less pronounced in samples fortified with sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA). Iron bioavailability was markedly higher for samples fortified with NaFeEDTA, suggesting that iron in the form of NaFeEDTA is more bioavailable than elemental iron or ferrous sulfate in raisin‐containing foods.     

白藜芦醇对不同时间高糖诱导HepG2细胞氧化损伤的保护作用

研究白藜芦醇对不同时间高糖诱导HepG2氧化损伤的保护作用。33 mmol/L高糖作为诱导剂,与不同浓度白藜芦醇(0.1、1、10μmol/L)共同孵育24、48、72 h,采用MTT法检测其对损伤细胞存活率的影响,DCFH-DA荧光探针法检测细胞自由基水平,测定细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)水平,Real-time PCR测定Nrf2、HO-1 mRNA表达水平,探讨白藜芦醇对高糖损伤细胞的保护作用及可能机制。结果表明,白藜芦醇与高糖共同作用48 h以上时,各浓度组均能显著提高损伤细胞存活率,显著降低细胞自由基水平(p0.05);各浓度组均能改善模型氧化还原状态,其中10μmol/L白藜芦醇作用48 h时效果极显著(p0.01);10μmol/L白藜芦醇作用48 h时,极显著上调Nrf2、HO-1mRNA表达水平(p0.01)。因此,白藜芦醇能通过清除细胞自由基、改善细胞氧化还原状态、上调抗氧化通路相关基因表达,抑制高糖诱导HepG2细胞的损伤。     

藻蓝色素对胰岛素抵抗HepG2细胞糖代谢的影响

为探究藻蓝色素(phycocyanin, PC)体外改善胰岛素抵抗的作用机制,采用胰岛素体外诱导方式,分别设置5个胰岛素浓度梯度(10-9、10-8、10-7、10-6 、10-5μmol/L)以及6个时间梯度(0、12、24、36、48、72h)处理HepG2细胞,以葡萄糖消耗量和细胞存活率为指标,确定建立胰岛素抵抗型HepG2细胞模型的较佳作用浓度及时间。检测PC干预后HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗量、糖原合成和存活率,利用RT-qPCR和Western blot探讨PC可能的作用机制。实验结果表明:胰岛素抵抗型HepG2细胞模型最佳诱导时间和浓度为36h、10-7μmol/L;不同浓度的PC可以提升胰岛素抵抗型HepG2细胞的葡萄糖消耗量;PC能够上调正常HepG2和胰岛素抵抗型HepG2细胞中IRS1、IRS2、GLUT1、GLUT4基因的转录水平,并且增加细胞中IRS1、AMPK、GSK-3β以及AKT蛋白的磷酸化水平。研究结果表明,PC能够显著提升胰岛素抵抗型HepG2细胞的葡萄糖消耗量,通过激活胰岛素调节相关的IRS1/AKT信号通路,增加AMPK的磷酸化和葡萄糖转运蛋白GLUT1、GLUT4基因表达,加速HepG2细胞对葡萄糖的利用和改善细胞胰岛素抵抗。研究结果显示,PC在预防或改善2型糖尿病肝脏胰岛素抵抗方面有潜在作用。     

Bioavailability of Elemental Iron Powders in Bread Assessed with an In vitro Digestion/Caco-2 Cell Culture Model

ABSTRACT: Iron fortification of staple foods is arguably the most widely used strategy for increasing the iron intake of populations. Although FeSO₄ is a bioavailable form of iron, elemental iron powders are often used to fortify products with a long shelf-life, such as wheat flours, to avoid problems associated with the reactive nature of FeSO₄. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare the bioavailabilities of elemental iron powders manufactured with different production methods in wheat flour breads and to determine the effects of added ascorbic acid and baking, using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. Two types of wheat flour (low-extraction and high-extraction) were fortified with 10 different commercial elemental iron powders and baked into breads. Iron bioavailabilities from the resulting breads, with and without added ascorbic acid, were evaluated using FeSO₄ as the control. Depending on the type of wheat flour, bioavailabilities of several powders were comparable to FeSO₄, but there was no consistent trend as to which production method produced the most bioavailable powder. In general, ascorbic acid enhanced, whereas the baking process reduced iron bioavailability from bread. Our results suggest that some elemental iron powders are potential alternatives to FeSO₄. Human studies are warranted before any of these powders are selected for national fortification programs.     

体外消化/Caco-2 细胞模型评价面粉锌生物利用率

采用体外消化/Caco-2 细胞模型对10 种小麦粉进行锌生物利用率比较。以锌吸收率(Caco-2 细胞中的锌含量占加入到细胞的面粉消化液总锌量比例)反映锌生物利用率(Zn bioavailability,Zn BV)。发现不同面粉间锌生物利用率差异具有统计学意义,出粉率78% 的安阳中优9507 是面粉锌吸收率和可吸收锌量都高的品种,它将进入下一步人体实验进行营养功效的验证。