Hydrocracking of Gudao Residual Oil with Dispersed Catalysts Using Supercritical Water-Syngas as a Hydrogen Source

Heavy oil upgrading is a very important process in the petroleum industry, but is very difficult because it has a high impurity content. A variety of heavy oil upgrading technologies have been developed in the world, including the catalytic hydrocracking process, which can process various heavy oils with a high yield of liquid products. Although this technology is one of the most widely used methods for upgrading heavy oil, the use of expensive molecular hydrogen is costly. The heavy oil upgrading technology with alternative hydrogen is very important. The catalytic hydroconversion of Gudao residue with different catalysts using water-syngas as an alternative hydrogen was investigated in this study. Hydrogen is provided in-situ for hydrocracking through the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR). The experimental results show that catalysts play a very important role in catalytic hydroconversion of Gudao residue using water-syngas as an alternative hydrogen. Addition of catalysts to residue was found to improve the distribution or properties of cracking products and inhibit the asphaltene or TI formation.     

Hydrocracking of Gudao Residual Oil with Dispersed Catalysts Using Supercritical Water-Syngas as a Hydrogen Source. Part II: The Comparison of Residue Hydrocracking in Different Hydrogen Sources

Abstract

Different catalytical hydrogen sources were compared with molecular hydrogen gas in the hydrocracking of Gudao residue in the presence of catalysts (PMA). The results showed that alternative hydrogen sources were effective in catalytic hydroconversion of heavy oil. The hydroconversion of residue in supercritical water-syngas system showed similar results when performed with molecular hydrogen.     

Hydrocracking Gudao Residual Oil Using Supercritical Water-Syngas as Hydrogen Source in Suspension Bed. Part III: Water-Gas Shift Reaction

Abstract

The catalytic hydroconversion of Gudao residue in supercritical water-syngas system is a heavy oil upgrading technology. The hydrogen derived from water-gas shift reaction can be used for residue hydrocracking, so, it is important for studying the water-gas shift reaction that takes place in the hydrocracking system. Here, the water-gas shift reaction in the supercritical water-syngas system was investigated. The results showed that the water-gas shift reaction could be effectively increased with dispersed catalysts, and more than 80% CO was conversed in the initial processes.     

Hydrocracking of Gudao Residual Oil with Dispersed Catalysts Using Supercritical Water-Syngas as a Hydrogen Source. Part II: The Comparison of Residue Hydrocracking in Different Hydrogen Sources

Different catalytical hydrogen sources were compared with molecular hydrogen gas in the hydrocracking of Gudao residue in the presence of catalysts (PMA). The results showed that alternative hydrogen sources were effective in catalytic hydroconversion of heavy oil. The hydroconversion of residue in supercritical water-syngas system showed similar results when performed with molecular hydrogen.     

孤岛减压渣油在CO-SCW体系中催化加氢

对孤岛减压渣油在CO -SCW体系中加氢改质研究表明 ,利用CO与SCW发生的水 -气变换反应获得加氢所需氢源是可行的。在适宜的条件下 ,渣油在CO -SCW体系中改质可达到在H2 -SCW体系中改质同样的效果     

Upgrading Heavy Oil Using Syngas as the Hydrogen Source with Dispersed Catalysts

Abstract

Upgrading heavy oil using syngas (CO + H₂) as an alternative hydrogen source with a dispersed catalyst was investigated. Finely dispersed catalysts for upgrading were prepared by means of microemulsion, and their performance was investigated in a batch-type autoclave. This process was compared to the traditional pure hydrogen hydro-upgrading process. Feedstock conversion, light-oil yield, coke yield, product distribution, sulfur, nitrogen and viscosity were investigated comprehensively to optimize the process. The addition of finely dispersed catalysts could improve the distribution and performance of cracking products, and inhibit the cracking gas and coke formation. This work shows that residue-syngas coprocessing is promising for heavy oil upgrading.     

发展重油加工提高轻质产品收率

由于发动机燃料需求量增长、更为严格的环保要求和质量控制以及重质原油开采量的增加，发展重油加工，增加轻质石油产品，已成为世界炼油工业的重大问题。重油加工方案的研究表明：延迟焦化和催化裂化的组合工艺有较高的效益，而重油加氢裂化和重油催化裂化的组合工艺，可以把高含硫重油最大量地转化为轻质产品。重油催化裂化、延迟焦化和催化裂化、重油加氢裂化和重油催化裂化组合工艺是我国本世纪内重油加工发展的重点。发展重油加氢裂化近期以固定床加氢裂化为宜。     

Mild Hydrocracking—A Review of the Process,Catalysts, Reactions,Kinetics, and Advantages

Abstract

The demand for high quality middle distillates is increasing world wide while the demand for residue and fuel oil is decreasing. Hydrocracking is the major conversion process that meets the twin objectives of producing more middle distillates of very high quality. Since hydrocracking is a capital-intensive process, many refiners consider the option of converting their existing vacuum gas oil hydrotreating units into mild hydrocracking units. The use of mild hydrocracker bottom as FCC feedstock can improve the quality of FCC products. In view of the advantages of mild hydrocracking process, it is essential to understand the process, catalysts used, reactions, kinetics, and advantages. This article reviews recent literature on MHC process, various catalysts used, reactions involved and advantages of mild hydrocracking process in terms of improved product qualities and increased distillates. The kinetics of the mild hydrocracking process and kinetic challenges with respect to aromatic saturation have been summarized. The limitations of the process and future scope of work in this area are also discussed briefly.     

催化裂化柴油加工转化过程的经济性分析

立足柴油组分的分子结构，通过分析各类柴油原料和其加氢产品的组成关系，研究柴油组分加氢精制过程中的芳烃饱和反应规律，以及不同加氢深度对催化裂化柴油（简称LCO）回炼时裂化转化结果的影响，从经济性角度探讨LCO的不同加工路线。结果表明：LCO加氢精制生产国Ⅵ标准柴油的过程中，芳烃加氢饱和反应的耗氢量占反应总耗氢量的50%左右；LCO因其密度大、多环芳烃含量高，作为国Ⅵ车用柴油调合组分时需要深度加氢饱和芳烃，因而耗氢成本巨大，经济性极差；LCO选择性加氢-催化裂化组合（LTAG）工艺，LCO的加氢反应深度降低，耗氢成本大幅降低；可利用加氢转化制汽油、加氢转化制芳烃、加氢裂化混合掺炼、渣油加氢和催化裂化组合回炼等技术，实现富含芳烃的LCO资源的高效利用。     

Gasoline- and diesel-like products from heavy oils via catalytic pyrolysis

Heavy oil is less expensive than light crude oil, but heavy oil is more expensive to obtain light oil products. Conventional light crude oil resources are decreasing, therefore heavy oil resources will be needed more in the future. There are huge differences from field to field for heavy oil deposits. In terms of final productive use, heavy oil is considered as an unconventional resource. Heavy oil upgrading depends on four important factors: catalyst selection, heavy oil classification, process design, and production economics. Heavy and extra-heavy oils are unconventional reservoirs of oil. Globally, 21.3% of total oil reserves are heavy oil. Heavy oil is composed of long chain organic molecules called heavy hydrocarbons. The thermal degradation of the heavy hydrocarbons in heavy oil generates liquid and gaseous products. All kinds of heavy oils contain asphaltenes, and therefore are considered to be very dense material. The most similar technologies for upgrading of heavy oils are pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis, thermal and catalytic cracking, and hydrocracking. The amount of liquid products obtained from pyrolysis of heavy oil was dependent on the temperature and the catalyst. Pyrolytic oil contains highly valuable light hydrocarbons as gasoline and diesel components range. The constant increase in the use of crude oils has raised prices of the most common commercial conventional products and consequently seeking for new alternative petroleum resources, like some unconventional oil resources, becomes an interesting issue. The mass contents of gasoline, diesel, and heavy oil in the crude oil are 44.6%, 38.3%, and 17.1%, respectively. The gasoline yield from the heavy oil catalytic (Na₂CO₃) pyrolysis is higher than the diesel efficiency for all conditions. The yield of gasoline products increases with increasing pyrolysis temperature (from 230°C to 350°C) and percentage of catalyst (from 5% to 10%). The yields of gasoline-like product are from 21.5% to 39.1% in 5% catalytic run and from 32.5% to 42.5% in 10% catalytic run. The yields of diesel-like product are from 9.3% to 29.8% in 5% catalytic run and from 15.5% to 33.7% in 10% catalytic run.     

浅谈渣油加氢裂化在我厂重油加工中的应用前景

文章根据中国石油玉门油田公司炼油化工总厂现有渣油加工流程和生产现状,考虑重油平衡、产品升级等影响炼厂效益的因素,提出了适合玉门油田炼油化工总厂重油加工的三种方案,并从投资、效益和升级潜力等方面对各方案进行了对比分析得出,渣油加氢工艺在玉门油田炼油化工总厂应用后不仅能满足重油平衡难题和燃料油升级需求,还能有效改善炼厂的加工流程和产品结构。渣油加氢作为重油加工的重要手段,不仅在环保和效益方面有很强的优势,对玉门油田炼油化工总厂未来的发展转型也有一定的实际意义。     

孤岛VRDS渣油研制重质润滑油基础油制取重质基础油可行性探讨

孤岛减压渣油经加氢裂化后的尾油,化学组成和性质发生了很大变化,接近石蜡基的大庆减压渣油：色谱模拟脱沥青研究表明,在很高的脱沥青油收率下,脱沥青油的残炭值、氮含量仍保持较低水平,脱蜡油性能优越,孤岛ＶＲＤＳ渣油可以作为生产重质润滑油基础油的原料。     

面向21世纪的加氢裂化技术

回顾了国内外加氢裂化技术的发展情况,指出为满足市场对轻质油品,特别是优质中间馏分油需求的增长以及环境保护的要求,作为唯一能在重馏分油轻质化的同时制取低污染清洁中间馏分油的技术,加氢裂化应得到更快的发展。加氢裂化催化剂正朝着多品种和系列化方向发展,其中高性能催化剂的研制和沸石新材料的开发将起十分关键的作用。分析了高压及中压加氢裂化工艺的技术特点,指出具有高转化深度、高产品质量及很大灵活性的高压加氢裂化工艺今后仍将是主体工艺;在劣质催化裂化柴油改质以及ＶＧＯ部分转化的同时对未转化油改质方面,中压加氢裂化工艺有较好的应用前景。     

Reactions of Cyclohexane on Platinum,Palladium, or Iridium-loaded H-ZSM-5 Zeolite Hydrohalogenated Catalysts

Abstract

The catalytic hydroconversion of cyclohexane using catalysts containing H-ZSM-5 zeolite loaded with 0.35 wt% platinum, palladium, or iridium was studied in a pulse-type microreactor/GC system at atmospheric pressure. These catalysts were also either doped with 3.0% of HCl or HF. The activities of these catalysts and the distribution of the products formed were found to depend on the dispersion of the metallic component as well as on the acidity, acid sites number, and strength in the catalysts. TPD of ammonia and hydrogen chemisorption were applied to evaluate acid site strength distribution and metals dispersion, respectively, in the catalysts. In case of the Pt- and Pd-containing catalysts, hydrochlorination enhanced the isomerization and dehydrogenation activities and selectivities of cyclohexane, but decreased its hydrocracking activity. However, catalyst hydrofluorination resulted in the reverse effects. Nevertheless, for the Ir-loaded catalyst, both hydrohalogenation treatments decreased the isomerization and dehydrogenation of cyclohexane. The Ir/H-ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited higher hydrogenolysis activities than did those acquired by the Pt- and Pd-containing catalysts.     

A study of the catalytic steam cracking of heavy crude oil in the presence of a dispersed molybdenum-containing catalyst

The features of the steam cracking of heavy crude oil in the presence of a dispersed molybdenumcontaining catalyst are studied. The effect of water, the catalyst, and process conditions on the composition and properties of the products of the thermal conversion of heavy crude oil is determined in experiments on thermal cracking, steam cracking, catalytic cracking in the absence of water, and hydrocracking. A complex analysis of the resulting products is conducted; the catalyst-containing solid residue (coke) has been studied by XRD and HRTEM. The effect of the process temperature (425 and 450°C) and time on the yields and properties of the resulting products is studied. The efficiencies of hydrocracking and steam cracking for the production of upgraded low-viscosity semisynthetic oil are compared; the fundamental changes that occur in the catalyst during the studied processes are discussed. Some assumptions about the principle of the catalytic action of the molybdenum-containing catalyst in the steam cracking process are made.     

双功能金属纳米晶/水合肼体系催化稠油原位裂解加氢降黏改质

催化裂解加氢技术在高温条件下使稠油大分子催化裂解,并通过加氢提高产物的氢/碳比,从而降低稠油黏度,提高产物轻质化程度。采用液相还原法制备了Ni、Pd及Ni-Pd合金纳米晶催化剂,并采用水合肼(N2H4·H2O)作为供氢剂,对南堡油田稠油进行催化裂解加氢降黏研究。利用永磁旋转搅拌高压釜模拟地层条件,通过正交实验确定了最佳反应条件并利用HSC Chemistry软件分析了供氢剂的热力学性质,在最佳反应条件下进行对比实验。结果表明：金属纳米晶可促进稠油大分子裂解并使供氢剂分解释氢,其中钯纳米晶/水合肼体系对稠油的降黏效果最好。与原油样品相比,改质后油样重质组分质量分数减少8.34百分点,降黏率达到91.3%。根据文献对稠油黏度降低的可能机理进行了简要分析。改质后的稠油黏度显著降低,可为稠油有效开采提高采收率提供理论参考。     

催化裂化原料加氢预处理技术的应用

介绍齐鲁石油化工公司胜利炼油厂的催化裂化原料加红领处理技术，主要包括孤岛蜡油加氢裂化、焦化蜡油加氢处理和孤岛渣油的加氢处理。原料加氢预处理的应用、拓宽了催化裂化原料来源，提高了原油加工深度和轻质油收率，减少了环境污染。     

重质油悬浮床加氢技术新进展

综述了重质油悬浮床加氢工艺的最新进展,并对分散型催化剂的开发进展进行了系统的总结.重质油悬浮床加氢催化剂经历了非均相固体粉末催化剂和均相分散型催化剂两个过程,均相分散型催化剂又分为水溶性分散型催化剂和油溶性分散型催化剂两类.非均相固体粉末催化剂催化活性较低,而且致使尾油中含有大量的固体颗粒,处理和利用困难较大.分散型催化剂分散度较高,比表面积大,催化活性高,性能优越,是一种较为理想的催化剂.简要介绍了中国石油天然气股份有限公司和中国石油大学联合开发的新型重油悬浮床加氢技术.     

Performance-focused Catalyst Design to Meet Diesel Quality Improvements—Part II

Abstract

In this work, we present an experimental evaluation concerning the catalytic hydrocracking of gas oil (GO) feedstock. The study was carried out using five types of supported NiMo-based catalysts (100A, 100AP, 100AB, 100H-DY, and 30H-DY). Screening tests of the performance of these sulfided catalysts were carried out in a high-pressure batch autoclave at temperatures of 350°C–425°C, reaction time of 1–3 hr, catalyst/feed ratios of 5–10%, and initial hydrogen pressure of 6.0 MPa. This study clearly shows that the incorporation of H-DY zolite into aluminum borate (AB) matrix led to a greatly improved hydrocracking catalyst for production of lighter products, in addition to depressing the pour point of the diesel fuel product. In all experiments, the yield of gasoline and gaseous products increased dramatically by increasing the severity of the process variables. A high-pressure test unit was used to study the effect of different process variables as pressure (3.0–6.0 MPa), liquid hourly space velocity (1.5–3 hr^?1), hydrogen/ GO volumetric ratio (400 vol./vol.), and temperatures of 375°C, on the GO conversion to various products using 30H-DY catalyst, and to correlate the impact of process conditions on the yield and quality of diesel fuel and gasoline products to optimize the process     

Kinetic Study on the Hydrocracking Reaction of Vacuum Residue Using a Lumping Model

Abstract

Based on the experimental hydrocracking of vacuum residue, a kinetic study using a lumping model was carried out to gain insight into the characteristics of catalytic reactions. The lumped species were the saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA) constituents in the residue (798 K⁺) fraction and gas, naphtha, kerosene, gas oil, vacuum gas oil, and coke in the products. The pyrite reaction favoring hydrocracking to lighter products was more temperature-dependent than that using a mixture of pyrite and active carbon. The kinetic study showed that the addition of active carbon to pyrite limited the transformation of resins to asphaltenes.