The Use of Microscopic Bitumen Froth Morphology for the Identification of Problem Oil Sand Ores

Oil sand, which is found in various deposits around the world, consists mostly of sand, surrounded by up to 18 wt% bitumen. The largest deposits known are situated in northern Alberta, Canada, where reserves of bitumen are estimated to be 1.7 trillion barrels. Bitumen is similar to heavy oil, but with much higher viscosity and density. The two main commercial oil sand operations in Alberta are surface mines and use aqueous flotation of the bitumen to separate it from the rest of the oil sand. Under optimal conditions up to 95% of the bitumen can be recovered, but occasionally ores are mined that create problems in extraction, and recovery can drop to 70% or less. This article discusses the microscopic morphologies of various bitumen and heavy oil streams and their relationship to processing problems. The results of extensive microscopic work have demonstrated that the bitumen in an oil sand ore is the phase most susceptible to oxidation and that the resulting changes manifest themselves in particular microscopic structures. The presence and type of these structures can be related to the processing behavior of oil sand ores. Morphological features found in froths from commercial operations are similar to those found in froths from laboratory-prepared samples. The morphological features found in froths of oxidized ores have been categorized and quantified for a variety of samples and are referred to as degraded bitumen structures. Experiments in which fresh oil sand ores were subjected to low-temperature oxidation showed that bitumen froth morphology changed dramatically compared to that of nonoxidized ores for identical bulk compositions and extraction water chemistries.     

Visbreaking of Chinese Oil Sand Bitumen

Abstract

Thermal visbreaking of inner Mongolia oil sand bitumen was conducted at several temperatures for different lengths of time in the laboratory. The viscosity of the thermally-treated oil was reduced dramatically with thermal treatment under the condition of adding 0.3 wt% anti-coking agent, the oil sand bitumen reacting at 410°C and 45 min. The kinematic viscosity (100°C) of visbreaking oil is reduced to 138.25 mm²·s^?1 and the qualities of it are conformed to 7# Chinese Standard for Fuel Oil, which can directly be regarded as product.     

充分利用SZ36-1原油资源生产优质沥青

SZ36-1原油由中国海洋石油总公司生产，该原油密度大、粘度高，含蜡量低、胶质高，渣油收率高，为我国少有的低硫环烷基重质原油，是生产优质沥青的好原油，目前主要生产70号及90号重交沥青，中海沥青企业集团与抚顺石油化工研究院合作，根据SZ36-1原油的特点，先后开发了一系列新沥青产品，以适应市场需求。     

The Effect of Surface-modified Nano-titania on the Ultraviolet Aging Properties of Bitumen

The effect of surface modification of nano-titania on ultraviolet (UV) aging properties of bitumen was investigated. The results show that γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propytrimethoxysilane is bound on the surface of nano-titania according to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The dispersion stability of nano-titania in bitumen is improved by surface modification of nano-titania. Viscosity aging index values and carbonyl indexes of the bitumen are decreased by adding nano-titania. After surface modification, the UV aging resistance of nano-titania modified bitumen can be further improved. The result suggests that nano-titania can be effectively used as a modifier to improve the UV aging resistance of bitumen.     

The Investigation of the Impact of Carbon Nano Tube on Bitumen and HMA Performance

With the increase of traffic and consequently, and the loads applied on the roads, the need for a more durable pavement has a special significance. Therefore, the researchers have been seeking to improve the functional properties of bitumen and asphalt. For this reason, different materials have been used to modify these properties. In this study, the carbon nano tube (CNT) has been used as the modifier of bitumen performance. The use of this additive has improved both the classic (softening point, penetration degree, and so on) and performance (complex modulus, phase angle, fatigue parameter, rutting factor) properties of bitumen in comparison to the standard bitumen.     

The Effect of Sodium and Organic Montmorillonites on the Thermal Aging Properties of Bitumen

Effect of sodium and organic montmorillonites on the thermal aging properties of bitumen was investigated by thin-film oven test and pressure-aging vessel test. The microstructures of montmorillonite and the binders were characterized by X-ray diffraction. The results show that the sodium montmorillonite (Na⁺-Mt) modified bitumen forms a phase-separated structure, while the organic montmorillonite (OMt) modified bitumen forms an intercalated structure. The thermal aging properties of bitumen are improved obviously with the introduction of montmorillonite. Compared with Na⁺-Mt, the changes of physical properties of bitumen are further decreased by OMt, indicating the good aging resistance of intercalated OMt modified bitumen.     

The Geochemical Characterization of Adsorbed/Occluded Hydrocarbons Inside Solid Bitumen in the Kuangshanliang Area of the Northwestern Sichuan Basin and Its Significance

The geochemical characterizations of adsorbed and occluded components of solid bitumen in the Kuangshanliang area of northwestern Sichuan Basin were studied by comparing the results of conventional extraction and mild oxidative degradation. The results indicate that the solid bitumen originated from Sinian–Cambrian ancient oil reservoirs. The main source of the parent material is lower-order aquatic deposited in a high-sulfur anoxic marine environment. Exposed solid bitumen suffered from severe biodegradation, altering the tricyclic terpane/pentacyclic terpane and (pregnane + homo-pregnane)/regular sterane ratios as compared to the earlier parent material.     

通用内燃机油在汽柴油车上氧化规律的研究

以１０Ｗ／３０ＳＤ／ＣＣ通用内燃机油为例，利用红外光谱测定技术对通用内燃机油在汽、柴油车使用过程中的氧化规律进行分析，研究。结果表明，汽油机油加强了高温清净性能，柴油机油具有低温油泥分散性能。在柴油车上使用的衰败变质趋势大于汽油车，抑氧水平的下降趋势也大于汽油车。     

关于稠油有限排砂采油方法的探索

为了避免防砂与排砂采油的不利因素，充分利用二者的有利因素，在现场试验和理论分析的基础上，提出了“稠油有限排砂采油”开采方式。有限防砂是伴随有取排砂采油概念而生的一个新概念，是指防止大于或者等于一定粒径的油层砂随原油运移，而允许较小粒径的油层砂随原油运移的防砂技术。用经济评价手段来确定在整个油田开发期内应该采取何种非热力开采方式，结果会有3种可能性：（1）排砂采油在整个油田开发期内是最适合的方式；（2）防砂采油在整个油田开发期内最适合的方式；（3）有限排砂采油，即在整个油田开发期内先排砂采油，后有限防砂采油才是最适合的方式。文中推荐一种简单的确定防砂采油接替排砂采油最佳时机的方法。     

克浅稠油处理站除砂装置方案设计

油田持续开发到一定阶段 ,油井采油过程中出砂量明显增多 ,这就要采用特定的工艺流程装置不断地将泥砂清除 ,以保证生产的正常运行 ,本文给出了针对克浅稠油处理站除砂装置的方案设计     

注水开发后期提高油砂体采收率方法探讨

注水开发后期,研究油砂体剩余油分布规律,实施油砂体综合治理,完善油砂体注采关系是提高最终采收率的重要途径之一。按照含油面积、采出程度及生产动态特点将油砂体分为3类。根据每类砂体的不同特点,采取相应的治理措施,取得了较好效果,累积增油18．5kt,增加水驱储量1．08Mt。注水开发后期提高油砂体采收率必须以剩余油的分析研究为指导,以井网对剩余可采储量的控制为前提,以油水井措施的联动为手段,从而达到提高最终采收率的目的。     

Microscopic Study of Oil Flocculation and Coalescence Processes for Understanding the Role of Surfactants in EOR Performance

Abstract

A preliminary microscopic study of oil/oil droplet interactions in surfactant-added water is carried out to understand the oil/water interface changes with time and its effects on oil/oil droplet coalescence. This study is carried out on two oils (olive and crude oil) with varying concentrations of surfactant water ratios. The radii of curvature of the interface between coalescing oil droplets is used as a measure to reflect the change in surface energy. As oil droplets were placed in surfactant-added water, the radii of curvature were measured at three different states. Early state shows very little effect on oil/oil interfaces; in the later state, the effect is greater and interfacial tension decreases rapidly. At quasi-steady state, the state between the early and later, faster rate stage reduces with surfactant concentration in the case of olive oil. Increasing the surfactant concentration does not show the same effect on crude oil. The radii of curvature increase with time by increasing surfactant concentrations in olive oil; an inverse effect is found in crude oil. A natural surfactant prepared from the outer shell of pericarp of soapnut fruit was also used to study droplet formation and coalescence as well as to investigate the impact in interfacial tension and oil mobility.     

环保型喷砂油管净化处理生产线设计

设计了环保型油管喷砂净化处理生产线,包括生产线的整体方案设计、喷砂方式及喷嘴的选择、工艺流程及主要参数的设计、除尘系统设计、电气控制系统及程序设计。生产线实现了钢管内外表面的半自动化喷砂净化处理,有利于提高产品质量,改善工作环境,为企业带来明显的经济和社会效益。     

青海油砂山油砂水洗实验研究

针对青海油砂山所在地水的沸点低、水资源匮乏、油砂为油润性等不利于油砂水洗分离的问题,通过研究影响油砂分离的因素,采用新的水洗试剂配方,对污水进行絮凝处理。现场试验证明,在水洗试剂的质量浓度为1%、水洗温度约为80℃的条件下,油砂油的收率可达到95%以上,且污水可以循环利用。该项研究对油润性油砂的分离和污水处理具有一定的指导意义。     

马厂油田沙三中砂体展布与剩余油分布研究

在沉积微相研究的基础上运用地质统计学理论及有关的三维空间插值技术对马厂油田的砂体进行精细描述和预测。结果表明,马厂油田沙三中段主要为三角洲前缘水下分流河道、河口坝、远砂坝、席状砂、水下分流河道间（即支流间湾）以及前三角洲沉积微相沉积、砂体规模小,平面上连片性差,构造破碎,断块多而小。在24个小层中,有18个小层具有剩余油和挖潜的可能,其中7个小层的挖潜能力较大,5个小层的挖潜能力中等,纵向上3、4小层是该油田剩余油的主要分布层位。水下分流河道是剩余油分布主要的储集体。     

RP-NP曲线在溶解气可采储量计算中的应用

通常，对于可采储量采出程度大于50％开发到中后期的油藏，累积产油量与累积生产气油比之间一般存在线形关系。当累积产油量等于原油可采储量时，对应的累积生产气油比与原油可采储量的乘积，即为溶解气可采储量。值得注意的是，计算时必须遵循每一时刻瞬时生产气油比都大于或等于零的基本原则，在这一基本原则指导下，给出了预测最终累积生产气油比时直线外推的范围，以及在不同范围溶解气可采储量相应的计算公式。     

多元判别分析方法在复杂油水层识别中的应用

大庆油田某区块地质条件复杂,储层非均质性强、物性差。随着开发的深入油水层识别越来越困难。在缺少岩电分析资料的情况下,本文通过优选预处理后能反映含油性、储层物性的电阻率、声波测井曲线和泥质参数,引入多元判别分析方法,将多变量问题降维并求取两个判别函数,建立二维油水判别图版,并与常规测井参数交会图版进行对比,分析了油水识别困难的成因机理。应用新方法建立的油水识别图版在太30区块判别油水层经试油验证,符合率为85.7%,效果良好。     

大庆、俄罗斯、冀东混输原油生产润滑油基础油研究

研究了原油性质对润滑油基础油质量的影响,对比了大庆原油、混输原油（大庆原油中混兑8％俄罗斯原油、13％-30％冀东原油）生产的HVI系列润滑油基础油的质量情况,指出优化装置操作条件可以提高产品质量等级。研究结果表明：大庆原油适合生产高黏度的润滑油基础油;由于俄罗斯原油和冀东原油均为低硫中间基原油,因此导致润滑油基础油质量波动。优化操作条件后,润滑油基础油的氧化安定性和黏度指数均明显提高。     

基于红外光谱技术的柴油机油氧化降解换油指标研究

利用中红外光谱仪,依据ASTM E2412测定了7种装备上使用的4种柴油机油累计469个油样的氧化值、硝化值及磺化值,通过对数据的频数分布直方图的计算分析,研究得出了氧化值、硝化值和磺化值的换油指标分别为0.25A/0.1 mm、0.25A/0.1 mm和0.20A/0.1 mm,为国内外柴油机油换油指标的制定提供一种新的方法或依据。     

稠油降粘剂HP在塔河S66井的应用

报道了乳化降粘剂HP用于塔河油田S6 6井稠油开采的现场试验结果并作了分析。HP的主剂为改性酚醚表面活性剂 ,复配以表面张力改进剂和抗盐聚合物 ,在 80℃下可抗耐矿化离子的浓度高达 2 .2 6× 10 5mg/L(包括Ca2 + +Mg2 + 4 .3× 10 3 mg/L)。S6 6井原油基本不含水 ,含气一般～ 10 % ,5 0℃粘度 9.2Pa·s。该井用掺稀油工艺生产 ,产液量由泵排量决定 ,为～ 6 6m3 /d。在为时 2 2d的现场试验中 ,用矿化度 5 .6× 10 4mg/L、含Ca2 + +Mg2 +4 .3× 10 3 mg/L的井水配制的浓度 4 75 0～ 6 0 0 0m/L的HP溶液从环空连续注入井内 ,油水体积比逐渐由 6 0∶4 0变为 70∶30 ,HP加量以总液量计由 2 2 0 0mg/kg逐渐降至 14 0 0mg/kg。HP加量在 2 2 0 0～ 16 0 0mg/kg范围时 ,产出的O/W乳状液 35～ 36℃下的粘度为 17.5～ 2 0 .0mPa·s ,而掺稀油时产出原油的粘度为 30 0mPa·s。当油水比由 6 0∶4 0变为 70∶30时 ,稠油、气、水的产出量分别由 35 .6t/d ,3.96m3 /d ,2 6 .4t/d变至 4 1.6t/d ,4 .6 2m3 /d ,19.8t/d。在采用掺稀油工艺时 ,稠油和气产出量分别为 2 9.7t/d和 3.30m3 /d ,回采稀油量为 33.0t/d。在现场试验中井口油压略升并大体维持稳定 ,对产生这一现象的原因作了分析。图 1表 3参 1。