Preparation of the HIPS/MA graft copolymer and its compatibilization in HIPS/PA1010 blends

The graft copolymer of high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) grafted with maleic anhydride (MA) (HIPS‐g‐MA) was prepared with melt mixing in the presence of a free‐radical initiator. The grafting reaction was confirmed by infrared analyses, and the amount of MA grafted on HIPS was evaluated by a titration method. 1–5% of MA can be grafted on HIPS. HIPS‐g‐MA is miscible with HIPS. Its anhydride group can react with polyamide 1010 (PA1010) during melt mixing of the two components. The compatibility of HIPS‐g‐MA in the HIPS/PA1010 blends was evident. Evidence of reactions in the blends was confirmed in the morphology and mechanical behavior of the blends. A significant reduction in domain size was observed because of the compatibilization of HIPS‐g‐MA in the blends of HIPS and PA1010. The tensile mechanical properties of the prepared blends were investigated, and the fracture surfaces of the blends were examined by means of the scanning electron microscope. The improved adhesion in a 15% HIPS/75% PA1010 blend with 10% HIPS‐g‐MA copolymer was detected. The morphology of fibrillar ligaments formed by PA1010 connecting HIPS particles was observed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 2017–2025, 1999     

Effect of compatibilization on the properties of HIPS/PA1010 blends

Blends consisting of high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) as the matrix and polyamide 1010 (PA1010) as the dispersed phase were prepared by mixing. The grafting copolymers of HIPS and maleic anhydride (MA), the compatibilizer precursors of the blends, were synthesized. The contents of the MA in the grafting copolymers are 4.7 wt % and 1.6 wt %, and were assigned as HAM and LMA, respectively. Different blend morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); the domain size of the PA1010 dispersed phase in the HIPS matrix of compatibilized blends decreased comparing with that of uncompatibilized blends. For the blend with 25 wt % HIPS‐g‐MA component, the T_c of PA1010 shifts towards lower temperature, from 178 to 83°C. It is found that HIPS‐g‐MA used as the third component has profound effect on the mechanical properties of the resulting blends. This behavior has been attributed to the chemical reaction taking place in situ during the mixing between the two components of PA1010 and HIPS‐g‐MA. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 799–806, 2000     

Blends of polyamide1010 with unmodified and maleic‐anhydride‐grafted high‐impact polystyrene

The crystallization behaviors, dynamic mechanical properties, tensile, and morphology features of polyamide1010 (PA1010) blends with the high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) were examined at a wide composition range. Both unmodified and maleic‐anhydride‐(MA)‐grafted HIPS (HIPS‐g‐MA) were used. It was found that the domain size of HIPS‐g‐MA was much smaller than that of HIPS at the same compositions in the blends. The mechanical performances of PA1010–HIPS‐g‐MA blends were enhanced much more than that of PA1010–HIPS blends. The crystallization temperature of PA1010 shifted towards higher temperature as HIPS‐g‐MA increased from 20 to 50% in the blends. For the blends with a dispersed PA phase (≤35 wt %), the T_c of PA1010 shifted towards lower temperature, from 178 to 83°C. An additional transition was detected at a temperature located between the T_g's of PA1010 and PS. It was associated with the interphase relaxation peak. Its intensity increased with increasing content of PA1010, and the maximum occurred at the composition of PA1010–HIPS‐g‐MA 80/20. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 857–865, 1999     

Morphology,thermal behavior,and mechanical properties of PA1010/PP and PA 1010/PP-g-GMA blends

The modification of polypropylene (PP) was accomplished by melt grafting glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) on its molecular chains. The resulting PP-g-GMA was used to prepare binary blends of polyamide 1010 (PA1010) and PP-g-GMA. Different blend morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) according to the nature and content of PA1010 used. Comparing the PA1010/PP-g-GMA and PA1010/PP binary blends, the size of the domains of PP-g-GMA were much smaller than that of PP at the same compositions. It was found that mechanical properties of PA1010/PP-g-GMA blends were obviously better than that of PA1010/PP blends, and the mechanical properties were significantly influenced by wetting conditions for uncompatibilized and compatibilized blends. A different dependence of the flexural modulus on water was found for PA1010/PP and PA1010/PP-g-GMA. These behaviors could be attributed to the chemical interactions between the two components and good dispersion in PA1010/PP-g-GMA blends. Thermal and rheological analyses were performed to confirm the possible chemical reactions taking place during the blending process. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 1489–1498, 1997     

Toughening PA1010 with a functionalized saturated polyolefin elastomer

Polyamide (PA)1010 is blended with a saturated polyolefin elastomer, ethylene‐α‐olefin copolymer (EOCP). To improve the compatibility of PA1010 with EOCP, different grafting rates of EOCP with maleic anhydride (MA) are used. The reaction between PA1010 and EOCP‐g‐MA during extrusion is verified through an extraction test. Mechanical properties, such as notched Izod impact strength, elongation at break, etc., are examined as a function of grafting rate and weight fraction of elastomer. It was found that in the scale of grafting rate (0.13–0.92 wt %), 0.51 wt % is an extreme point for several mechanical properties. Elastomer domains of PA1010/EOCP‐g‐MA blends show a finer and more uniform dispersion in the matrix than that of PA1010/EOCP blends. For the same grafting rate, the average sizes of elastomer particles are almost independent on the contents of elastomer, but for different grafting rates, the particle sizes are decreased with increasing grafting rate. The copolymer formed during extrusion strengthens the interfacial adhesion and acts as an emulsifier to prevent the aggregation of elastomer in the process of blending. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 928–933, 2000     

PA11/PA1010共混物的性能研究

采用熔体共混的方法制备了聚酰胺11/聚酰胺1010(PA11/PA1010)共混物,通过力学性能和差示扫描量热(DSC)测试,研究了PA11/PA1010共混物的力学与结晶性能。测试结果表明:PA1010对PA11同时具有增韧、增强作用;当PA11/PA1010为70/30时,共混物开始出现两个结晶峰和低温熔融峰;共混物的结晶和熔融以PA11为主,兼具有PA11和PA1010的优良性能;断裂伸长率、拉伸强度与缺口冲击强度均达到极大值。     

Rheological,thermal, and morphological properties of ABS–PA1010 blends

Noncompatibilized and compatibilized ABS–nylon1010 blends were prepared by melt mixing. Polystyrene and glycidyl methacrylate (SG) copolymer was used as a compatibilizer to enhance the interfacial adhesion and to control the morphology. This SG copolymer contains reactive glycidyl groups that are able to react with PA1010 end groups ( NH₂ or  COOH) under melt conditions to form SG‐g‐Nylon copolymer. Effects of the compatibilizer SG on the rheological, thermal, and morphological properties were investigated by capillary rheometer, DSC, and SEM techniques. The compatibilized ABS–PA1010 blend has higher viscosity, lower crystallinity, and smaller phase domain compared to the corresponding noncompatibilized blend. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 683–688, 1999     

尼龙1010／马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯共混体系结晶行为和力学性能的研究

将尼龙1010与马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯进行熔融共混,使用DSC、扫描电镜等方法研究了共混物的结晶行为、共混物形态以及力学性能。结果表明:接枝聚乙烯通过与尼龙1010在熔融共混时生成的接枝共聚物改善了共混组份两相之间的相容性和共混形态;共混物中尼龙组份的结晶熔融热焓下降;共混物在保持较高刚性的同时其干态及低温冲击性能较纯尼龙1010有明显提高。     

Reactive compatibilizer precursors for LDPE/PA6 blends. II: maleic anhydride grafted polyethylenes

Several home made and commercially available polyethylene (PE) samples grafted with maleic anhydride (MA) (PE-g-MA) were used as compatibilizer precursors (CPs) for the reactive blending of low density PE (LDPE) with polyamide-6 (PA). Scope of the work was to compare the effectiveness of these CPs with that of a number of ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers (EAA), which had been employed in a previous study for the reactive compatibilization of the same blends, and to get a deeper insight into the coupling reactions producing the PA-g-CP copolymers that are thought to act as the true compatibilizers in these systems. To this end, binary CP/LDPE and CP/PA and ternary LDPE/PA/CP blends were prepared with a Brabender mixer and were characterized by DSC, SEM and solvent fractionation. The results show that the PE-g-MA copolymers react more rapidly with PA than the EAA copolymers and that their CP effectiveness depends critically on the microstructure and the molar mass of their PE backbones. In particular, the CPs produced by functionalization of LDPE were shown to be miscible with this blend component and to be scarcely available at the interface where reaction with PA is expected to occur. Conversely, the CPs prepared from the HDPE grades were immiscible with LDPE and showed better CP performance. Whereas the effectiveness of the EAA copolymers studied earlier had been shown to increase with an increase in the concentration of the carboxyl groups, the concentration of the succinic anhydride groups of the PE-g-MA CPs studied in this work was found to play a minor role, at least in the investigated range (0.3-3.0 wt% MA).     

Wide-angle X-ray diffraction investigation on crystallization behavior of PA6/PS/SEBS-g-MA blends

Blends of polystyrene/polyamide 6 (PS/PA6) compatibilized by styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS) elastomer grafted with maleic anhydride were prepared by melt blending. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) scans indicated a skin–core structure formed in the specimens during the injection-molding process. The results showed that the specimens tended to form the α-crystalline form in the core region, but the γ-crystalline form in the skin region. The influences of PS and SEBS-g-MA on the crystallization of PA6 were different in the core region and skin region. In the core region, PS made the PA6 tend to be in the γ-crystalline form, but the influence of PS was contrary in the skin region. SEBS-g-MA had both enhancement and toughening effects on the blends. The mechanical properties of the blends were determined by the combined action of the two aforementioned factors.     

尼龙1010／乙丙共聚物共混体系形态与性能研究

在过氧化二异丙苯（ＤＣＰ）的引发下，用反应挤出的方法制备了乙丙共聚物接枝甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯（ＥＰＭ－ｇ－ＧＭＡ）。用Ｂｒａｂｅｎｄｅｒ单螺杆挤出机制备了不同组成的ＥＰＭ／尼龙１０１０及ＥＰＭ－ｇ－ＧＭＡ／尼龙－１０１０的共混物，用电子显微镜观察了不同共混组成的形态，与ＥＰＭ／尼龙１０１０共混体系相比，ＥＰＭ－ｇ－ＧＭＡ／尼龙１０１０体系中ＥＰＭ在尼龙１０１０中分散相尺寸明显降低，ＥＰＭ－ｇ－ＧＭＡ     

Enhancement of thermal,morphological, and mechanical properties of compatibilized based on PA6-enriched graphene oxide/EPDM-g-MA/CR: Graphene oxide and EPDM-g-MA compatibilizer role

In this study, a series of elastomeric nanocomposites based on specific amounts of polyamide6 (PA6)/chloroprene rubber (CR) blends which are compatibilized with ethylene propylene diene monomer-grafted-maleic anhydride (EPDM-g-MA) and different amounts of graphene oxide (GO) were prepared with melt mixing method. The effect of compatibilizer and reinforcement concentration in the PA6/CR blend matrix was investigated using theoretical and experimental analysis. Dispersion of nanoplatelets within rubber blend matrix was proven with transmission electron microscopy and field emission-scanning electron microscopy. The modified microstructure of samples showed the significant effect of EPDM-g-MA and GO on the size reduction of CR droplets in the PA6 continuous phase. The results from differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis revealed the effect of EPDM-g-MA and GO as an effective nucleating agent in PA6-enriched GO/CR (PA6EGO/CR). The findings obtained from thermogravimetric analysis displayed that the GO in the presence of an EPDM-g-MA as a compatibilizer can cause a higher thermal stability in PA6EGO/CR. From mechanical properties, by adding a compatibilizer to the PA6/CR blend, the tensile strength changed from 39.0 to 45.1, the Young's modulus altered from 522.2 to 716.0 and the elongation at break changed from 246.8 to 222.2. While incorporation of 5 phr of GO to the compatibilized blend, the tensile strength increased by 25.2%, the Young's modulus increased by 36.6% and the elongation at break decreased by 20%. The Christensen–Lo model used for analyzing the stiffness of PA6EGO/EPDM-g-MA/CR with emphasis on the influence of the interphase region to predict the effect of various loadings of GO and EPDM-g-MA of Young's modulus. The rheology and creep tests showed a significant effect of EPDM-g-MA and GO content on the rheology behavior of nanocomposites.     

PA1010/TPU共混物流变性能的研究

以尼龙1010(PA1010)为基体，以聚酯型热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)为增韧剂，采用Haake PTW16／25p型双螺杆挤出机制备了PA1010／TPU共混增韧尼龙材料。测试了PA1010／TPU共混物的表观粘度、非牛顿指数等流变参数，并重点讨论了其流变性能。实验结果表明：共混物熔体的表现粘度随剪切速率的增大而降低，非牛顿指数小于1，符合假塑性流体流动规律。此外共混物的表观粘度随着组成和温度的变化呈现了一种极为特殊的变化行为。即在相同温度下，共混物的表观粘度随着TPU含量增加而增加；在相同组成下，共混物的表观粘度随着温度升高而升高。     

Comparative study of different maleic anhydride grafted compatibilizer precursors towards LDPE/PA6 blends: Morphology and mechanical properties

The study deals with the effectiveness of maleic anhydride grafted styrene-b-ethylene-co-propylene copolymer (SEPMA) as compatibilizer precursor (CP) for blends of low density polyethylene (LDPE) with polyamide-6 (PA). The CP was produced by grafting MA onto SEP in the melt. The specific interactions between the CP and the blends components have been investigated through characterizations of the binary LDPE/CP and PA/CP blends. The compatibilizing efficiency of the MA-grafted SEP, as revealed by the thermal properties and the morphology of the compatibilized blends, has been shown to be excellent. The morphology, as well as the mechanical properties of the compatibilized with SEPMA 75/25 w/w and 25/75 w/w LDPE/PA6 blends have been compared with those of the blends compatibilized with maleic anhydride functionalized HDPE sample (1-HDPE-g-MA) and with a commercial maleic anhydride grafted styrene-b-(ethylene-co-1-butene)-b-styrene copolymer (SEBSMA1). The results show that the strong compatibilizing efficiency of SEPMA is comparable with that of SEBSMA1, while 1-HDPE-g-MA exhibits a slightly lower activity, particularly for the blends, in which PA is the matrix phase.     

离聚体增容PA1010／SBS共混物的研究

采用磺化丁基胶锌盐(ZnSIIR)离聚体作为PA1010/SBS共混物的增容剂,研究了共混体系的结构、形态、相容性及对材料冲击性能的影响。结果表明,ZnSIIR的加入有效改善了SBS在PA1010中的相容性;对PA1010结晶起成核作用,并加快其结晶速率;共混物缺口冲击强度得到提高,且在PA1010/SBS为90/10、ZnSIIR为SBS的10％左右时效果较佳。     

Reactively compatibilised polyamide6/ethylene-co-vinyl acetate blends: mechanical properties and morphology

Mechanical properties and morphological studies of compatibilised blends of PA6/EVA-g-MA and PA6/EVA/EVA-g-MA were studied as functions of maleic anhydride content (MA) and dispersed phase (EVA-g-MA) concentrations, respectively at blending composition of 20 wt% dispersed phase (EVA-g-MA or combination of EVA and EVA-g-MA). The maleic anhydride (MA) was varied from 1 to 6 wt% in the PA6/EVA-g-MA blend, whereas MA concentration was fixed at 2 wt% in the ternary compositions with varying level of EVA-g-MA. ATR-IR spectroscopy revealed the formation of in situ copolymer during reactive compatibilisation of PA6 and EVA-g-MA. It was found that notched Izod impact strength of PA6/EVA-g-MA blends increased significantly with MA content in EVA-g-MA. The brittle to tough transition temperature of reactively compatibilised blends was found to be at 23 °C. The impact fractured surface topology reveals extensive deformation in presence of EVA-g-MA whereas; uncompatibilised PA6/EVA blend shows dislodging of EVA domains from the matrix. Tensile strength of the PA6/EVA-g-MA blends increased significantly as compared to PA6/EVA blends. Analysis of the tensile data using predictive theories showed an enhanced interaction of the dispersed phase and the matrix. It is observed from the phase morphological analysis that the average domain size of the PA6/EVA-g-MA blends is found to decrease gradually with increase in MA content of EVA-g-MA. A similar decrease is also found to observe in PA6/EVA/EVA-g-MA blends with increase in EVA-g-MA content, which suggest the coalescence process is slower in presence of EVA-g-MA. An attempt has been made to correlate between impact strength and morphological parameters with regard to the compatibilised system over the uncompatibilised system.     

Properties of ethylene–propylene copolymer/PA-1010 blends using ethylene–propylene copolymer-graft-acrylic acid as a compatibilizing agent

The modification of ethylene–propylene copolymer (EP) has been accomplished by radical initiators. The resulting EP-graft-acrylic acid (EP-g-AA) has been used to obtain ternary PA/EP/EP-g-AA blends by melt mixing. Different blend morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy: the domain size of the EP-dispersed phase in the polyamide 1010 matrix of compatibilized blends decreased compared with that of uncompatibilized blends. It is found that EP-g-AA used as the third component has a profound effect on the mechanical properties of the resulting blends. This behavior has been attributed to serious chemical interactions taking place between the two components. Thermal analysis shows that some thermal properties of PA in compatibilized PA/EP/EP-g-AA changed because of chemical reactions taken place during the blending process. Wide angle x-ray diffraction measurements also confirmed this result. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

含有液晶离聚物的PA1010和PP共混物热性能的研究

一种新型的主链聚硅氧烷侧链含有磺酸基团离子的热致液晶离聚物作为PA1010和PP共混体系的增容剂,用DSC、TGA和FTIR对共混体系的热性能进行了研究。结果表明,含有液晶离聚物的共混物的结晶有较大的改善,其中液晶离聚物含量为4%、8%的共混的结晶速率和结晶度高于其它含量的共混物。     

Effect of core‐shell morphology evolution on the rheology,crystallization, and mechanical properties of PA6/EPDM‐g‐MA/HDPE ternary blend

In this article, polyamide 6 (PA6), maleic anhydride grafted ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM‐g‐MA), high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) were simultaneously added into an internal mixer to melt‐mixing for different periods. The relationship between morphology and rheological behaviors, crystallization, mechanical properties of PA6/EPDM‐g‐MA/HDPE blends were studied. The phase morphology observation revealed that PA6/EPDM‐g‐MA/HDPE (70/15/15 wt %) blend is constituted from PA6 matrix in which is dispersed core‐shell droplets of HDPE core encapsulated by EPDM‐g‐MA phase and indicated that the mixing time played a crucial role on the evolution of the core‐shell morphology. Rheological measurement manifested that the complex viscosity and storage modulus of ternary blends were notable higher than the pure polymer blends and binary blends which ascribed different phase morphology. Moreover, the maximum notched impact strength of PA6/EPDM‐g‐MA/HDPE blend was 80.7 KJ/m² and this value was 10–11 times higher than that of pure PA6. Particularly, differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that the bulk crystallization temperature of HDPE (114.6°C) was partly weakened and a new crystallization peak appeared at a lower temperature of around 102.2°C as a result of co‐crystal of HDPE and EPDM‐g‐MA. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

耐溶剂聚碳酸酯/聚酰胺1010共混物的制备及其性能探讨

用碳链较长、韧性较好的聚酰胺（PA）1010对聚碳酸酯（PC）进行改性。对PC/PA1010合金体系的力学性能、耐热性能、耐溶剂性能以及动态流变性能等进行了研究,并探讨了PA1010及相容剂聚乙烯接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（PE-g-GMA）对PC/PA1010合金的性能影响。结果发现,PA1010能够较好地保持合金的冲击强度,同时明显改善了PC的耐溶剂性能;PE-g-GMA对PC/PA1010有很好的反应增容作用;当PC/PA1010/PE-g-GMA的配比为80/15/5（质量比,下同）时,合金获得最佳综合性能。