Improved Purification of Petroleum Coke for Grease Lubricants by a Flotation Process

Abstract

The surface and thermodynamic properties of the anionic surfactant were studied together with its efficiency on being used as a collector in the flotation of petroleum coke. The surface tension of the aqueous solution was measured at 25°C and the surface excess concentration as well as the critical micelle concentration of the mixtures were investigated. There was a good relationship between the adsorption effectiveness of the phase transfer catalyst (cationic) and the efficiency of the collector. A synergistic effect was observed for the phase transfer catalyst and the anionic collector reducing the surface tension of the aqueous solution in the purification of petroleum coke. The results showed the best mole fraction of mixture (anionic/ cationic)which is preferable to be used as the flotation collector. The optimum conditions for purification of petroleum coke were determined so as to acceptably use this coke for the lubricating grease.     

Improved Purification of Petroleum Coke for Grease Lubricants by a Flotation Process

The surface and thermodynamic properties of the anionic surfactant were studied together with its efficiency on being used as a collector in the flotation of petroleum coke. The surface tension of the aqueous solution was measured at 25°C and the surface excess concentration as well as the critical micelle concentration of the mixtures were investigated. There was a good relationship between the adsorption effectiveness of the phase transfer catalyst (cationic) and the efficiency of the collector. A synergistic effect was observed for the phase transfer catalyst and the anionic collector reducing the surface tension of the aqueous solution in the purification of petroleum coke. The results showed the best mole fraction of mixture (anionic/ cationic)which is preferable to be used as the flotation collector. The optimum conditions for purification of petroleum coke were determined so as to acceptably use this coke for the lubricating grease.     

Development of a Method for the Extraction of Oil from Clay by Friendly Phase Transfer Catalyst

Abstract

The separation of waste oil from clay was studied using benzyl triethanol ammonium chloride as phase transfer catalyst. The study showed that the surface tension has an effect on oil recovery. An induced air flotation process was used and polymeric decyl phenol formaldehyde ethoxylate was used as the collector. The effects of various parameters including concentration of catalyst, collector, time of flotation, contact angle, and zeta potential on oil extraction were studied. The results show that oil recovery increases with time of flotation up to a maximum and then levels off. Oil recovery is marginal if the flotation time is extended beyond 12 min. For example, oil recovery increases by only 4% for 25 g oil and 20 g surfactant in the feed when flotation time increases from 12 to 15 min. Oil recovery also increases with surfactant dosage. Furthermore, oil recovery was enhanced by controlling the interfacial tension at the oil–water and water–air interfaces. The mechanism of oil separation was discussed according to micelle composition and the calculated oil recovery obtained was 87%. Furthermore, the kinetic study proved that the process is first order and depends on catalyst concentration. Oil recovery follows a Gibbs adsorption equation. The molecular interaction parameter at the aqueous solution–air interface was also calculated. The results proved that the extraction of oil from solid phase can be conducted by adding phase transfer catalyst. Moreover, the article suggests a model of oil separation from soil according to specifications of adsorbed oil, including isoparaffin and n-paraffin that were analyzed by gas chromatography technique.     

Development of a Froth Flotation Process for Recovery of Used Emulsifiable Oil

Abstract

The separation behavior of the lubricating oil from wastewater was studied using the technique; electroflotation. The optimum conditions for oil flotation were determined and the results were discussed according to a kinetic model. Further, the surface properties of the cationic collector were investigated. Cement kiln dust was used as an adsorbent applied to the flotation solution to investigate the kinetic and the adsorption equilibrium involved. According to the adsorption isotherm of the oil on the kiln dust, the optimum conditions for oil separation was suggested.     

Study on emulsification of crude oil in water using emulsan biosurfactant for pipeline transportation

In this work, an experimental investigation on removing crude oil from a stainless steel tube using a biosurfactant such as emulsan was studied. The emulsan used in this study was produced by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus PTCC1318. The produced emulsan was able to reduce the surface and interfacial tension of water to 24 mN/m and 3 mN/m, respectively. Also influence of water- oil ratio on emulsifying property was studied. The results showed at CMC concentration, emulsification index (E₂₄) of emulsions decreased with increasing water- oil ratio. At 25°C, 30 mg/L, with a water–oil ratio of 1:2, produced emulsan formed an excellent emulsification of crude oil about 98%. Cleaning parameters tested included washing time and flow rate. It also demonstrated that the emulsan is useful for the tube cleaning with removal percentages of 100% at the room temperature, depending on the washing conditions.     

Development of a Froth Flotation Process for Recovery of Used Emulsifiable Oil

The separation behavior of the lubricating oil from wastewater was studied using the technique; electroflotation. The optimum conditions for oil flotation were determined and the results were discussed according to a kinetic model. Further, the surface properties of the cationic collector were investigated. Cement kiln dust was used as an adsorbent applied to the flotation solution to investigate the kinetic and the adsorption equilibrium involved. According to the adsorption isotherm of the oil on the kiln dust, the optimum conditions for oil separation was suggested.     

THE INCREASE OF EFFICIENCY OP PINE OIL BY HEATING AND USAGE IN THE FLOTATION OF OXIDIZED AHASRA COAL

ABSTRACT

The effect of heating temperature and time on the efficiency of pine oil was examined in the flotation of oxidized Amasra Coal in this work. Samples were taken from waste heap Amasra Coal which were collected in 1973–1978 and stored in atmospheric conditions. The optimized impeller speed was 1000 rpm, aeration rate was 35 ml/s and solid content of the pulp was 20% in the flotation tests. Motorin was added to the pulp as a collector. The pine oil was heated to 50^°C, 75^°C, 106^°C, 125^°C, 150^°C, 175^°C, 200^°C and used as a frother. The flotation resulta indicated that 125^°C was suitable temperature for heating. Increasing the heating time increased the efficiency of pine oil. The recovery of combustibles also Increased depending on the increase in the amount of oil heated for 5 hours at 125^°C.     

Synthesis and evaluation of some amine compounds having surface active properties as H2S scavenger

In this work three H₂S scavengers were prepared by reacting monoethanolamine with formaldehyde in different ratios (1:1, 2:1 and 2:3) to give MF1, MF2 and MF3, respectively. The chemical structures of the prepared scavengers were confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The effect of reaction time (the time required for completing the reaction between the scavenger and the H₂S gas) has been studied for the three prepared scavengers. The effects of concentration and temperature have been studied on the scavenging efficiency of H₂S using three prepared products and two commercial products EPRI-710 and EPRI-730. The surface and thermodynamic parameters of the prepared scavengers were determined at 25 °C including, surface tension (γ), and effectiveness, maximum surface excess (Γ_max) and minimum surface area (A_min). Also, the standard free energy of micellization and adsorption was recorded. The results show that the efficiency of scavengers increased with increasing reaction time up to 50 min. Also, as concentration of scavengers and temperature increased, the removal efficiency of the scavengers increased. By comparing the efficiency of the prepared products with the commercial products EPRI-710 and EPRI 730, it was found that, MF3 exhibited a similar efficiency comparing with the commercial scavenger EPRI 730 (currently used in the field) at different concentrations and temperatures.     

Synthesis,interface activity and oil flooding experiment with an authentic sandstone microscopic model of cationic gemini surfactant

In this work, a series of cationic gemini surfactants with different hydrophobic tails were prepared and characterized by element analysis, IR spectra, and ¹H NMR spectra. The influencing factors of physic-chemical properties of these surfactants were carefully studied. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of all the surfactants ranged from 3.87 × 10^?4 mol L^?1 to 8.97 × 10^?4 mol L^?1 and the values (γ_cmc) also ranged from 28.62 mN m^?1 to 34.07 mN m^?1 at CMC level by surface tension experiments. The consequences of the oil/water interface tension experiments indicated that all these prepared surfactants could lower oil/water interface tension to ultra-low with the combination of Na₂CO₃. C₁₂-2-C₁₂, and C₁₄-2-C₁₄ were chosen as the representative to evaluate the displacement efficiency in the oil flooding experiments using authentic sandstone microscopic model. The results showed that these surfactants could effectively improve the displacement efficiency by 10–20%.     

Preparation of synthetic hydrocarbon oil by high-pressure hydrocracking of ethylene-propylene copolymers

Degradation reactions of ethylene-propylene copolymers at a high temperature (380–430°C) and a high pressure (180–220 atm) in the presence of a nickel catalyst and hydrogen have been studied. In contrast to the previously known processes, the degradation reactions have been conducted simultaneously with hydrogenation reactions. The effects of temperature, pressure, and time on the yield of each fraction have been examined. As a result, optimal process conditions have been found for each fraction. The physicochemical properties of the lube oil fraction (C₁₈–C₂₅) used as a base oil have been studied. It has been found that as in the case of oils derived from ethylene-propylene copolymers by other methods, these oils have a high viscosity index (VI > 95), a high flash point (T _f > 210°C), and a low pour point (T _p < ?50°C).     

Preparation and Characterization of Novel Magnetic ZnFe2O4–Hydroxyapatite Core–Shell Nanocomposite and Its Use as Fixed Bed Column System for Removal of Oil Residue in Oily Wastewater Samples

Using magnetic nanoparticles to remove the dispersed oil from produced water is a promising way to overcome the difficulties faced by current treatment technologies. Therefore, in this study, novel ZnFe₂O₄-hydroxyapatite core-shell nanocomposites (ZFHA) was prepared by precipitation method and investigated as an adsorbent to remove residual oil from produced wastewater. The prepared ZFHA nanocomposites were studied by FTIR, X-ray diffraction, HRTEM, SAED, and EDX. The results revealed that hydroxyapatite was coated on the ZnFe₂O₄ surface and formed a core-shell structure. The effect of various parameters on oil adsorption process like bed height (59, 118 and 178 mm), flow rate (1, 3 and 5 mL min⁻¹), effect of temperature 25–77 °C, initial oil concentration (100, 500, 1000 and 10,000 ppm) and pH (2–10) were investigated. The experimental data showed that with increased column bed depth from 59 to 178 mm, breakpoint time (t_b) increased from 30 to 48 min. The highest equilibrium adsorption capacity of oil at optimum conditions (77 °C, 10,000 ppm, 3 mL/min and 178 mm) were estimated to be 3500 mg L⁻¹. The contact time decreased with the increase of bed height and flow rate. Adsorption kinetic was evaluated in a fixed bed column. Finally, the regeneration of the exhausted ZFHA adsorbent was assessed; which revealed satisfactory results for three times reusability after saturation. Therefore; ZFHA could be applied effectively for adsorption of residual oil from synthesis oily wastewater samples prepared from produced water of Egyptian fields of the petroleum industry.     

Determination of Optimum Process Parameters in Desulphurization of Fuel Oil

Abstract

In this research, desulphurization of number 6 fuel oil (residue fuel oil) by chemical methods was studied. Besides, factors like reaction temperature, reaction time, concentration, and stirring speed were examined to determine the effects of various process parameters on desulphurization and on higher heating value. According to the results obtained, the optimum values of process parameters were determined as H₂O₂ concentration of 15%, reaction temperature of 40^○C, reaction time of 60–150 min and stirring speed of 1, 000 rpm. Under these conditions, the sulphur content in the fuel oil sample was reduced from 2.78 to 2.29%–1.54% approximately. The degree of desulphurization increased, but higher heating value decreased seriously at high levels of H₂O₂ concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time, and stirring speed. Some fuel oil samples that are pretreated with H₂O₂/0.1 N H₂SO₄ were extracted successively with acetone, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and hydrogen peroxide. In conclusion, the sulphur content decreased approximately from 2.29 to 1.08%. Partial decrease determined in the higher heating value of the sample at the end of extraction.     

An adaptive modeling of petroleum emulsion formation and stability by a heuristic multiobjective artificial neural network-genetic algorithm

In this work, experimental and statistical modeling and optimization of process parameters for maximizing the o/w emulsion stability was carried out using the multiobjective artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) coupled with response surface methodology. The independent model constrains were oil concentration (10–50% v/v), surfactant concentration (2–10% v/v), stirring intensity (2000–6000 rpm), stirring time (5–20 min), and pH (2–12). The responses were turbidity (τ) and emulsion stability index (ESI₂₄). This fact that there is a reasonably good agreement between the experimental data and the predicted values was shown by the modeling results. The optimized conditions predicted by hybrid ANN-GA model to maximize ESI₂₄ ( = 94.71) with 4.8% error were: oil concentration 50% v/v, surfactant concentration 5.571% v/v, stirring speed 6000 rpm, stirring time 5.97 min, and pH 12. The accuracy of the model is confirmed by the comparison between the predicted and experimental data. The proposed hybrid ANN-GA model was found to be useful for the modeling and optimization of process parameters for emulsion stability analysis and the other emulsification process.     

Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsion Stability Investigation

Abstract

The water-in-crude oil emulsion has great importance in the oil industry. The stability of water-in-crude oil emulsion is investigated over a wide range of parameters. These parameters are water concentration (10–50%), surfactant concentration (0.1–1%), mixing speed (500–2, 000 rpm), salt concentration (0–5%), polymer concentration (0–1, 000 ppm), and temperature (13–40^○C). The physical properties of water-in-crude oil emulsion in terms of density, viscosity, and interfacial tension are measured by Pycnometer, Ostwald viscometer, and spinning drop tensiometer, respectively. The stability of water-in-crude oil emulsion is studied for each case in details. This investigation shows that the presence of the emulsifying agent is necessary for stable emulsion, and stability gradually decreases with water concentration. The presence of 5% NaCl or 1, 000 ppm of Alcoflood polymer provides 100% stable emulsion. Emulsion stability reduces with temperature. Impeller type has a strong effect on the emulsion stability. S-curved blade impeller provides 100% stable emulsion for more than 2 days.     

Optimization of chemical agents for removing dispersed oil from produced water in Z oilfield

Produced water generated in oil and gas industries contains various organic and inorganic components. Discharging produced water is becoming a problem that needs considerable attention because it can pollute surface and underground water and soil. Major research efforts focus on the treatment methods that were feasible in the view of efficiency and economy. The dispersed oil particles (dop) in the produced water can pollute the underground water and soil and cause blockage in the reinjection process of produced water. In order to obtain a feasible treatment method for removing the dispersed oil from produced water in Z Oilfield, the crude oil from Z Oilfield was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The result showed that the oil was mainly composed of alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Materials with polar group did not exist in the crude oil. The influence of four different agents RDP₁, RDP₂, RDP₃, and RDP₄ on the removal of dop was studied at 45°C in this paper. The result showed that RDP₃ was the most optimal agent for Z Oilfield. The concentration of RDP₃ was optimized in the view of efficiency and economy. The result showed that the feasible concentration of RDP₃ was 1,000 mg/L.     

Synthesis and characterization of Ni-Mo catalyst using Jatropha curcas leaves as carbon support and its catalytic activity for hydrotreating of gas oil,Jatropha oil,and their blends

A novel carbon-based Ni-Mo catalyst has been synthesized successfully from Jatropha curcas leaves using boric acid as a surface modifying agent. The Ni-Mo catalyst prepared on Jatropha curcas leaves had shown BET surface area of 316 m²/g whereas the Ni-Mo catalyst prepared without boric acid activation had shown BET surface area of only 14 m²/g. XRD and SEM data have shown that the active catalyst particles such as Ni and Mo have been found to be uniformly distributed. The inventive catalyst was studied for hydrotreating of gas oil, Jatropha curcas oil and 20% Jatropha oil in gas oil at 370°C, 90 bar H₂ pressure, liquid hour space velocity of 1 h^?1, and gas-to-oil ratio of 500 Nm³/m³ and the results obtained were found to be comparable with that of the commercial Ni-Mo catalyst supported on alumina.     

Polymeric Nonionic Surfactants as a Pour Point Depressant

Polymeric nonionic surfactants with the same hydrophobic moieties C₁₈E₆₈ and C₁₈E₁₃₆ were prepared. The surface properties of the synthesized surfactants and the critical micelle concentration, surface excesses concentration and the minimum surface area were evaluated and discussed. The efficiency of the prepared polymeric surfactants as pour point for fuel oil was discussed in absence and in presence of commercial additive. The most of the prepared additives showed a good performance toward improving the flow properties of the tested fuel oil. Then the rheological data were further determined through shear rate-viscosity measurements.     

Synthesis and characterization of Ni-Mo catalyst using pea pod (Pisum sativum L) as carbon support and its hydrotreating potential for gas oil,Jatropha oil,and their blends

Ni-Mo catalyst was prepared directly on pea pod using boric acid as a surface modifying agent. The BET surface area of the pea pod derived carbon based catalyst was found to be 380 m²/g. The activity of the inventive catalyst was tested in micro down flow reactor for hydrotreating of gas oil, 20% Jatropha oil in gas oil at the temperature range of 330–370°C, 90 bar H₂ pressure and space velocity of 1 h^?1 followed by Jatropha oil at 370°C, and keeping the other process parameters constant. The gas oil hydrotreating activity of the catalyst studied at temperatures below 370°C was found to be lower than that of the commercial alumina- and carbon-supported Ni-Mo catalysts; however, the activity was found to be comparable at 370°C.     

DEEP DESULPHURISATION OF A DIESEL BLEND IN A PILOT PLANT TRICKLE BED REACTOR

ABSTRACT

A pilot plant investigation was conducted to study the influence of hydrotreating conditions on conversion and characteristics of diesel blend and to determine the severity of operating conditions required to meet the proposed product specifications for diesel fuel in India. A typical diesel blend derived from various refinery streams with sulphur content of 2·06 wt% was hydrodesulphurised over a commercial NiO-MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst in a pilot plant trickle bed reactor. The experiments were conducted at 300–370°C, 30–50 kg/cm², 2·0 3·0 hr^-1 liquid hourly space velocity and constant H₂/oil ratio of 185 m³/m³. The data showed that the diesel blend could be hydrotreated to meet revised product specifications of 0·25 wt% sulphur, 46 cetane number by increasing the severity of operation. The cetane number and aromatic saturation were limited by thermodynamic equilibrium at temperatures above 360°C. The influence of temperature was found to be more pronounced than that of pressure in the range of operating conditions studied.     

Adsorption separation of condensate oil from produced water using ACTF prepared of oil palm leaves by batch and fixed bed techniques

A novel method is applied to produce amorphous carbon thin film (ACTF) from oil palm leaves. The novel prepared ACTF is in the form of thin films like graphene sheets having winding surface. ACTF was characterized by different methods of characterization: FTIR, BET, SEM, EDX, TEM, and Raman. ACTF employed as an adsorbent to separate emulsified condensate oil from synthetic produced water as a treatment process before reinjection in oil reservoirs. The adsorption performance of batch and fixed bed adsorption systems were investigated. Contact time, initial concentration of condensate oil ($C_o$ = 100–2500 mg/l) and temperature were studied by batch experiments. The obtained results indicated that the adsorption capacity and the removal efficiency increased with time up to 132.77 mg condensate/g adsorbent and 66.38% respectively, within 6 h equilibrium time at 308 K. The thermodynamic adsorption experiments conducted at 288, 308 and 318 K, referring exothermic nature of the adsorption process.The performance study of fixed bed adsorption described through the breakthrough curves concept with two parameters: column bed heights (5, 10 and 15 mm) and flow rate (2.2, 5 and 8.4 ml/min). Two models (Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models) were applied to expect different parameters of fixed bed as adsorption capacity and time need for 50% breakthrough. The results exhibited that 2.2 ml /min feed flowrate and 5 mm bed height at 1000 mg/l initial oil condensate concentration were the optimum conditions for the ACTF column. The experimental breakthrough curves showed acceptable fit with the calculated breakthrough profiles obtained by Thomas model.