加州鲈腌制品仪器分析与感官评价相关性研究

目的研究鱼肉质构特性及其仪器测定和感官结果的相关性。方法选用不同腌制时间的加州鲈样品进行仪器质地剖面分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)和感官评价。结果主成分分析实验中,鲈鱼腌制品TPA指标和感官评价指标分别得出2个主成分,累计方差贡献率分别达87.39%和82.17%;腌制时间为2 h时,TPA指标值和感官评价较优。相关性分析结果表明,感官粘聚性与TPA咀嚼性、TPA胶黏性具有显著负相关性(P0.05,r=-0.713;P0.01,r=-0.834),感官胶黏性与TPA硬度显著正相关(P0.05,r=0.805)。结论选取感官指标为因变量,TPA指标为自变量进行逐步回归分析,得到具有统计学意义的感官粘聚性和胶黏性的预测方程,为鲈鱼腌制品在品质评价上的预测提供了依据。     

TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF RESTRUCTURED BEEF PRODUCTS WITH FIVE BINDERS AT FOUR ISOTHERMAL TEMPERATURES1

Texture profile analysis (TPA) and shear force of restructured beef products with one of five binders (isolated soy protein, sodium caseinate, waxy modified corn starch, carrageenan, and oat flour) were analyzed at 35, 45, 55 and 65 C. Hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness were significantly affected (p<0.05) by binders, temperatures and their interactions. Hardness and gumminess showed no significant (p<0.05) differences among binders and temperatures below 45C, but each increased between 45 – 65C. Isolated soy protein gave the highest hardness and gumminess values; oat flour, the lowest at 55 and 65C. Except for oat flour, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness decreased from the raw state until 45C, and then increased. Oat flour gave the highest values for cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness < 45C; the lowest at 55 and 65C. Oat flour gave the lowest shear force (N) values at 55 and 65C. Conclusions were reached that the influence of these binders on the textural parameters of restructured beef products was temperature-dependent.     

Utilization of Tender Coconut Pulp for Jam Making and Its Quality Evaluation During Storage

An attempt was made to utilize the residual coconut pulp left in the tender coconuts after removal of coconut water. The coconut pulp was mixed with pineapple pulp in different proportions to increase the acceptability of the jam. An increase in the level of coconut pulp was found to significantly (p?<?0.05) increase the fat content as well as Na, K, and Ca contents in the jam. Texture profile analysis revealed a significant (p?<?0.05) decrease in hardness whereas adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness increased significantly (p?<?0.05) with an increase in the level of coconut pulp in the jam affecting its setting quality. The L* and a* values were found to increase significantly (p?<?0.05), whereas b* values decreased significantly (p?<?0.05) with an increase in the tender coconut pulp level. The jam containing 75 % tender coconut pulp and 25 % pineapple pulp showed a maximum sensory acceptability for the mixed jam. The jam prepared at optimum conditions of coconut and pineapple pulp showed a good sensory acceptability after 6 months of storage at 28?±?2 and 37 °C storage conditions on the basis of physicochemical and sensory attributes.     

Study on quality characteristics of camel burger and evaluating its stability during frozen storage

This study investigated the influence of replacing One-humped camel meat instead of cow meat (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %) on quality characteristics and frozen storage stability in burgers. For this purpose thiobarbituric acid test (TBA-RS), cooking characteristics, color parameters, texture and sensory properties were studied during 3 months at ?18 °C. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the moisture retention, diameter reduction, sensory properties, lightness, yellowness and springiness. Cooking yield, TBA-RS, fat retention, cohesiveness, flavor and texture showed significant differences (p < 0.05) through storage. Other evaluated properties of burgers showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in various levels of camel meat and over storage term. Moisture retention of burgers increased with increasing of camel meat content. The sensory panel scores for flavor, texture, juiciness and overall acceptability increased but color scores decreased with increasing the level of camel meat. Cooking yield, fat retention and cohesiveness decreased by increasing the storage period.     

Effect of Wheat Bran,Coarse Wheat Flour,and Rice Flour on the Instrumental Texture of Cookies

Abstract

The effect of replacing wheat flour with wheat bran (0–10%), coarse wheat flour (0–20%) or with rice flour (0–20%) on the quality of cookies was studied. The cookie dough was subjected to Instrumental Texture Profile Analysis in order to determine dough cohesiveness and adhesiveness. After baking spread factor, puncture force and fracture strength of the cookies was also determined. The control dough had cohesiveness and adhesiveness values of 0.279 and 13.6 N s whereas control cookies had puncture force and fracture strength of 90.84 N and 100.16 N. Wheat bran increased dough cohesiveness and adhesiveness whereas coarse wheat flour had the opposite effect. Increasing levels of rice flour decreased cohesiveness but increased adhesiveness. Wheat bran and rice flour lowered the spread factor where as coarse wheat flour increased spread factor. Coarse wheat flour and rice flour lowered the fracture strength where as wheat bran increased fracture strength. Sensory evaluation revealed that increasing levels of wheat bran lowered the overall acceptability whereas rice flour and coarse wheat flour improved sensory scores.     

Physicochemical,cooking and textural characteristics of some Indian black gram (Phaseolus mungo L) varieties

Physicochemical, cooking and textural properties of black gram varieties were studied and related to each other using Pearson correlation. Different varieties showed significant variation in their physicochemical, cooking and textural properties. Varieties having higher seed weight and seed volume had higher values of cooking time, swelling capacity, hydration capacity and hardness. The relationships between textural parameters of cooked grains from different black gram varieties showed a significant positive correlation of hardness with cohesiveness (r = 0.472), gumminess (r = 0.938) and chewiness (r = 0.859). Swelling index, cohesiveness and gumminess of black gram varieties were observed to be related to their fibre content. Swelling capacity and swelling index correlated well with cooking time, hardness and gumminess. Cooking time had a positive correlation with hardness (p < 0.05) and gumminess (p < 0.05) and a negative correlation with springiness. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of Texture Differences among Varieties of Cooked Quinoa

Texture differences of cooked quinoa were studied among 13 different varieties. Correlations between the texture parameters and seed composition, seed characteristics, cooking quality, flour pasting properties, and flour thermal properties were determined. The results showed that texture of cooked quinoa was significantly differed among varieties. ‘Black,’ ‘Cahuil,’ and ‘Red Commercial’ yielded harder texture, while ‘49ALC,’ ‘1ESP,’ and ‘Col.#6197’ showed softer texture. ‘49ALC,’ ‘1ESP,’ ‘Col.#6197,’ and ‘QQ63’ were more adhesive, while other varieties were not sticky. The texture profile correlated to physical?‐chemical properties in different ways. Protein content was positively correlated with all the texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters. Seed hardness was positively correlated with TPA hardness, gumminess, and chewiness at P ≤ 0.09. Seed density was negatively correlated with TPA hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness, whereas seed coat proportion was positively correlated with these TPA parameters. Increased cooking time of quinoa was correlated with increased hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The water uptake ratio was inversely related to TPA hardness, gumminess, and chewiness. Rapid Visco Analyzer peak viscosity was negatively correlated with the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness (P < 0.07); breakdown was also negatively correlated with those TPA parameters (P < 0.09); final viscosity and setback were negatively correlated with the hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness (P < 0.05); setback was correlated with the adhesiveness as well (r = ?0.63, P = 0.02). Onset gelatinization temperature (T_o) was significantly positively correlated with all the texture profile parameters, and peak temperature (T_p) was moderately correlated with cohesiveness, whereas neither conclusion temperature (T_c) nor enthalpy correlated with the texture of cooked quinoa.     

Rheological,Textural and Flavour Properties of Yellow Mustard Sauce as Affected by Modified Starch,Xanthan and Guar Gum

Influence of a modified starch-gum thickening system on the rheological, textural and flavour properties of yellow mustard sauce was studied. The rheological measurements indicated that the sauces exhibited a weak gel-like, strong shear thinning behaviour. Dynamic viscoelasticity measurements showed that the sauces with modified starch (MS) and xanthan gum (XG) presented superior viscoelastic properties to those with MS and guar gum (GG) samples. All tested sauces showed non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic and thixotropic fluids characteristics. Parameters such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess and spreadability were used to evaluate the textural properties, and the results indicated that MS/XG was more influential than MS/GG on the textural properties. Sensory analysis suggested that 0.4 % MS/0.3 % XG, 0.4 % MS/0.4 % XG and 0.4 % MS/0.4 % GG were superior thickeners for the yellow mustard sauces. The flavours of these three sample groups with the highest sensory scores and a sample with only MS were analysed by an electronic nose, which showed that the electronic nose was able to distinguish their differences.     

Technology for the Manufacture of Diabetic Rosogolla

Diabetic Rosogolla was manufactured by using low-fat cow milk. Six different combinations viz. type of chhana and two different concentrations (40° and 50° Brix) of cooking medium. All of the experimental samples and control were analyzed for physico-chemical, textural, and sensory properties. A 40° Brix concentration of cooking medium was preferred to give a highly acceptable Diabetic Rosogolla. The average composition of Diabetic Rosogolla is moisture—52.20%, fat—4.46%, protein—12.78%, sorbitol—29.66%, and ash—0.89%. Similarly, the rheological properties were hardness—7.85 N, cohesiveness—0.54, springiness—6.06 mm, gumminess—3.8 N, chewiness—26.07 Nmm, fracture force—4.1 N, adhesiveness—0.0272 Nmm, and stiffness—2.17 N/mm. This protocol can be adopted at commercial level and be used to serve the customers who desire fewer calories but cannot resist having the sweets after their meal.     

Colour and textural attributes of sucuk during ripening

The sensory (flavour, colour, and ease of cutting scores), colour (Hunter L, a, b, YI, total colour difference, hue angle, chroma, and browning index values) and textural (hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience) attributes of sucuk were followed during the ripening period. Colour scores increased (P<0.05) from score 4 to 6 during the first 3 days of the ripening period and then decreased (P<0.05). The lightness (L values), yellowness (b), and hue angle of sucuk decreased (P<0.05) during the ripening period. The major colour changes occurred between the 5th and 9th days of the ripening period. Pearson correlation test indicates that a positive relationship (P<0.01) exists between a-values and sensory colour scores. The overall sensory scores changed (P<0.05) in parallel to the flavour scores. Hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of sucuk increased (P<0.05) during the ripening period. Strong relationships (P<0.01) were found between hardness and cutting scores. Adhesiveness values of sucuk decreased significantly (P<0.05) about 10 times from -9.3 to -92.6 during the ripening period. Springiness and cohesiveness values decreased during the ripening period, but not significantly (P>0.05). Cutting scores were related (P<0.01) to gumminess (0.921) and chewiness (0.922) values but not to resilience (P>0.05). It was observed that most instrumental colour and textural attributes were in agreement with sensory attributes. These results indicated that instrumental methods could be easily adapted and can be used for evaluation of quality attributes of sucuk during the ripening period.     

Development And Characterization of Extruded Fura From Mixtures of Pearl Millet and Grain Legumes Flours

Dehulled pearl millet flour (100%) and blends of pearl millet, cowpea, groundnut and soybean flours at 80:20, 70:30 were extruded at 30 g moisture/100 g sample using a Brabender Laboratory single screw extruder to develop extruded fura products. The fura extrudates and fura produced in the traditional way were analyzed for their physical and chemical and sensory properties. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the puff ratio of the extruded fura products. Pearl millet: cowpea (80:20) fura had the highest puff ratio (4.71) while the pearl millet: groundnut (80:20) fura had the lowest (2.90). The bulk density of the pulverized extruded fura was lower than that of the dried and pulverized traditional fura. The hydration power of the extrudates increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 28°C and 50°C. Extrusion increased the hydration power of products. Fura extrudate containing 100% pearl millet flour had the highest hydration power of 63.9% at 28°C, while the traditional fura had the lowest of 15.8% at 28°C. Protein content of samples increased with supplementation of pearl millet with grain legumes. Sensory evaluation results showed that there were no significant differences among the fura extrudates and the traditional fura with respect to color, texture and overall acceptability except for flavor. Extruded products were still acceptable after 12 weeks storage in polyethylene and cellophane bags at 30 ± 2°C. Extrusion and supplementation processes are therefore one way of producing a convenient shelf stable nutrient rich fura in the areas where fura is commonly consumed.     

不同品种薄皮甜瓜成熟期果实质地品质分析及综合评价

以10 个品种薄皮甜瓜为研究对象,采用质构仪与常规理化分析测定了8 个质构指标、6 个质地相关的化学指标,通过相关性分析、因子分析、系统聚类分析,建立一套综合评价薄皮甜瓜果实质地品质的方法,以期为深入探究决定其质地特性的关键因子和优良质地品种选育提供理论依据。相关性分析表明,质构剖面分析（texture profile analysis,TPA）硬度与胶着性、咀嚼性和穿刺硬度均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,黏附力与黏附性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,内聚性与胶着性、咀嚼性均呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,胶着性与咀嚼性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,穿刺硬度与胶着性和咀嚼性均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;原果胶含量和含水量与TPA硬度、穿刺硬度、咀嚼性和胶着性呈不同程度显著负相关（P＜0.05）,水溶性果胶含量与穿刺硬度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）,淀粉含量与黏附力和黏附性呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,纤维素含量与内聚性呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。经因子分析并基于特征值大于1的原则,提取了3 个主因子,累计方差贡献率为89.40%,根据各主因子代表性指标,依次命名为梗硬因子F1、黏绵因子F2和内聚因子F3,方差贡献率分别为52.76%、25.73%和10.91%,因子分析综合得分模型显示,‘玉美人’和‘彩虹七号’质地品质较优,‘红皮面’和‘香沙蜜’较差,其余品种居中。系统聚类分析将10 个品种薄皮甜瓜果实的质地特性分为5 类,第I类包括‘千玉’、‘白糖罐’、‘特甜蜜宝’,呈脆硬质地;第II类包括‘红到边’、‘羊角蜜’,呈酥脆质地;第III类包括‘花蕾王’、‘彩虹七号’、‘玉美人’,呈梗硬质地;第IV类为‘香沙蜜’,呈沙软质地;第V类为‘红皮面’,呈黏绵质地。     

Effects of gamma-ray,electron-beam,and X-ray irradiation on physicochemical properties of heat-induced gel prepared with salt-soluble pork protein

The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and textural properties of heat-induced gels prepared with pork muscles irradiated with gamma rays, electron beams, and X-rays. Pork muscles were irradiated at 5 kGy using the different irradiation sources, and heat-induced gels were prepared from the irradiated pork muscles at a protein concentration of 5 mg/mL. Each irradiation treatment produced lower water-holding capacity, protein solubility, apparent viscosity, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness than the control gel prepared with non-irradiated pork muscle (P < 0.05). In addition, gamma irradiation was more influential than electron or X-ray irradiation on the negative impacts on water-holding capacity and texture of heat-induced gels. Therefore, this study suggests that the irradiation source could be one of the significant factors affecting gelling properties of irradiated meat.     

Effect of NaCl on physical characteristics and qualities of chicken breast surimi prepared by acid and alkaline processing

We investigated the effect of NaCl on the physical characteristics and qualities of chicken breast surimi prepared by acid (pH 2.5 and pH 3.0) and alkaline (pH 10.5 and pH 11.0) adjustments. Salt addition resulted in increased (p < 0.05) yellowness, but decreased (p < 0.05) lightness and whiteness of surimi, regardless of pH adjustment. Surimi prepared by alkali had the highest (p < 0.001) values of lightness and whiteness. Textural properties except cohesiveness were higher (p < 0.05) in acid-prepared surimi without salt, however, addition of salt caused higher (p < 0.05) springiness, gumminess or gel strength of chicken surimi. Salt addition also caused an increase in the sensory properties. Furthermore, alkali-treated (pH 10.5 or pH 11.0) surimi had higher (p < 0.001) values of all the sensory properties. Therefore, the alkali treatment diminished gumminess and chewiness of texture property, while better color (high lightness or whiteness), gel characteristics and sensory properties were obtained from salt-added surimi. Especially the surimi at pH 10.5 and with salt was better one which had high values of whiteness, springiness and sensory properties among the surimi.     

Effect of Thermal Treatment on Selected Cereals and Millets Flour Doughs and Their Baking Quality

Selected cereals (rice and sorghum) and millets (finger millet and pearl millet) were steamed for 20 min at ambient pressure. The rheological properties of doughs, made from these steamed as well raw grain flours, were characterized in addition to examining their baking quality. The two-cycle compression test was employed and instrumental values were correlated with sensory attributes (color, aroma, taste, stickiness, chewiness, tearing strength, cohesiveness, and rollability) using principal component analysis (PCA). Rice doughs made from both raw as well as thermally treated flour imparted maximum hardness (96.6–99.3 N) and least cohesiveness (0.05–0.09) with highest stickiness values (105–110°) among all the dough samples at the same moisture content. Pearl millet and raw sorghum flour doughs possessed the least instrumental hardness, adhesiveness, and stickiness and were the easiest to flatten. The PCA biplot showed that sensory and instrumental cohesiveness formed a cluster on the left side on the x axis while shear force, and sensory attributes like tearing strength, chewiness, stickiness, and rollability formed another cluster on the other side of the axis. Raw rice and finger millet doughs were associated with the high extent of instrumental and sensory stickiness. Thermally treated pearl millet and sorghum doughs were the best followed by treated rice and finger millet samples to give the desirable dough characteristics, and were quite close to wheat chapathi in texture.     

不同水分含量对南极磷虾烤虾质构和色泽的影响

以质构和色泽为指标,并结合感官评定,对水分含量分别为22％、25％、28％和31％的四种南极磷虾烤虾品质进行研究。实验结果表明,水分含量对南极磷虾烤虾质构有一定影响,水分含量22％的南极磷虾烤虾的硬度、胶粘性、咀嚼性和剪切力与其他水分含量的南极磷虾烤虾呈显著性差异（P〈0．05）,水分含量25％和28％的南极磷虾烤虾的内聚性和弹性相对较高,品质较好;通过测定四种烤虾的RG雅,发现四种样品的色泽均属于粉色系,对外观的影响不是很大,随着烤虾水分含量下降,制品的色泽越容易接受。水分含量28％的南极磷虾烤虾的感官评分最高,为8．99±0．05,通过对不同水分含量的南极磷虾烤虾的质构和色泽分析,结合感官评定,认为南极磷虾烤虾的水分含量为28％时品质最佳。     

Effect of furcellaran incorporation on gel properties of sardine surimi

Effects of furcellaran, powder (FURP) and solution (FURS), incorporation (2-8% based on surimi solid content) on gel properties of sardine (Sardinella albella) surimi were investigated. Breaking force, hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and whiteness of gels increased with increasing FURP or FURS contents (P < 0.05), where the highest values were observed in gel containing 8% FURS (P < 0.05). Expressible moisture content of gel decreased as levels of furcellaran increased (P < 0.05). The gel deformation, springiness, and cohesiveness were not affected by furcellaran (P > 0.05) as well as the polymerization of myosin heavy chain as visualised by SDS-PAGE. FURP and FURS could enhance the interconnection between chains during heating as indicated by the higher G′. Addition of furcellaran, especially FURS, up to 6% increased sensory property of resulting gel (P < 0.05). Anywise, an abatement in overall likeness score was found in gel with 8% FURS. Finer and denser microstructural network was observed in gel containing 6% FURS when compared to control. Therefore, furcellaran, prepared as solution, at an appropriate level can improve the overall quality of sardine surimi.     

Effect of Storage Conditions of Dry Bean Seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on Texture Profile Parameters After Cooking

Red kidney beans were stored at constant moisture and high and low temperature for 6 months. Instrumentally measured parameters of hardness, fracturabihty, gumminess, chewiness, springiness and cohesiveness were higher in samples stored at elevated temperatures than the control (2°C). The sensory panel found the stored beans had higher hardness, fracturability, lumpiness, chewiness, and skin toughness and less starchiness, gumminess, pastiness and moisture absorption than the control. Puncture forces followed approximately a normal distribution curve, and there was always some overlap between stored and control beans even when the stored beans had a much higher mean puncture force than the control. All textural parameters of cooked bean cotyledons changed substantially during storage of the seeds at elevated temperatures and high relative humidity.     

Effects of organic tomato pulp powder and nitrite level on the physicochemical,textural and sensory properties of pork luncheon roll

Nine treatments of pork luncheon roll produced with three sodium nitrite levels (0, 0.05 and 0.1%) and three tomato pulp powder (TPP) levels (0, 1.5 and 3%) were assessed at three storage times (2, 7 and 14 d). The effects of enrichment with TPP on composition (protein, fat, moisture and ash), pH, colour (CIE L*, a*, b*), nitrosomyoglobin (NOMb) content, lipid oxidation (TBARS), residual nitrite content, total viable count (TVC) texture profile analysis (TPA) and sensory analysis of cooked pork luncheon roll were investigated. Decreasing the level of nitrite increased (p < 0.001) the pH, the NOMb value (p < 0.001), lipid oxidation (p < 0.001) and the residual nitrite content (p < 0.001) and affected the colour of the cooked product. The reduction in nitrites had no effect on the composition and texture of the pork luncheon rolls. Adding TPP reduced (p < 0.001) the pH and increased (p < 0.001) the colour parameters a* and b* of both the raw luncheon roll formulation and the cooked luncheon roll product. TPP, particularly at 3% had a detrimental effect on the texture of pork luncheon rolls by decreasing hardness (p < 0.001), gumminess (p < 0.001) and chewiness (p < 0.001) and increasing cohesiveness (p < 0.001). The TBA value increased (p < 0.01) with the three main factors (nitrite, TPP, day) but was in all cases well below the 2 mg MDA/kg threshold. TVCs for all treatments and storage days were below the TVC limit for this type of cooked product. The pork luncheon roll formulated with 50 mg nitrite and 1.5% TPP had similar or enhanced sensory attributes compared to the luncheon roll containing no TPP and a nitrite level of 100 mg/kg of product.     

Quality of frankfurter-type sausages with added pig skin and wheat fiber mixture as fat replacers

Pig skin and wheat fiber mixture (PSFM) were assessed as fat replacers in frankfurter-type sausages. The addition of PSFM increased the moisture and protein content in the sausage because of the water binding capacity in wheat fiber and protein content in pig skin. The sausage sample containing 20% PSFM had 50% less fat, 32% fewer calories, and showed 39.5% less cooking loss than those of the control (p < 0.05). High PSFM content resulted in more stable meat emulsions and increased hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. No significant differences were observed in color, flavor, tenderness, juiciness, warm-off flavor, and overall acceptability between the control and sausage sample with PSFM by the sensory panel. Therefore, PSFM could be used as fat replacers to obtain lower calories, and higher moisture, protein contents, and emulsion stability than in low-fat frankfurter-type sausages without PSFM.