HEAVY METALS AND PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS CONTAMINATION OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF EL SUKHNA AREA, GULF OF SUEZ, EGYPT

The concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), total organic carbon (%TOC) and petroleum related heavy metals beside the grain size distribution of El Sukhna area, Egypt were determined in the bottom sediment. Copper, zinc and nickel concentrations were found within the lowest effect, while lead and cadmium levels were close to and high to the lowest effect, respectively. The contaminations level were found due to petrogenic origin and their sources are either weathered or highly weathered crude oils and or used lubricating oil. Their detection gives an indication of recent and continuous petroleum inputs.     

渤海湾盆地惠民凹陷南坡中生界顶部不整合结构特征及成藏作用

渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷惠民凹陷南坡中生界顶部不整合共发育3种类型:削截不整合、超覆不整合和平行不整合,并在纵向上分为3层结构:底砾岩或水进砂体、风化粘土层和风化淋滤带,不整合的每层结构都具有各自的测井响应特征和识别标志。由于每层结构的岩性不同,可形成7种配置关系。通过岩心观察和样品测试分析,曲堤地区不整合风化淋滤带次生孔隙发育。不整合对于研究区内的油气起到了运移和聚集成藏双重作用,因此,开展不整合控藏作用研究,对惠民凹陷隐蔽油气藏的勘探具有重要的指导和实践意义。      

MIGRATION IN FRACTURE NETWORKS; AN ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE SUPPLY OF THE "GIANT" TAR ACCUMULATIONS IN ALBERTA, CANADA - I†

During secondary migration, the tendency towards a thermodynamic minimization of the hydrocarbon-water interfacial energy can result in the confinement of petroleum in open fractures and coarser pores, in spite of the repeated conversion of gravitational energy into interfacial energy. A discussion of lithological influences leads to the prediction that migration in granular porosity is likely to end in trapping or dispersal, whereas migration in brittle, compact formations, which are little fractured, can allow the petroleum to reach distant structures.
The source of supply for the "giant" tar accumulations of Alberta is then investigated. Chromatographic analyses strongly support a predominantly Triassic, basinal origin for the Pre-Mesozoic Unconformity oils and, consequently, of the tars accumulated in the basal Cretaceous sands and Grosmont Paleozoic carbonates. A study of the spatial distribution of the thickness of oil-stained rocks in the respective formations suggests that migration to the tar accumulations cannot have occured without interruption in the basal, transgressive Cretaceous sandstones, whereas continous migration (from the basin to the shelf) appears to have taken place in the weathered, carbonate Paleozoic sub-crops.     

An Improved Method for the Determination of Petroleum Hydrocarbons From Soil Using a Simple Ultrasonic Extraction and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry

An environmentally friendly, cheap, and quick method for total petroleum hydrocarbons determination in solid matrixes (soil and sediments) is described. The method involves a simple extraction process (ultrasonic bath) and requires reduced amounts of solvent and solid sample. The analysis is carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. Detection limits were 63 or 24 mg kg^?1 depending on the cell path length (10 or 40 mm, respectively). The method is suitable for application in weathered contaminated soils, which usually presents low availability of contaminants and seems to be a good choice, for instance, for monitoring evolution of soil or sediment recovering during a decontamination process.     

马朗凹陷下二叠统风化壳特征与油气成藏关系

对三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷下二叠统卡拉岗组风化壳特征进行了分析,并将该古风化壳在纵向上划分为风化粘土层、强风化碎石层、弱风化块石层以及未风化岩石层等层段。剖析了该风化壳形成的地质条件和构造演化特征,探讨了可能发育油气藏类型及与风化壳的关系,并指出了该区下一步下二叠统卡拉岗组风化壳有利的勘探目标是在下二叠统条湖组剥蚀线与下二叠统卡拉岗组剥蚀线之间范围内,其次为卡拉岗组剥蚀线以东地区。     

准噶尔盆地车排子地区石炭系顶部风化壳结构及其控藏作用

基于实钻资料与地质综合研究,系统分析了准噶尔盆地车排子地区石炭系顶部风化壳结构地质特征及其发育主控因素,总结了风化壳结构发育模式与控藏作用。研究认为,车排子地区石炭系顶部风化壳垂向上具层状结构,自上而下依次为风化粘土层、水解层、淋滤层。风化壳结构形成主要受控于原岩岩性、间断时间和古地形三大因素。风化粘土层和水解层起着封盖、遮挡作用,分布较广的淋滤层具有较好的储集性能,利于油气横向输导。在有水解层或风化粘土层条件下,形成“毯砂”“壳”双输导模式;反之,则油气上窜或下灌,形成单一输导体。在其控制下,该区石炭系顶部风化壳发育壳内、毯砂前缘和复合岩性3种油气藏分布类型。     

南黄海盆地北部凹陷含油气系统分析

北部凹陷位于南黄海盆地北部坳陷北部,是一个在中生代—古近纪强烈块断裂陷作用下形成的北断南超式箕状凹陷,泰州组和阜宁组2期湖泊相沉积的暗色泥岩是凹陷内的主要烃源岩;仪征运动、吴堡运动等多期具有旋回性的构造运动作用,沉积上导致多种储集体、生油岩互相叠置形成了多套生储盖组合,构造上产生了如背斜、断鼻和断块等圈闭类型。深凹中泰州组等烃源岩生成的油气,沿着断层、不整合面上的风化带和砂质岩运载层等,自深凹向上、向南、向斜坡运移,形成岩性、背斜、断鼻等多种类型的油气藏。凹陷自成一独立的含油气系统,平面上含油气圈闭沿千里岩断裂带和斜坡枢纽带呈串珠状展布,是南黄海盆地最有利的勘探地区。      

石油酸的腐蚀动力学

采用铁粉腐蚀法研究了石油酸的腐蚀特性,分析了柴油馏分石油酸腐蚀反应的动力学性质.结果表明,酸值相同时,柴油馏分中的石油酸腐蚀性比减四线馏分强,石油酸腐蚀高峰的温度与石油酸的平均沸点和分解温度有关.确定了石油酸动态腐蚀的表观总反应级数为2级,并求出反应活化能为55.6 kJ/mol.     

EFFICIENCY OF PETROLEUM CONCENTRATION IN MAJOR PETROLIFEROUS BASINS

The ratio of the concentration (barrels of oil equivalent/sq. km) of accumulated oil in the richest sedimentary basin to that in the poorest basin, among those basins containing "giant" and "super-giant" fields, is more than 500 to 1. By contrast, the ratio of the richest to the poorest petroliferous basin in terms of average organic concentration may be less than 20 to 1. Such a large discrepancy between these two ratios suggests that organic concentration alone cannot account, for petroleum concentration in commercial reservoirs, because significant quantities of petroleum may be lost to the surface and be disseminated throughout the sedimentary sequence if the trapping conditions are not suitable. Most of this disseminated petroleum cannot be produced economically using present-day technology.
For a more accurate petroleum assessment, the Author stresses the importance of the efficiency of petroleum accumulation and preservation in commercial reservoirs: this may be evaluated as combining (a) the organic concentration of the source rock, (b) the duration of oil generation, (c) the thickness of the oil-generating "window", (d) the total geologic age involved, and (e) the fluid expulsion rate, and the presence or absence of undercompacted intervals.
Other parameters, such as the trap, reservoir and cap rock, and also the types of organic matter in the source rock, may have a great influence on the efficiency of petroleum concentrations in commercial reservoirs. However, most of these factors are of local significance, and thus are more difficult to generalise than those mentioned above in the context of the global distribution and concentration of oil reserves.     

石油酸腐蚀的动力学

 采用铁粉腐蚀法研究了石油酸的腐蚀特性,分析了柴油馏分石油酸腐蚀反应的动力学性质。结果表明,酸值相同时,柴油馏分中的石油酸腐蚀性比减四线馏分强,石油酸腐蚀高峰的温度与石油酸的平均沸点和分解温度有关。确定了石油酸动态腐蚀的表观总反应级数为2级,并求出反应活化能为55.6kJ/mol。     

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鄂尔多斯盆地北部东段塔巴庙地区奥陶系风化壳岩溶作用过甚,破坏了地层的连续性及储集性能,是导致该区风化壳气藏勘探效果不佳的主要原因之一,根据岩心及电测资料,可从风化壳中鉴别出6种岩溶相：壳面堆积相,洞顶相,洞底相,隔层相,坍塌相和洞穴充填相;其中洞顶相砾岩,云岩和隔层相云岩为优良的储层或气层,洞底相灰岩和坍塌相云岩是潜在的储层或气层,该区奥陶系风化壳的地震波反射速度反映了风化壳的岩溶化程度,即岩溶化程愈高,泥质含量愈大,反射速度就愈低,反之亦然,根据G－LOG图上风化壳内高速带,中速带,低速带及上覆石炭系超低速带的发育程度和配置关系,可划分为9种岩溶地震相,其中II,III,IV型岩溶地震相,岩溶强度相对较弱,分布面积较广,是风化壳气藏的主力勘探目标,岩溶地震相经实践检验,对钻前的油气地质情况有较好的预见性,因而对研究区奥陶系风化壳天然气勘探具有一定的指导意义。     

高比例掺炼催化裂化油浆对延迟焦化装置的影响

为进一步解决催化裂化油浆出路问题,中石油云南石化有限公司利用延迟焦化装置进行了高比例掺炼催化裂化油浆的试验。结果表明,油浆掺炼比例(w)由25%上升至29%时,石油焦收率明显下降,蜡油收率有所提高,轻油收率、总液体收率均有所升高,石油焦的挥发分、灰分分别提高了1.90百分点和0.04百分点,石油焦的硫质量分数降低了0.10百分点,高比例掺炼前后石油焦均满足企业4A级标准。同时发现,高比例掺炼加速了加热炉进料泵管线的腐蚀,但对焦化装置的工艺操作条件影响较小,加工每吨原料产生的经济效益提高67.0元,表明在优化方案下高比例掺炼催化裂化油浆具有可行性。     

羟丙基瓜尔胶合成条件对其性能的影响

在氢氧化钠催化作用下,用环氧丙烷对天然高分子瓜尔胶(GG)进行了改性,使其粘度在满足要求的条件下,水不溶物含量下降,性能提高。并研究了催化剂、改性剂环氧丙烷、溶剂乙醇和水的用量、反应温度和反应时间对水不溶物和表观粘度的影响。找到了满足采油压裂液用材料的较佳合成条件,即反应温度为60℃、反应时间4 h、催化剂的加入量应为瓜尔胶质量的8%,环氧丙烷加入量10 mL、乙醇和水的加入量分别为150 mL和60 mL。最佳表观粘度为82 mPa·s,水不溶物含量从21.5%下降到7.27%,其他指标都满足压裂液增稠剂使用标准,且验证了交联实验。     

有机碱三元复合驱油体系与胜利原油的协同作用

采用旋转滴法测定了胜利石油磺酸盐与不同区块原油的油水界面张力,考察了有机碱乙醇胺及聚合物对体系界面张力的影响,测定了复合驱体系的粘度。实验结果表明,乙醇胺和胜利石油磺酸盐之间存在降低油水界面张力的协同效应,在适宜的乙醇胺浓度条件下,界面上的石油酸、反应生成的石油酸皂和石油磺酸盐混合吸附,界面张力达到最低。聚合物对界面张力总体影响不大。有机碱三元复合驱体系的粘度变化不大。     

清洁压裂液性能与破胶研究

采用阳离子季铵盐与水杨酸钠复配制备粘弹性体系——清洁压裂液,考察其性能及破胶情况。研究了水、原油、液化石油气及煤气对清洁压裂液粘弹体系的影响。结果表明,水对其稀释作用有限,原油可以使其破胶。制备了3种不同使用温度的清洁压裂液,破胶后体系黏度小于3 mPa·s,破胶时间0.5～6 h。清洁压裂液自身对粘土有抑制膨胀作用,抑制率73.6%,与 KCl 复配后抑制率达86.6%。研究表明,清洁压裂液对煤芯伤害率为41.13%,明显小于对照组线性瓜胶的伤害率78.64%。在阜新煤田压裂现场应用表明,清洁压裂液携砂性能良好,使用破胶剂返排效果理想。     

液化气无苛性碱精制脱硫工艺的开发及工业应用

针对目前炼油厂普遍采用的液化气碱洗法精制工艺存在碱液更换频繁、排废碱渣量大、精制后液化气总硫含量超标等问题,中国石油大学（北京）开发了一套采用新型羰基硫水解催化剂和脱硫醇溶剂的液化气无苛性碱精制脱硫新工艺,并联合山东三维石化工程股份有限公司成功将该工艺工业化应用于中国石油哈尔滨石化分公司液化气精制装置。应用结果表明,该工艺脱硫效果好,精制液化气产品的硫质量分数低于10 μg/g。与传统的碱洗法液化气精制相比较,该工艺无废碱渣排放、水洗水可以直接达标排放。该工艺流程简单,操作条件缓和,羰基硫水解催化剂活性高、寿命长;脱硫醇溶剂可循环再生使用、损耗低。     

Bioremediation of Petroleum contaminated soils collected all around China: The extensive application and the microbial mechanism

A commercial microbial agent (Devoroil) was applied to study the biodegradation efficiency of four petroleum contaminated soils/sediment collected all around China. After 40 days of biodegradation, the total petroleum hydrocarbons removal rates were 41.8%, 95.7%, 84.5% and 93.5%. The soil achieved the lowest biodegradation efficiency was chosen to conduct another bioremediation experiment to study the degradation dynamics of petroleum and the microbial mechanism. The results showed that biodegradation dynamics correspond to a negative index relation. The analysis of PCR-DGGE exhibited that Thioalkalivibrio sp., Nocardia sp. and Mycobacterium sp. were probably the dominant functional microbes in the contaminated environment.     

Recovery of crude from OVL in joint operations,Wafra, Kuwait

Weathered crude oils stored in open and unlined pits pose several environmental, safety, and health issues to the flora, fauna, and human population. The weathered crude oil could leach through the cracks and fissures in the ground surface contaminating the groundwater contribute to a higher concentration of VOCs and hazardous gases such as H₂S in the atmosphere and render the soil unusable due to high concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons. Processing and recovery of clean oil is possible through the use of complex technologies involving the use of mechanical equipment, chemicals, and heat. By processing and recovering clean oil from weathered crude, it can be seen that the dangers of pollution posed to groundwater, atmosphere, and the soil can be greatly reduced and removed. In addition to reducing the dangers to the environment, substantial revenues are also being generated which keeps the clean-up process self-sustaining. The author describes the successful recovery of 905,900 barrels from large waste oil pit that was estimated to contain approximately 1,000,000 barrels of oily viscous liquid (OVL) of which approximately 600,000 barrels were estimated recoverable crude. The process not only recovered 50% more than estimated recovery, yet this has helped to remediate and mitigate negative environmental impact and generated revenues for WJO. Between June 2011 and July 2014, the footprint of that pit was reduced by approximately 60% due to the cleanup efforts.     

孤岛油田调驱试验中高效驱油剂的研究

用绘制界面张力等值图的方法,对两种石油磺酸盐复配结果进行了优化,筛选出可与孤岛油田原油产生最低平衡油水界面张力的石油磺酸盐配方(0.25%KPS+0.22%APS),并通过室内驱油试验验证了配方的驱油能力。结果表明,将不同来源的性质和结构互补的两种石油磺酸盐进行复配,可与原油产生超低界面张力(3.4×10~(-4)mN/m)。同时证实聚合物的存在不影响油水界面张力平衡值,只延缓油水界面张力达到平衡的时间。注入0.3倍孔隙体积的高效驱油剂,能提高原油采收率17%;在聚合物驱后注入时间越早,最终原油采收率就越高。