Long-Term Performance of Hydraulically Fractured Layered Rich Gas Condensate Reservoir

Compositional simulator has been used to investigate the effect of hydraulic fracture on the performance of a layered rich gas condensate reservoir in Saudi Arabia. The reservoir consists of five layers having permeabilities ranging from 0.08 to 115 md with about 68% of the gas reserve located in the lowest permeability layer. The fracture is assumed to penetrate all layers. The results of this investigation showed that hydraulic fracturing of such a reservoir is effective in improving the productivity of the gas condensate wells. The productivity index (PI) of the cases investigated was found to increase by as much as 3.6 folds. Hydraulic fractures were also found to delay the onset of the dew point pressure and consequently extend the production plateau above the dew point pressure. The production plateau above the dew point pressure was found to increase with increasing the dimensionless fracture conductivity. The results of this study also showed that once the dew point pressure is reached, the flowing bottom hole pressure was found to drop sharply to the specified minimum flowing bottom hole pressure in the fractured and nonfractured cases. However, the drop is less severe in the fractured case. This sharp drop in the flowing bottom hole pressure results in dropping the productivity of the gas condensate wells. Condensate build up along the fracture faces was found to be more significant in the high permeability layers. At early times after reaching the dew point pressure, the highest condensate saturation was found to be in the highest permeability layer. However, at late times (after reaching pseudo steady state) it decreased to a certain level above the critical condensate saturation. Finally, formation cross-flow is found to improve the productivity of the fractured and the nonfractured gas condensate wells. However, the improvement is more pronounced in the fractured cases.     

The Effects of Richness,Relative Permeability Curves,and Skin in Well Test Analysis of Gas Condensate Reservoirs

Abstract

Gas condensate reservoirs have more complicated performance than other categories because possessing intermediate compositions leads to more complex thermodynamic and phase behavior. When the well bottom hole flowing pressure falls below the dew point, condensate liquid builds up around the wellbore, causing a reduction in gas permeability and well productivity. Well test analysis is now commonly used to identify and quantify near-wellbore effects, reservoir behavior quantifying the skin and reservoir boundaries. Finding all this information from well tests in gas condensate reservoirs, however, is challenging. The present article demonstrates the effect of the richness, relative permeability curves, and skin in well test analysis of gas condensate reservoirs.     

The Effect of Hydraulic Fracturing on the Performance of Gas Condensate Systems

Gas condensate reservoirs usually exhibit complex flow behaviors due to the buildup of condensate bank around the wellbore when the bottom-hole pressure falls below the dew point. Hydraulic fracturing improves well productivity by delaying the onset of dew point pressure and also reducing the condensate saturation near the wellbore area. The authors present the results of a study that compared the near wellbore behaviors and productivities of a vertical nonfractured well and a vertical hydraulically fractured well in a low permeability lean gas condensate reservoir. Results show that there is no indication of capillary number effects in this low permeability reservoir because of low production rates.     

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文章在对气液两相渗流理论调研的基础上，考虑了凝析气藏反凝析和产水的三相流特点，从达西渗流定律入手，根据物质守恒原理，引入气、油、水多相流拟压力，建立了三相流产能方程，给出了无阻流量计算公式，详细描述了根据产能试井数据建立产能方程的步骤。文章提出的方法既适用于地层压力低于露点压力的反凝析气井两相流，也适用于产水凝析气井的三相流，目前气水或油气两相流产能方程只是新方程的特例。对某凝析气藏实际产能试井数据进行了分析计算，表明由于出水凝析气井不仅要克服凝析油的渗流阻力，还要克服水相渗流阻力，多相流产能远远低于单相流，对产水量较大的凝析气井而言，在流动压力大大低于露点压力时，不能采用单相流产能方程配产。实例中的多相流产能曲线表明：在同一井底流压下，随气水比的增加，气体产量将减少；在相同气产量下，随着水气比的增加，生产压差将增大。     

特低渗透油藏压裂水平井流入动态研究

研究了特低渗透油藏油井的流入动态,认为储层应力敏感性和溶解气是导致特低渗透油藏压裂水平井流入动态曲线存在"拐点"的主要原因。在此基础上,利用油藏数值模拟软件,建立了考虑应力敏感性和溶解气影响的特低渗透油藏压裂水平井模型,计算了不同裂缝条数、裂缝半长的压裂水平井流入动态,分析了不同裂缝参数对压裂水平井合理井底流压的影响,为特低渗透油藏压裂水平井合理工作制度的确定提供了理论基础。     

确定凝析气井合理产能的新方法

在凝析气藏开发过程中，随着地层压力下降，反凝析油会在井底周围聚集，形成反凝析油污染，伤害地层渗透率。凝析气井合理产能是保障高效开发凝析气藏的重要参数。基于凝析油气体系在恒温条件下的反凝析渗流理论，考虑“地层——井筒——井口——地面定点”连续流动，研究了凝析气井在不同配产条件、不同生产时间下凝析油饱和度分布特征和多项渗流特征的计算分析方法。在综合分析凝析气井各种约束条件的基础上，建立了考虑凝析油污染条件下凝析气井动态优化配产理论与方法。大港油田某凝析气藏实例计算表明，采用考虑凝析油污染条件下凝析气井动态优化配产理论与方法确定出的凝析气井合理产量与实际气井产能基本一致，说明该方法具有可靠性和实用性。图3参7     

凝析油可采储量计算经验公式

在凝析气藏的降压开采过程中，当地层压力低于露点压力后，地层中将出现气、液两相。对于中高凝析油含量的中高渗砂岩凝析气藏，在消耗式开发方式下，凝析油采收率分别与原始凝析油含量、原始气油比、天然气采收率以及初期凝析气井米采气指数(反映储集层物性)之间的相关性良好。根据对大港油田凝析气藏矿场资料的研究，得出4种计算凝析油采收率的经验公式，为计算凝析气藏的凝析油可采储量提供了便捷有效的方法。图4表1参10     

注烃提高凝析气井产能方法研究

凝析气井在低于露点压力生产时，由于凝析油析出并在井筒附近发生聚集，导致气井产能下降，通过向井内注入烃类溶剂，利用反蒸发及混相机理，可以恢复气井产能，提高凝析气藏采收率。以实际凝析气藏为例，利用数值模拟方法研究注入介质、储层物性、流体性质等因素对提高气井产能的影响。结果表明，注入丁烷加戊烷可以完全解除近井地带凝析液堵塞，改善凝析气藏开发效果。     

高含水致密凝析气藏特殊相态变化

高含水致密凝析气藏具有储层低孔、致密、含水饱和度高的特征，在其开发过程中，当压力降低至露点压力以下，流体会发生复杂的相态变化，析出凝析油，形成油、气、水三相渗流，导致渗流阻力进一步增大。与常规凝析气藏相比，高含水致密凝析气藏开发过程中相态变化具有特殊性：①储层含水饱和度较高，水相会影响流体的相态变化；②由于储层致密、流体复杂，井底附近渗流阻力较大，压降漏斗陡峭，流体相态表现出强非平衡相态变化特征，这与常规凝析气藏平衡相变特征存在明显差异。基于室内PVT筒实验、长岩心驱替实验及非平衡相态理论，系统研究了高含水致密凝析气藏的相态变化特殊规律。研究结果表明：①水相会降低凝析气藏的露点压力，增大反凝析油饱和度；②凝析气藏存在"凝析滞后"现象，非平衡相变效应可降低凝析油饱和度；③针对受地层水影响较小的气井可增大生产压差采出更多的凝析油。针对特殊相变特征，研究结果可以为高含水致密凝析气藏开发过程中制定合理的生产压差提供依据。     

气驱油采油采液指数计算方法及影响因素

针对X凝析气藏气井初期产量高、递减速度快、普遍存在地层和井底反凝析等现象,在陈元千方法的基础上完善了油气相渗曲线的归一化方法,分析了基质岩心和人工压缝岩心的相渗曲线特点。从凝析气驱油过程中油气相渗曲线变化规律出发,研究了低渗凝析气藏无因次采油指数、无因次采液指数的计算方法、变化规律以及影响因素。研究结果表明：较大的油气粘度比和较小的M值（启动压力梯度与生产压力梯度的比值）更有利于气井高含气阶段的提气携液。     

An investigation of different gas injection scenarios as enhanced condensate recovery method in a naturally fractured gas-condensate reservoir

In gas condensate reservoirs, when the bottom hole pressure falls below the dew point pressure condensates are formed. This causes hydrocarbon liquid saturation around the well bore region. This phenomenon is called condensate blockage or condensate banking. Condensate recovery reduction due to condensate banking near the well bore region is an important problem in gas condensate reservoirs. The common method to prevent the condensate banking is gas cycling (reinjection of produced dry gas) into the reservoir that can contribute to the condensate vaporization, thus increasing the condensate recovery factor. The objective of this study was to find a suitable replacement for gas cycling. For this purpose, an investigation on the effects of injection of different types of gases (CO₂, N₂, and C₁) on enhance condensate recovery factor and pressure maintenance were performed. This research was done on one of the Iranian gas condensate reservoirs through a compositional simulator. The two-parameter Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS) and Lohrenz-Bray-Clark correlation were used to model reservoir fluid properties through regression on the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) experimental data. A fracture network was distributed over the reservoir, so a dual porosity/dual permeability model was selected for better evaluation of the fracture system. Then, various scenarios of natural depletion and CO₂, N₂, C₁, and gas cycling injection were studied. The results showed that CO₂ injection scenario being associated with the highest efficiency compared to that of other gases.     

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通过对凝析气井产能分析方法以及流体相态、组分变化、渗流特征的研究，结合状态方程理论及相平衡闪蒸计算方法，引入反映地层中凝析油气体系变化的两相拟压力函数，提出了考虑近井带反凝析液饱和度分布以及动态污染影响的凝析气井产能分析新方法。通过实例计算认为该产能计算方法能较好地反映近井带地层凝析油析出时造成的动态表皮伤害对产能的影响；当地层压力高于露点压力时，预测方法所得的流入动态曲线在井底压力为露点压力处有一拐点，这与实际情况符合，反映了凝析液析出对气井产能的影响。     

应用试井方法对大房身气田早期评价研究

利用大房身气田压力恢复试井、产能测试资料的解释，获得了气藏的储层特征、边界、井的污染程度等大量信息。利用这些信息结合大房身气田地质研究和试采动态，对大房身气田进行了早期评价。评价结果认为该气田为单孔介质，不存在裂缝；储层连通性差，有效渗透率差异大，非均质性强；气砂体比较小，单位压降产量低；构造低部位存在边水，井底积液将是影响气井产能的主要因素之一。     

丘东气田反凝析污染评价及解除方法研究

凝析气藏开发过程中,地层压力降低到露点压力以后,不可避免发生反凝析现象.凝析液在井筒附近产生附加表皮系数,增加地层中液相的饱和度,降低气相渗透率,造成反凝析污染,从而使气井产能下降,影响凝析油、天然气的采收率.定量评价近井地带反凝析污染对气井产能的影响,对消除近井地带反凝析污染的方法进行了探讨.针对吐哈低渗凝析气藏开发特点,现阶段采用水力压裂可以有效解除丘东气田反凝析伤害.     

Investigating the Effect of Capillary Number on Performance Prediction of an Iranian Fractured Gas Condensate Reservoir

Abstract

Gas condensate reservoirs are one of the most complicated reservoirs in which the special thermodynamic behavior of reservoir fluid leads to condensate buildup instead of gas expansion, when the reservoir pressure drops below dew point pressure. To justify the phase behavior of such reservoirs, several models have been proposed. One of the models is a capillary number model that has a considerable effect on the shape of relative permeability curves. Taking account of capillary number is shown to improve the performance prediction of gas condensate reservoirs that otherwise is poorly predicted. In pressures below dew point pressure, velocity and surface tension between gas and oil increases more rapidly in the vicinity of the well compared with other parts of the reservoir, which results in condensate saturation reduction and gas relative permeability improvement. The authors model a fractured gas condensate reservoir with and without taking capillary number into consideration; the performance prediction results are compared to the actual results. The model with capillary number included is shown to be able to predict the performance with a greater accuracy than the case without capillary number.     

考虑反凝析影响的凝析气井产能试井问题

大量的理论分析和现场应用表明,反凝析液析出会急剧降低近井区气相相对渗透率,从而使凝析气井流入动态发生较大改变。而在产能试井中很容易出现井底流压低于露点压力的情况,因此反凝析现象不可避免。目前的产能试井工艺很少关注反凝析现象对气井流入动态的影响,结果常造成二项式指示曲线斜率为负,所建立的产能方程也不能有效地用于生产动态分析。在充分考虑反凝析影响的基础上,详细分析了工作制度变化对渗透率的影响,论证了工作制度的合理选择对于产能分析的重要性。首次提出利用拟稳态形式产能方程系数与井底流压的关系曲线可以便捷和正确分析凝析气井流入动态。实例分析证明,利用提出的方法,能正确建立流入动态方程。     

一种碳酸盐岩凝析气藏储量的计算方法

碳酸盐岩凝析气藏地层压力下降到露点压力以下时,凝析油在地层及井筒内析出,井口产气量、产油量与井底产气量、产油量之间存在差异,导致储量计算存在困难。通过经验公式拟合得到露点压力,当地层压力大于露点压力时,将井口产油折成气,按单相气求取凝析气储量,再通过气油比折算凝析油储量和干气储量;当地层压力小于露点压力时,地层出现多相流,分别计算干气储量和凝析油储量;实例对比分析表明,该方法的计算结果准确可靠。     

甲醇-地层水-凝析气相态测试研究

在凝析气藏开采过程中，当地层压力降低到露点压力以下时，地层中将会发生反凝析现象，从而导致反凝析堵塞；如果有平衡共存水产出并形成井底积液,还可能产生反渗吸水锁效应进一步影响气井产能。目前国外有文献报道了注甲醇解除凝析气藏近井地层污染从而提高气井产能的方法，文章探索设计了甲醇-地层水-凝析气三相体系PVT相态测试方法，分析了考虑注入不同浓度甲醇对凝析油气体系相态的影响，从而为凝析气藏注甲醇提高气井产能提供翔实的PVT数据，更有效地指导了凝析气藏的开发。     

适用于凝析气藏压裂的双介质多相多组分渗流模型

含水凝析气藏压裂后,随着生产过程中压力不断降低,地层各个烃类组分不断发生相间传质,并且由于裂缝的存在使得地层流动状态从径向流变为拟径向流或双线性流,凝析气藏形成双重介质多相多组分未饱和流动,需要建立渗流模型来了解产能动态变化。为了计算结果的准确性,当井底流压低于上露点压力时,必须对每个时间步长的压力分布进行判断,确定区域的边界,并对不同的区域采用不同的渗流模型进行计算。基于凝析气藏数值模拟的基本理论,通过高斯积分通量的基本思想对３个不同渗流区域进行了物质平衡与相态变化过程中组分摩尔物质量的综合计算和判断,得到了３个区域在双重介质条件下的渗流模型。对Ｋ-13井的模拟和计算结果表明,模型能较为精确地模拟计算含水凝析气藏压裂后的产能动态变化,具有较强的可靠性、实用性和参考价值。     

凝析气藏生产过程中气油比异常原因分析

在凝析气藏的衰竭式开发过程中,当井底压力高于露点压力时,生产气油比应恒定不变,当井底压力降低至露点压力后,地层中流体发生反凝析现象,生产气油比会增大。但是,在日本的Yufutsu凝析油气田、中国的雅克拉和大涝坝凝析气藏的开发中,当井底压力下降至露点压力以下时,部分气井的生产气油比并没有增大,反而出现了大幅度下降的现象。针对这一异常现象,分析了可能造成此异常现象的因素（水侵、组分梯度、组分异常、储层物性、毛细管数效应以及界面张力）,通过数值模拟,对凝析气藏的气油比进行了预测。认为在凝析气藏的开发中,气油比的下降只是暂时的,随着压力的继续降低,地层中反凝析污染加重,凝析气井的生产气油比会迅速增大。