挤压与汽爆麦麸添加对小麦粉糊化特性的影响

以低筋、中筋和高筋小麦粉为材料,考察原麦麸、挤压麦麸和汽爆麦麸的添加量、粒度对小麦粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明：在0.178～0.250 mm粒度范围内,随着麦麸添加量的增加,小麦粉峰值黏度、最终黏度和回生值都显著性下降（P＜0.05）,而糊化温度和糊化起始时间则呈现二次曲线增加的趋势。汽爆麦麸和挤压麦麸对于小麦粉糊化起始时间和糊化温度的提升效果明显高于原麦麸。随着原麦麸粒径的减小,中筋、高筋小麦粉的峰值黏度、最终黏度和回生值均呈现先降低再升高的变化趋势,而3 种麦麸糊化温度和糊化起始时间呈现下降趋势。在0.150～0.420 mm粒度范围内时,原麦麸的粒度对低筋小麦粉回生值的影响具有显著差异（P＜0.05）;挤压麦麸和汽爆麦麸的粒度对中筋小麦粉峰值黏度的影响无显著差异（P＞0.05）;原麦麸和汽爆麦麸的粒度对高筋小麦粉峰值黏度的影响具有显著差异（P＜0.05）。     

乳化剂对面粉糊化性质的影响

通过快速黏度测定仪（RVA）研究了分子蒸馏单甘酯（DGMS）、双乙酰酒石酸单甘酯（DATEM）、硬脂酰乳酸钙钠（CSL—SSL）、蔗糖酯（SE）四种乳化剂对面粉糊化特性的影响。结果发现，不同种类的乳化剂对面粉的糊化特性影响不同。     

Effects of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Protein on the Pasting Properties of Different Types of Wheat Flour

Abstract: As one of the most effective methods to modify proteins, enzymatic hydrolysis is used widely in the preparation of wheat products in the food industry. During the same process, starch pasting occurs frequently. The effects of wheat protein hydrolysis with papain, pepsin, and trypsin on the pasting properties of 3 different kinds of flour were investigated in 5 concentrations. Results showed that the peak viscosity, trough, final, and integral area of pasting curve of these flours decreased with increasing enzymatic hydrolysis of protein, and decreased significantly with the increasing enzyme concentrations. Medium‐gluten flour was the least sensitive to enzymatic activity and weak‐gluten the most sensitive. Downtrends appeared with increasing papain and trypsin concentrations in the form of breakdown. Enzymes had no significant different effect on the peak times of strong‐ and medium‐gluten flour, but prolonged peak time slightly in weak‐gluten flour. The pasting time and temperature of strong‐ and medium‐gluten flour were significantly increased in a concentration‐dependent manner. However, there were no significant effects on the pasting times of weak‐gluten flour. These results could supply a basis for utilization of enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat protein in food industry and for further studies into the interactions between hydrolyzed protein and starch in food or processing industries. Practical Application: Illuminating the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis of protein on the pasting properties of different types of wheat flour is very important in food industry. Flour viscosity decreases after enzymatic hydrolysis of protein/gluten. Enzymes have different effects on peak time, pasting time, and pasting temperatures for different types of flour. These results could supply a basis for utilization of enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat protein in food industry and for further studies into the interactions between hydrolyzed protein and starch in food or processing industries.     

不同粉路小麦面粉糊化特性的研究

以小麦制粉不同粉路面粉样品为研究对象，通过测定样品的糊化参数，经比较、分析和研究，发现不同粉路面粉的糊化特性存在显著差异，其食品加工适应性也各不相同。比较而言，皮磨粉、心磨粉、渣磨粉和重筛粉质量较好，皮磨粉更适合于制作面包；心磨粉、渣磨粉和重筛粉比较适合于制作面务和馒头。吸风粉、尾磨粉和打麸粉相对品质较差。加工专用面粉应选取合适的粉路面粉进行合理搭配，才能满足食品制作对原料的要求。     

挤压膨化紫薯粉对小麦面团糊化特性和热机械学特性的影响

挤压膨化技术是一种高温、短时的加工方法,可以改变紫薯粉的特性,从而提高复合面团的品质。因此,本实验对紫薯粉进行挤压膨化,对比研究挤压膨化紫薯粉和紫薯生粉对小麦面团水分分布、糊化特性及热机械学特性的影响。结果发现,与紫薯生粉相比,挤压膨化紫薯粉显著缩短了横向弛豫时间T21（P＜0.05）,表明挤压膨化能够使水分与淀粉或面筋蛋白紧密结合;此外,与小麦粉相比,添加紫薯粉显著降低了面团的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终点黏度、崩解值和回生值（P＜0.05）,尤其是挤压膨化紫薯粉。热机械学特性结果表明挤压膨化紫薯粉能够显著提高面团的吸水率、酶解速率和蒸煮稳定性（P＜0.05）,缩短面团形成时间,降低回生值和峰值扭矩（P＜0.05）。挤压膨化紫薯粉的添加不仅可以提高面制品的出品率,也有助于延缓面团的老化,延长保质期。本研究为挤压膨化紫薯粉在面制品中的应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

木糖醇对小麦淀粉和复配面粉糊化性质及回生特性影响的研究

本文以小麦淀粉为原料,把谷朊粉按10%、12%、15%质量浓度添加到小麦淀粉中配成三种复配面粉,研究不同添加量木糖醇对小麦淀粉、复配面粉糊化性质和回生特性的影响。结果表明：添加木糖醇后,小麦淀粉糊化温度升高;峰值黏度随着木糖醇添加量的增加呈上升趋势;添加15%、20%、25%木糖醇时,小麦淀粉的衰减值、回生值增加。添加木糖醇后,复配面粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度增加。随复配面粉中谷朊粉含量的增加,添加相同含量木糖醇的复配面粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度呈下降趋势。在不同天数添加木糖醇的小麦淀粉硬度增加,且随添加浓度的增加,硬度呈上升趋势;而添加木糖醇的复配面粉硬度降低,且随添加浓度的增加,硬度呈下降趋势。     

谷氨酰胺转胺酶对面粉糊化性质和面条品质的影响

研究2种谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TG-M和TG-B)对面粉糊化性质和面条品质的影响。结果表明,这2种谷氨酰胺转胺酶对面粉的糊化温度影响不显著;随TG-M添加量的增加,面粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、回生值和崩解值变化不显著;随TG-B添加量的增加,面粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、回生值和崩解值呈递增的趋势;添加谷氨酰胺转胺酶能改善面条的质构特性,TG-M与TG-B对面条质构特性的影响没有明显差异;TG-M和TG-B在面条中的添加量不应超过0.5%。     

不同乳化剂对米粉糊化和流变性质的影响

本文以大米粉为原料,研究了三种常用乳化剂分子蒸馏单甘酯、大豆卵磷脂和蔗糖脂肪酸酯对其糊化、凝胶和流变性质的影响。结果表明：分子蒸馏单甘酯和蔗糖脂肪酸酯使大米粉的崩解值、最终黏度、回生值和糊化温度显著升高。大豆卵磷脂使大米粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、回生值和糊化温度都显著降低,崩解值显著升高。分子蒸馏单甘酯、大豆卵磷脂和0.7%的蔗糖脂肪酸酯均会降低流体特征指数n,假塑性增强;0.5%～0.7%的分子蒸馏单甘酯和0.7%的蔗糖脂肪酸酯会增大稠度系数K值。三种乳化剂均会降低经高速剪切后的米粉糊表观黏度和触变环面积。     

不同筋力面筋蛋白对小麦淀粉糊化特性的影响

以3个不同小麦品种淀粉(2个普通小麦,1个糯性小麦)为实验材料,添加3种类型的面筋蛋白(强筋、中筋和弱筋),5个添加量处理(8%、10%、12%、14%、16%),分析淀粉和面筋种类及其交互作用对淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明:淀粉是糊化特性的决定因素,面筋蛋白质直接或通过淀粉交互作用显著影响糊化特性。淀粉和面筋蛋白类型交互作用对峰值黏度、黏度面积、稀懈值、糊化起始时间有极显著影响;淀粉和面筋蛋白含量的交互作用对除了糊化温度和糊化起始时间外的其他糊化指标都有极显著或显著的影响;面筋蛋白类型对稀懈值影响按其降低作用大小的顺序为:弱筋>中筋>强筋;面筋蛋白添加量对淀粉稀懈值和反弹值的影响因淀粉种类的不同呈现显著差异。     

薏米全粉的添加对小麦粉加工品质的影响

研究不同添加量（5%、10%、15%、20%和25%）的薏米全粉对小麦粉的粉质特性,拉伸特性、糊化特性以及对馒头的质构和感官评价的影响。结果表明：薏米全粉的添加增加了小麦粉中蛋白质、油脂和灰分的含量。与小麦粉面团相比,薏米全粉不影响小麦粉的形成时间和稳定时间,但在添加量高于15%时弱化度增加显著;添加薏米全粉的面团拉伸能量,延伸性总体上降低,最大拉伸阻力在45?min和135?min差异不显著,拉伸比增加显著。薏米粉的添加显著提高了馒头的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性,显著降低了回复性和内聚性,感官评定与质构硬度和咀嚼性结果一致。随着薏米全粉的添加,口感各个指标总体上降低,但是5%～10%的薏米全粉添加量对馒头感官评价影响不大,并且少量薏米所产生的气味更受人喜爱。结合上述因素,考虑到对面团流变特性、糊化特性和馒头品质的影响,小麦粉中添加10%的薏米全粉较为合适。     

Emulsifier Effects on Pasting Properties of Wheat Flour Extrudates with/without Sucrose and Shortening

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of emulsifier types and concentrations, plus the addition of sucrose and shortening on wheat flour extrudates. Ground extrudate pasting properties were measured in the rapid viscoanalyser (RVA). Four pasting parameters were determined from the RVA curve: peak time (PT), peak viscosity (P), breakdown viscosity (H), and initial slope (IS). Emulsifier types and the addition of sucrose and shortening significantly affected PT, P, H, and IS. Emulsifier concentration significantly influenced PT and H. Emulsifiers significantly increased PT and H and decreased P and IS. Glyceryl monostearate had the greatest effects on these parameters. Sucrose and shortening generally enhanced the effects of emulsifiers on pasting properties.     

蛋白组分对籼米粉糊化特性的影响机理探讨

通过逐一去除蛋白组分的方法研究了蛋白组分对籼米粉糊化特性的影响,并分析了影响这些变化的蛋白结构基础。RVA和DSC分析结果表明,不同组分的蛋白在去除之后,峰值粘度、热糊粘度和最终粘度均有不同程度的升高,崩解值、回生值及糊化温度均有不同程度的降低。SDS-PAGE和显微结构分析表明,各组分对糊化特性的影响机理应有差异:谷蛋白通过与纤维素类物质的紧密结合,在糊化过程中阻碍淀粉粒的溶胀;醇溶蛋白可能是通过蛋白体自身的溶胀与淀粉相互作用而影响;清、球蛋白通过活性蛋白对籼米成分的水解或合成等改变而影响;淀粉粒结合蛋白则可能对籼米的基础糊化特性影响较大。与分离重组法比较,逐一去除蛋白组分的方法因为蛋白组分之间的相互作用影响较大,对糊化特性的影响与分离重组法略有差异。     

不同发芽方式对全麦粉理化及流变学特性影响

本文研究了浸泡法和微量加水法对发芽全麦粉理化及动态流变学特性的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,发芽全麦粉水分、脂肪含量均显著降低,粗蛋白、总膳食纤维含量整体上显著增加,总淀粉含量及淀粉直/支比变化不明显;两种发芽方式均会显著提升全麦粉糊化焓和糊化温度,全麦粉热稳定性提高。此外,微量加水法发芽处理（MST）全麦粉较浸泡法发芽处理（SST）全麦粉回生值显著降低,有利于抑制发芽全麦及其产品的老化。动态流变学结果表明所有样品储能模量（G′）始终高于损耗模量（G″）,其中MST全麦粉较SST全麦粉糊化后流动性增强,黏度减弱。研究结果旨在为后期发芽全麦粉在食品中的加工应用选择适宜的发芽方式做参考,为合理利用发芽全麦粉提供理论依据。     

改性荞麦粉对小麦面粉粘度特性的影响

为揭示改性荞麦粉对小麦粉糊化特性的影响规律,为改性荞麦粉的食品用途提供依据或参考。以质构重组技术生产的改性荞麦粉为原料,按照一定比例和小麦粉制备混合粉;采用布拉本德微型黏度糊化仪测定混合粉的黏度特性。添加普通荞麦粉后,混合粉黏度曲线与普通小麦粉相比呈下降趋势;随着添加比例的增加,混合粉黏度曲线变化不大。随着普通荞麦粉添加比例的增加,混合粉糊化温度呈现"下降—保持—下降"趋势;峰值黏度基本保持不变;峰值黏度温度呈"波浪式"变化;崩解值呈"升高—下降—升高"变化现象;回生值呈"下降—保持"变化趋势。添加改性荞麦粉后,混合粉的黏度曲线与普通小麦粉相比呈明显下降趋势;添加比例越高,混合粉黏度曲线下降越明显。随着改性荞麦粉添加比例的增加,混合粉糊化温度呈现"下降—保持—下降"的趋势;混合粉峰值黏度、崩解值、回生值均呈线性下降趋势;混合粉峰值黏度温度呈"升高—下降"的趋势。添加普通荞麦粉、改性荞麦粉后,混合粉的黏度曲线均明显下降。不同类型荞麦粉对混合粉黏度特性影响不同。普通荞麦粉添加比例对混合粉黏度特性影响不大,改性荞麦粉添加比例增加,混合粉黏度曲线显著下降。     

添加剂对小麦粉餐具使用性能的影响

以液态石蜡和硬脂酸作为防水剂,以海藻酸钠和羧甲基纤维素钠作为补强剂,研究不同添加剂对小麦粉餐具的吸水性、吸油性和最大承载等使用性能的影响。结果表明,液态石蜡是改善餐具防水性能的最佳防水剂,海藻酸钠是较好的补强剂。     

Effect of Malonaldehyde on the Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour

The addition of malonaldehyde (MA) results in significant changes in the visco-elastic behaviour of wheat flour dough. Incorporation of MA in wheat flour also enhances its rate of maturation during subsequent storage. After storage, MA treated wheat flour had lesser extensibility and higher resistance, dough development time and stability than the untreated sample. Altered visco-elastic behaviour of wheat flour has been explained by the reaction of MA with sulphohydryl and amino groups.     

Pasting of Wheat Flour Extrudates Containing Conventional Baking Ingredients

Pasting properties of extrudates affect product quality and can be controlled by addition of ingredients. We determined the effects of 6 conventional baking ingredients (sucrose, nonfat dry milk (NFDM), dry egg, shortcning, glyceryl monostearate (GMS), and sodium bicarbonate) on pasting properties of wheat flour in extrusions using the Rapid Visco-Analyser (RVA). Pasting parameters determined included: initial peak, onset, and peak times; peak and breakdown viscosities and differences between them; ascending and descending slopes and the angle between their lines. Sucrose, shortening, and GMS affected pasting properties significantly. GMS had the greatest effects on peak times and viscosity values.     

不同粒度小麦粉的蛋白质性质研究

选用75~123μm的筛网将小麦粉进行筛理分级后,得到7种不同粒度的小麦粉颗粒,并将其分为大中小3种颗粒。通过对其总蛋白质含量、蛋白质组分含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、巯基二硫键及蛋白质二级结构的分析,探究不同粒度小麦粉的蛋白质性质。结果表明,不同粒度区间小麦粉的蛋白质性质存在显著差异。与中小颗粒粉相比,大颗粒小麦粉中蛋白质含量、面筋含量、二硫键含量较高,面筋质量较好,蛋白质的二级结构较为稳定,且大颗粒小麦粉的蛋白性质与原粉较相似,其中3号粉的蛋白质品质高于原粉,这表明当小麦粉粒度在95~112μm时,小麦粉蛋白质性质得到提升。而中小颗粒小麦粉的蛋白质性质差异性不显著。整体而言,大颗粒小麦粉的蛋白质质量及结构稳定性相对较好。     

大豆粉对面粉及面制品品质影响

使用添加剂对面粉品质进行改良是面粉行业发展的必然趋势.大豆粉作为一种新型的天然添加剂已经引起广泛关注.大豆粉对面粉色泽和筋力、对面团的流变特性,对面制品的营养品质、食用品质都有很大的影响.但要合理添加.     

Processing Effects on Chemical,Functional and Pasting Properties of Cowpea Flour from Different Varieties

Cowpea varieties (IT88D-867-11, IT89KD-288 and MALA) were boiled, roasted, dehulled and later milled into powder. The proximate composition, functional and pasting properties as well as anti-nutritional contents (Tannin) of the product was subsequently determined. The result of the study revealed significant increase (P < 0.05) in the crude protein, crude ash, swelling power and water absorption capacity. Conversely, significant decrease (P < 0.05) was observed in crude fat, starch content, moisture content, solubility and peak viscosity. Boiled samples have significantly higher (P < 0.05) crude protein, swelling power, water absorption capacity, with concomitantly lower solubility and tannin content. Crude ash, moisture, solubility and tannin content of dehulled samples decreased significantly with an increase in protein, swelling power and water absorption capacity. However, IT89KD-288 has the highest protein content irrespective of the processing used. But raw IT89KD-288 showed highest percentage of swelling power, solubility, water absorption capacity and Tannin content. The result revealed that both boiling and dehulling will greatly reduce tannin content of cowpea.