Centratherun ritchiei Seed Oil — Characterization of Vernolic Acid

Vernolic acid has been found at the 30.1% level in Centratherum ritchiei (Compositae) seed oil. This acid, cis-12, 13-epoxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic, was isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, NMR and MS. A successful attempt has been made to identify vernolic acid, without its derivatization, by mass spectral study. A reference vernolic acid (Vernonia anthelmintica seed oil) has been used for comparison purpose throughout the study.     

Hibiscus esculentus Seed Oil – A Reinvestigation

Seed oil of H. esculentus contains both cyclopropene (malvalic 0.9% and sterculic 0.3%) and cis-12,13-epoxyoleic (10.1%0 acids besides the other usual fatty acids. Characterization of HBr-reactive acids was done by the use of chromatographic, spectroscopic and chemical methods. Quantitation of cyclopropene and vernolic acids has been done collectively by the HBr titration, preparative TLC and GLC analysis. Seed oils of Vernonia anthelmintica and Sterculia foetida were used reference samples.     

Vernolic and Cyclopropenoic Fatty Acids in Piper nigrum Seed Oil

The seed oil of Piper nigrum has the following fatty acid composition: capric (4.1%), lauric (2.5%), myristic (3.1%), palmitic (27.2%), stearic (7.3%), oleic (29.9%), linoleie (7.7%), vernolie (7.7%), malvalie (6.3%), and sterculic (4.2%) acids.     

Leucas urticaefolia Seed Oil - A Rich Source of Laballenic Acid

As a part of our continuing screening programme of unusual fatty acid containing seed oils it was observed that the oil of Leucas urticaefolia seeds contains an allenic acid (24 %) which was characterized as 5,6-octadecadienoic (Laballenic) acid by using spectral and chemical degradation methods.     

Hibiscus mutabilis Seed Oil – Characterization of HBr-Reactive Acids

The seed oil of Hibiscus mutabilis (Chameleon rose) (Malvaceae) contains three HBr-reactive fatty acids. These are found to be cis-12, 13-epoxyoleic (vernolic) acid, 5.9%; 9,10-methylene-octadec-9-enoic (sterculic) acid. 7.3%; as well as 8,9-methylene-heptadec-8-enoic (malvalic) acid, 14.0%. Co-occurrence of these acids was established by combined spectroscopie, chromatographic and chemical techniques.     

Mulberry Seed Oil: a Rich Source of δ‐Tocopherol

In the present study, mulberry seed oil (MSO) samples obtained from seeds of different mulberry varieties as well as concentrated mulberry juice production waste (mulberry pomace) were investigated. Radical scavenging capacity, tocopherol and total phenolic content of MSO were determined. It was observed that MSO contain unique amounts of δ‐tocopherol varying between 1645–2587 mg kg^?1 oil depending on the variety. The secondary tocopherol homologue was γ‐tocopherol within a concentration range of 299–854 mg kg^?1 oil. MSO exhibited a very high antioxidant capacity varying in the range of 1013–1743 and 2574–4522 mg α‐tocopherol equivalents (α‐TE) per kg of oil for 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and freeze‐dried 2,2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (FD‐ABTS) radical cation assays, respectively. Both antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content were higher for mulberry pomace oil compared with the seed oils. Fatty acid composition of MSO was also determined, and linoleic acid was found to be the primary fatty acid (66–80 %).     

Co-occurrence of Coronaric and Vernolic Acids in Compositae Seed Oils

Seed oils of Lactuca scariola Linn., L. sativa Linn. and Siegesbeckia orientalis Linn., were found to contain epoxy acids in 10.0% (6.0% coronaric + 4.0% vernolic), 27.4% (16.9% coronaric + 10.5% vernolic) and 20.0% (16% coronaric + 4.0% vernolic) amount, respectively, alongwith normal fatty acids. The co-occurrence of the two epoxy acids was confirmed by chromatographic (TLC, GLC), spectroscopic and chemical methods. Further, this was confirmed by mass spectral study of methyl ester and its methoxy hydroxy derivative in the case of S. orientalis seed oil.The seed oils of Chrysanthemum coronariumand Vernonia anthelmintica were used as reference standard.     

Fatty Acid Profile of Kenaf Seed Oil

The fatty acid profile of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil has been the subject of several previous reports in the literature. These reports vary considerably regarding the presence and amounts of specific fatty acids, notably (12,13-epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic (epoxyoleic) acid, but also cyclic (cyclopropene and cyclopropane) fatty acids. To clarify this matter, two kenaf seed oils (from the Cubano and Dowling varieties of kenaf) were investigated regarding their fatty acid profiles. Both contain epoxyoleic acid, the Cubano sample around 2 % and the Dowling sample 5-6 % depending on processing. The cyclic fatty acids malvalic and dihydrosterculic were identified in amounts around 1 %. Trace amounts of sterculic acid were observed as were minor amounts of C17:1 fatty acids. The results are discussed in the context of the fatty acid profiles of other hibiscus seed oils.     

Component Fatty Acids of Delonix regis Seed Oil — A Source of 7-(2-Octacyclopropen-1-yI)heptanoic Acid and 8-(2-OctacycIopropen-1-yl)octanoic Acid

Delonix regia. Raffin Svn. Poinaana regia, Bojer ex Hook seed oil belonging to the Leguminosae plant family which contains an appreciable amount of 7-(2-octaeyclopropcn-1-yl)heptanoic acid (malvalic acid. 6.3%) and 8-(2-octacyclopropen-1-yl)octanoic acid (sterculic acid. 4.2%) along with the other normal fatty acids like myristic (1.1 %). palmitic (14.0%). stearic (11.0%), oleic (12.7%) and linoleic (50.7%,). These fatty acids were characterized by FTIR, H NMR. GLC-techniques and chemical transformations.     

Occurrence of α-Eleostearic Acid in the Seed Oil of Parinari montana (Chrysobalanaceae)

The seed oil of Parinari montana (Chrysobalanaceae) was examined by chemical, spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. α-Eleostearic acid was found to be the main fatty acid (ca. 36%). Its structure was determined by examination of the spectroscopic data of the oil, of the isolated maleic anhydrid adduct and the GC/MS of the oxazoline derivative.     

Abutilon indicum Seed Oil — Characterisation of HBr-Reactive Acids

The seed oil of Abutilon indicum (Malvaceae) contains three HBr-reactive fatty acids. These are shown to be cis-12,13-epoxyoleic (vernolic) acid, 1.6% 9,10-methylene-octadec-9-enoic (sterculic) acid, 0.9%; as well as 8,9-methylene-heptadec-8-enoic (malvalic) acid, 2.3%. Quantitative results are obtained by combining informations about the HBr-titration, the preparative thin layer separation of oxygenated and non-oxygenated acids, and gas liquid chromatographic analysis.     

从山苍子核仁油中提取各种脂肪酸的研究

山苍子核仁油是由山苍子核经生胚直接浸出法制得。其经酸炼、皂化、酸化、水解、水洗、真空精馏等工序即得系列中碳脂肪酸。C_(10)得率为3.0％～7.5％,C_(12)得率为3.5％～12.7％,产品质量好,环境污染小。指出在制取癸酸、月桂酸、C_(16)～C_(18)皂用酸等时,山苍子核仁油可以替代椰子油,既利用了野生资源,又减少了环境污染。     

A New Allenic Fatty Acid in Phlomis (Lamiaceae) Seed Oil

A new allenic fatty acid, phlomic acid, 7,8-eicosadienoic acid or 20:2Δ7,8allene, has been observed in several genera of the Lamiaceae, subfamily Lamioideae. The occurrence of this fatty acid seems to be correlated with the presence of an unusual 20:1 acid, 20:1Δ9cis or 20:1n–11. Phlomic acid is apparently produced by chain-elongation of the major seed oil fatty acid, laballenic acid or 18:2Δ5,6allene.     

Acacia albida Seed Oil: Characterization of Coronaric Acid

Coronaric acid makes up 7.8% of Acacia albida (leguminosae) oil triglycerides. Direct acetolysis of the oil followed by saponification gave cis-9,10-dihydroxyoctadec-cis-12-enoic acid which was characterized by various spectroscopic studies and chemical transformations. Quantitation of the coronaric acid was done by gas-liquid chromatography. Chrysanthemum coronarium seed oil was used as the reference standard throughout the study.     

利用黄须菜籽油为原料制备共轭亚油酸

以黄须菜籽油为原料生产共轭亚油酸的中试条件为:共轭化反应的温度185~190℃,共轭化反应时间2~3 h,共轭化反应使用催化剂得量20(w/w油重);用尿素包合分离纯化亚油酸的工艺条件:包合温度-10℃、包合时间6 h、脂肪酸/尿素/甲醇比(W/W/V)126;超临界CO2萃取压力30 MPa,温度60℃,萃取时间3 h。     

Cyclopropenoid and Fatty Acid Composition of Kydia calycina Seed Oil

The seed oil of Kydia calycina is found to contain the following acids (Wt%): Lauric 3.7, myristic 6.0, palmitic 4.9, stearic 11.4, arachidic 2.8, behenic 2.5, oleic 60.6, linoleic 5.3, and cyclopropenoid fatty acid content 2.9.     

Tomato Seed Oil I Fatty Acid Composition,Stability and Hydrogenation of the Oil

Tomato seed oil was investigated to study their components of fatty acids, stability and hydrogenation conditions. The estimation of the fatty acids of tomato seed oil from Ace variety and tomato seed oil extracted from local waste in comparison with cotton seed oil (the most familiar edible oil in Egypt) - Giza 69 variety - extracted by n-hexane and oil obtained by pressing shows that more than 50% of the total fatty acids are linoleic. Palmitic acid was found in a range between 20% to 29% and oleic acid was in a range between 13% to 18%. Other fatty acids like stearic, arachidic, and linolenic acid were less than 3%. The induction periods (at 100°C) for oils of fresh, roasted and stored tomato seeds were found to be 7, 10, and 5 hours respectively. The hydrogenation conditions of crude tomato seed oil were 180°C, 3 kg/cm² and 0.2% nickel catalyst for three hours of hydrogenation to reach a melting point of 50.7°C and an iodine value of 42.     

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Varieties: Fatty Acid Profiles and Upgrading of γ‐Linolenic Acid–Containing Hemp Seed Oils

Hemp seeds (HS) constitute a rich nutrient source and contain γ‐linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3, n‐6), which is a healthy fatty acid (FA). The objectives of this research are i) to look for GLA‐rich varieties of unhusked hemp seeds (UHS) and commercial hulled hemp seeds (HHS); ii) to check the influence of different extracting systems on both oil yield and FA profiles; iii) to test a simultaneous oil extraction/GLA‐enrichment process looking to improve GLA content. Hop and European hackberry seeds (both from Cannabaceae family) are also analyzed for comparative purposes. GLA is the most discriminant FA among UHS varieties, ranging in both UHS and HHS seeds from 0.5% to 4.5% of total FA, while hop seeds are the richest GLA source from Cannabaceae (7.2% of total FA). The extraction system selected for hemp seeds processing has a clear influence on oil yields, although, the FA profiles are slightly modified. The use of n‐hexane and n‐hexane:acetone in extractions allows an improvement in oil yields at the same GLA percentage. A process comprising saponification and subsequent cooling allows the improvement of GLA percentage in both hemp and hop seeds extracts at values higher than 10% of total FA, at high yields (>70%). Practical Applications: The global HS market increases significantly year after year and the demand of hemp products is increasing rapidly. The natural GLA sources in nature are limited, and although hemp contains GLA, this reaches low percentages in the oil. Hemp is a well‐established crop with highly standardized agricultural technologies, thus, the development of any well‐designed processes feasible for application in oil extraction industries, would allow the development of new GLA‐based functional seed oils. This would boost the development of the agricultural and food industries dedicated to revaluing hemp products.