Acacia suma Seed Oil-Characterization of a HBr-Reactive Acid

The seed oil of Acacia suma (Leguminosae) was found to have a HBr-reactive fatty acid along with other usual fatty acids. On the basis of chemical, spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques the HBr-reactive acid was identified as cis-9, 10-epoxy-cis-12-octadecenoic (coronaric) acid. This acid makes up 10.6% of the total oil triglycerides.     

Centratherun ritchiei Seed Oil — Characterization of Vernolic Acid

Vernolic acid has been found at the 30.1% level in Centratherum ritchiei (Compositae) seed oil. This acid, cis-12, 13-epoxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic, was isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, NMR and MS. A successful attempt has been made to identify vernolic acid, without its derivatization, by mass spectral study. A reference vernolic acid (Vernonia anthelmintica seed oil) has been used for comparison purpose throughout the study.     

Co-occurrence of Coronaric and Vernolic Acids in Compositae Seed Oils

Seed oils of Lactuca scariola Linn., L. sativa Linn. and Siegesbeckia orientalis Linn., were found to contain epoxy acids in 10.0% (6.0% coronaric + 4.0% vernolic), 27.4% (16.9% coronaric + 10.5% vernolic) and 20.0% (16% coronaric + 4.0% vernolic) amount, respectively, alongwith normal fatty acids. The co-occurrence of the two epoxy acids was confirmed by chromatographic (TLC, GLC), spectroscopic and chemical methods. Further, this was confirmed by mass spectral study of methyl ester and its methoxy hydroxy derivative in the case of S. orientalis seed oil.The seed oils of Chrysanthemum coronariumand Vernonia anthelmintica were used as reference standard.     

Fatty Acid Profile of Kenaf Seed Oil

The fatty acid profile of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil has been the subject of several previous reports in the literature. These reports vary considerably regarding the presence and amounts of specific fatty acids, notably (12,13-epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic (epoxyoleic) acid, but also cyclic (cyclopropene and cyclopropane) fatty acids. To clarify this matter, two kenaf seed oils (from the Cubano and Dowling varieties of kenaf) were investigated regarding their fatty acid profiles. Both contain epoxyoleic acid, the Cubano sample around 2 % and the Dowling sample 5-6 % depending on processing. The cyclic fatty acids malvalic and dihydrosterculic were identified in amounts around 1 %. Trace amounts of sterculic acid were observed as were minor amounts of C17:1 fatty acids. The results are discussed in the context of the fatty acid profiles of other hibiscus seed oils.     

Grape Seed Oil Characterization: A Novel Approach for Oil Quality Assessment

The amount of organic pomace, left behind agricultural processes, is continuously rising in accordance with industrial progress. Grape pomace, generated in the wine industry all over the world, represents a raw material for obtaining valuable products. Grape seeds are especially rich in oil containing bioactive compounds that can have various health‐related effects. The aim of the study is to compare the quality of seed oils obtained from six white grapes, including two Serbian autochthonous varieties. Linoleic acid, associated with numerous health benefits, is the major fatty acid in all samples (≈66% of total); α‐tocopherol is the main tocopherol homologue. Total polyphenol content ranges from 73.4 to 104.3 mg of gallic acid equivalents per 100 g. In order to provide comprehensive information about antioxidant capacity of grape seed oil (GSO), three tests are performed (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power; 2,2’‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, and 2,2’‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) radical scavenging). Antimicrobial activity is investigated against different strains; however, GSO inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Obtained results are used to develop a novel approach for oil quality assessment. Calculated oil quality scores (OQS) reveal no significant difference between international and autochthonous varieties, although Smederevka stands out as the most potent one. Practical applications : Considering the progressive waste increase in the wine industry and keeping in mind all health‐promoting effects of grape seed oil (GSO), it is clearly observed that oil production represents a profitable and sustainable utilization of grape seeds. The results of the present study show that GSO is a rich source of compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In addition, this work provides deeper insight into a quality of Serbian autochthonous grape varieties that are still insufficiently explored. Furthermore, the proposed oil quality score could be used as a comprehensive and unbiased method that enables quality assessment of oils. This tool can find practical application in comparing different plant oils regarding their compositional and functional properties. Finally, it would contribute to making some general oil intake recommendations.     

从山苍子核仁油中提取各种脂肪酸的研究

山苍子核仁油是由山苍子核经生胚直接浸出法制得。其经酸炼、皂化、酸化、水解、水洗、真空精馏等工序即得系列中碳脂肪酸。C_(10)得率为3.0％～7.5％,C_(12)得率为3.5％～12.7％,产品质量好,环境污染小。指出在制取癸酸、月桂酸、C_(16)～C_(18)皂用酸等时,山苍子核仁油可以替代椰子油,既利用了野生资源,又减少了环境污染。     

橡胶籽油基多元醇的制备与表征

以环氧橡胶籽油（ERSO）为原料,甲醇和异丙醇为开环试剂,氟硼酸为催化剂,制备橡胶籽油基多元醇,以产物羟值为指标对制备工艺进行了优化,并对产物进行了表征。研究结果表明,橡胶籽油基多元醇的最佳制备条件为反应时间30min,反应温度70℃,醇与ERSO的质量比为4：1,氟硼酸用量为ERSO质量的1%,异丙醇与甲醇质量比为1：1。通过验证实验可知,在此条件下制备的橡胶籽油基多元醇酸值为2.68mg/g,羟值为219.32mg/g,平均相对分子质量为870.21,含水量为0.08%,黏度为4791mPa·s。同时,通过FT-IR、¹H NMR和¹³C NMR分析表征了橡胶籽油基多元醇的化学结构,结果表明,ERSO中的环氧基发生了开环反应,生成了多元醇。     

利用黄须菜籽油为原料制备共轭亚油酸

以黄须菜籽油为原料生产共轭亚油酸的中试条件为:共轭化反应的温度185~190℃,共轭化反应时间2~3 h,共轭化反应使用催化剂得量20(w/w油重);用尿素包合分离纯化亚油酸的工艺条件:包合温度-10℃、包合时间6 h、脂肪酸/尿素/甲醇比(W/W/V)126;超临界CO2萃取压力30 MPa,温度60℃,萃取时间3 h。     

Cyclopropenoid and Fatty Acid Composition of Kydia calycina Seed Oil

The seed oil of Kydia calycina is found to contain the following acids (Wt%): Lauric 3.7, myristic 6.0, palmitic 4.9, stearic 11.4, arachidic 2.8, behenic 2.5, oleic 60.6, linoleic 5.3, and cyclopropenoid fatty acid content 2.9.     

香榧种子含油量及脂肪酸组成对比研究

为探究不同品种香榧种子含油量及组成的差异,对同一产地不同品种的11种香榧（旋纹榧、茄榧、大圆榧、米榧、象牙榧、芝麻榧、普通榧、木榧、小圆榧、炭盆榧和寸金榧）种子的含油量以及种子油脂肪酸组成进行了对比研究,结果表明：不同品种的香榧种子含油量及种子油脂肪酸类型都表现出明显差异。11种不同香榧种子含油量约2%~14%,普通榧最高（13.4%）,炭盆榧最低（2.2%）;脂肪酸种类最少8个,最多13个（寸金榧和木榧）。香榧种子油以不饱和脂肪酸为主,其总量超过66%。普通榧不饱和脂肪酸总量达到85.87%,其中主要成分油酸、亚油酸总量超过72%。所有品种的香榧种子油都含有超过6.90%的特殊脂肪酸金松酸,而且以普通榧中含量最高,达到10.41%。     

Tomato Seed Oil I Fatty Acid Composition,Stability and Hydrogenation of the Oil

Tomato seed oil was investigated to study their components of fatty acids, stability and hydrogenation conditions. The estimation of the fatty acids of tomato seed oil from Ace variety and tomato seed oil extracted from local waste in comparison with cotton seed oil (the most familiar edible oil in Egypt) - Giza 69 variety - extracted by n-hexane and oil obtained by pressing shows that more than 50% of the total fatty acids are linoleic. Palmitic acid was found in a range between 20% to 29% and oleic acid was in a range between 13% to 18%. Other fatty acids like stearic, arachidic, and linolenic acid were less than 3%. The induction periods (at 100°C) for oils of fresh, roasted and stored tomato seeds were found to be 7, 10, and 5 hours respectively. The hydrogenation conditions of crude tomato seed oil were 180°C, 3 kg/cm² and 0.2% nickel catalyst for three hours of hydrogenation to reach a melting point of 50.7°C and an iodine value of 42.     

Apocynaceae Seed Lipids: Characterization and Occurrence of Isoricinoleic Acid and Triacylglycerol Estolides

Isoricinoleic acid (9‐hydroxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic acid; IR) is a potential renewable feedstock for the oleochemical industry, a precursor for the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds and a component of the seed oil of certain plants in the Apocynaceae. For a more detailed survey of this plant family, seeds of 18 species representing different subfamilies were obtained and acyl composition and oil content was determined. IR was observed only in species of the tribes Wrightieae and Nerieae in the Apocynoideae subfamily and is reported for the first time in the seed oil of the desert rose Adenium obesum in which it is present at a level of around 26 %. In contrast to previous reports, IR was not found in oil from Holarrhena species, H. antidysenterica and H. pubescens, nor in oil from Annona squamosa. To examine the oil structure, samples were analyzed using MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. This technique proved to be a simple method to demonstrate the occurrence of the estolide 9‐acetoxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic acid in oil from Nerium oleander and gave further insight into the distribution of estolides within the oil, revealing the presence of tetra‐ and penta‐acyl‐TAG molecules, and molecules containing IR esterified to all three position of glycerol. For other species in which IR was observed, the HFA was found to be a component of seed TAG, but no secondary acylation of the hydroxyl groups was observed.     

Leucas urticaefolia Seed Oil - A Rich Source of Laballenic Acid

As a part of our continuing screening programme of unusual fatty acid containing seed oils it was observed that the oil of Leucas urticaefolia seeds contains an allenic acid (24 %) which was characterized as 5,6-octadecadienoic (Laballenic) acid by using spectral and chemical degradation methods.     

栀子油脂制取亚油酸的研究

用气相色谱法分析了栀子果实油脂中主要脂肪酸的组成 ,软脂酸和亚油酸分别占总脂肪酸的 2 5 .5 %和71.8%。栀子油脂经皂化、酸化、丙酮溶解、冷冻结晶等工艺可制出符合医药标准的亚油酸 ,并对工艺参数进行了研究     

Fatty Acid Composition of Swietenia Mahagoni Seed Oil by Gas-Liquid Chromatography

The fatty acid composition of the seed oil of Swietenia mahagoni a timber tree of Meliacea family has been determined by gas-liquid chromatography with prior fractionation of the mixed methylesters by urea adduct formation. Of the thirty fatty acids detected and estimated the quantity of the unsaturated acid mainly oleic, linoleic and linolenic amounted to 72% of the total indicating that the oil is a semi-drying one. A number of old carbon fatty acid though in small quantities were found to be present in the oil.     

Seed Oil Based Zinc Bioactive Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Studies

Zinc containing oil based polyesteramide resins were synthesized by condensation polymerization reaction between castor/soyabean oil derived castor/soyabean fatty amide diol (HECA/HESA), Zn (OH)₂ and adipic acid. The conventional spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, ¹HNMR, ¹³CNMR have been used to establish the structure of the polymers. Standard laboratory methods were used to study the physicochemical characteristics like acid value, hydroxyl value, saponification value, iodine value, specific gravity, and viscosity. The thermal behaviour of the polymers was analyzed by using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In vitro antifungal (anticandidial) activity of the polymers was studied against C. albicans ATCC-10261, C. glabrata ATCC-90030 and C. tropicalis ATCC-750, respectively. Antibacterial activity against Gram positive (S. subtillis) and Gram negative bacteria (E. coli and S. typhi) was also examined. For more accuracy, growth curve studies were carried out with the polymer SZ showing higher biological activity against E. coli by using conventional spectrophotometer. The result showed that the polymers have potent anticandidial and antibacterial activities.     

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Characterization of Argentinean Chia Seed Oil

Extraction of chia seed oil was performed with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂). To investigate the effects of pressure and temperature on the oil solubility and yield, two isobaric (250 and 450 bar) and two isothermal (40 and 60 °C) extraction conditions were selected. The global extraction yield of chia oil increased with pressure enhancement, but temperature had a little influence on it. The maximum oil recovery using SC-CO₂ at a mass flow rate of 8 kg/h was 97%, which was obtained at 60 °C, 450 bar for a 138-min extraction. The results showed that solubility changed from 4.8 g oil/kg CO₂ at 60 °C–250 bar to 28.8 g oil/kg CO₂ at 60 °C–450 bar. The final extract obtained by SC-CO₂ under different conditions and Soxhlet extraction contained mainly α-linolenic (64.9–65.6%) and linoleic (19.8–20.3%) acids. SC-CO₂ extraction is an interesting alternative methodology because it is possible to achieve a chia oil yield close to that obtained by conventional extraction with a similar fatty acid composition using an environmentally friendly process.     

Characterization of the Chemical Composition of Chinese Moringa oleifera Seed Oil

This work focused on physicochemical property assaying, fatty acid composition, triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles, and unsaponifiable matter composition of the Chinese Moringa oleifera seed oil. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in approximate nutritional components between M. oleifera seeds from China and India, while variations in the mineral element contents are significant. Both the Soxhlet extraction method and the aqueous enzymatic extraction method were adopted to extract oil from Chinese M. oleifera seeds. Oil yield obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method was higher than that obtained using the aqueous enzymatic extraction method. While both the iodine value and unsaponifiable matter content of the aqueous enzymatic extracted oil were a little higher than that of the Soxhlet extracted oil. Both oils possess a very low acid value and peroxide value, suggesting their good quality as edible oil. Fatty acid composition results indicated that this oil was especially high in oleic acid. Characterization of the TAG composition was achieved by a two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupling of nonaqueous reverse-phase and silver ion HPLC with the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry method. A total of 22 TAG including 16 regioisomers were determined. Composition results of unsaponifiable matters revealed that this oil possesses a number of phytosterols, in which β-sitosterol and stigmasterol are most predominant.     

Hibiscus mutabilis Seed Oil – Characterization of HBr-Reactive Acids

The seed oil of Hibiscus mutabilis (Chameleon rose) (Malvaceae) contains three HBr-reactive fatty acids. These are found to be cis-12, 13-epoxyoleic (vernolic) acid, 5.9%; 9,10-methylene-octadec-9-enoic (sterculic) acid. 7.3%; as well as 8,9-methylene-heptadec-8-enoic (malvalic) acid, 14.0%. Co-occurrence of these acids was established by combined spectroscopie, chromatographic and chemical techniques.