Composition of Saccharomyces fragilis biomass grown on lactose permeate

Saccharomyces fragilis (NRRL y 1109) was grown on a medium composed of Cheddar cheese whey ultrafiltration permeate, supplemented with inorganic nitrogen. The biomass had a crude protein content of 49.5% and an ash content of 7.6%. The “true protein” content, based on a N fractionation procedure was 37.2% and the total nucleic acid content was 5.7%. Qualitatively, the amino acid composition of S. fragilis was similar to that reported for other whey-yeasts. The quantity of individual essential amino acids was greater in the permeate grown S. fragilis. The sulphur containing amino acids, methionine and cyst(e)ine were present at a combined level of 3.2 g/16g N, compared with 2.2g/16 g N in a commercial whey-yeast product. The chemical score (CS) and essential amino acid index (EAAI) were 58.2 and 76.0 respectively. Rats fed on a diet containing S. fragilis biomass as the sole source of dietary protein showed a net weight increase. NPU_carcass for S. fragilis protein was 67.0±3.9 compared with a value of 75.3±3.0 for a casein control. Supplementation of S. fragilis biomass with DL-methionine(2 g/16 g N) raised the NPU_carcass value to 84.4 ± 2.8.     

红毛藻营养成分分析与评价

为了对红毛藻的营养价值进行全面的分析及评价。采用国家标准生化测定法检测红毛藻（Bangia fusco-purpurea）的营养成分。测得红毛藻干品的水分、灰分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质以及粗纤维的质量分数分别为10.90%、10.00%、3.78%、39.42%和17.20%;检出含有18种氨基酸,必需氨基酸质量分数为总量的35.53%,鲜味和甜味氨基酸质量分数占总氨基酸的49.87%,谷氨酸的质量分数最高（4.79%）;测得脂肪酸总质量分数为3.77%,其中?棕-3系列的多不饱和脂肪EPA的质量分数最高,占总脂肪酸质量分数的39.26%;红毛藻中含有多种矿物质如 钾、钠、磷、镁、锰、钙、铁等元素,宏量及微量元素里质量分数最高分别为钾（2 627.17 mg/hg）和铁元素（31.80 mg/hg）。研究表明,红毛藻为高蛋白质和膳食纤维、营养价值丰富的经济海藻,具有较好的开发前景。     

Composition and nutritional evaluation of Aspergillus oryzae biomass grown on palm oil processing effluents

Aspergillus oryzae biomass grown on effluents produced during the extraction of palm oil was found to have a crude protein content of 39.6 g 100 g^?1 and a ‘true protein’ content of 32.1 g 100 g^?1. Amino acid analysis showed that the essential amino acid content was 58.2 g 16 g^?1 N and the essential amino acid index was calculated to be 87.4. The sulphur-containing amino acids were present at a combined level of 2.8 g 16 g^?1. In rat feeding trials the biomass had a biological value of 0.68 ± 0.03, a net protein utilisation of 0.65 ± 0.05 and a true digestibility of 0.96 ± 0.05 based on its crude protein content. No unusual fatty acids were detected in the biomass.     

Production of Polysaccharide by Rahnella aquatilis with Whey Feedstock

The rates were monitored on biomass increase, polysaccharide production and viscosity development of whey broth and a control synthetic broth during fermentation by Rahnella aquatilis and organic acids, lactose, peptides and free amino acids were measured. Growth curves were similar and characterized by maximum specific growth rates of 0.61 h^?1 for whey and 0.63 h^?1 for synthetic medium. The yields of polysaccharide were 0.59 g/g_lactose for the synthetic medium and 0.56 for whey. Small peptides (<4,000 Da) and most free amino acids in both fermentation media were consumed within 24h.     

Effect of maturity on the amino acid profiles of total and nitrogen fractions in common vetch forage

In this study the crude protein of common vetch forage (Vicia sativa L) was partitioned into five fractions, following the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), and the amino acid profile of each fraction was determined. The effect of plant maturity was also considered, with herbage being harvested at the stages of onset of flowering, onset of pod formation and full pod formation. Soluble amino acid N (fraction A plus fraction B₁) accounted for a high proportion of the total amino acid N, with values ranging from 72% (full pod formation) to 58% (onset of flowering). The contribution of fraction B₁ (soluble true protein) to the soluble amino acid fraction was considerably greater than that of fraction A (non‐protein nitrogen). Fraction B₂, which is composed of those amino acids with an intermediate rate of ruminal degradation, constituted less than 36% of the total amino acid N, with values that decreased with plant maturity. Most individual amino acids showed lower concentrations, expressed as g kg⁻¹ DM, in fraction B₂ than in fraction B₁. Amino acids of very low degradation rate (fraction B₃) made little contribution to the total amino acid N, with values ranging from 7.3 to 3.1% throughout the harvesting stages. Fraction C (unavailable amino acids) only represented between 3.9 and 3.1% of the total amino acid N. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Amino acid and fatty acid compositions and nutritional quality of muscle in the pomfret, Pampus punctatissimus

The pomfret, Pampus punctatissimus, is an important fisheries resource in China, but little is known about its amino acid and fatty acid compositions. Pomfret muscle contained 18.6% crude protein and 4.95% crude fat. Pomfret protein has a well-balanced amino acid composition, with high amounts of glutamic acid (114 mg/g), lysine (82.8 mg/g), leucine (76.7 mg/g), and aspartic acid (76.0 mg/g). Twenty two fatty acids were found in pomfret oil and saturated fatty acids were the most abundant (48.3%). Palmitic acid (16:0) was the dominant fatty acid, followed by oleic acid (18:1), DHA (22:6n-3), myristic acid (14:0) and stearic acid (18:0), with percentages of 30.5, 26.3, 12.2, 7.37 and 6.86, respectively. The ratio of n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was 8.04; thus, pomfret muscle is rich in n-3 PUFA.     

Nutritive value of mango seed kernel

Seed kernels of two cultivars (Chausa and Dusheri) of mango (Mangifera indica) were analysed for chemical composition, lipid classes, fatty acid composition, amino acid profile and chemical evaluation of protein quality. The seed kernels constituted about 18% of the total fruit and had 5% protein, 6–7% crude fat, 0.19–0.44% tannins, iodine value of 34–44 and saponification number 202–213. Oleic acid (42%) and stearic acid (39%) were the principal fatty acids in the oil. The in vitro digestibility was low in these cultivars, possibly due to the presence of tannins. Sulphur-containing amino acids (methionine+cystine) and isoleucine were the limiting amino acids in Chausa and Dusheri, respectively. The essential amino acid index and protein quality index were high, thus indicating the good quality of the protein in mango seed kernel.     

德清青虾肌肉品质特性及其主成分分析

本研究对德清青虾肌肉质构参数、常规营养成分、脂肪酸和氨基酸组分进行测定,并采用主成分分析方法对影响肌肉品质的因素进行分析。结果表明:德清青虾肌肉结实有弹性。肌肉内水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量分别为73.238%、15.663%、0.8%和1.39%。德清青虾肌肉富含多不饱和脂肪酸组分,占到肌肉脂肪酸总量的37.79%,其中EPA占23.45%。德清青虾肌肉含有17种氨基酸,必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的51.50%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为106.20%,符合FAO/WHO的理想模式。氨基酸评分（AAS）和化学评分（CS）结果显示,第一和第二限制性氨基酸分别为缬氨酸和亮氨酸,其中必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为75.55,表明德清青虾肌肉中必需氨基酸含量丰富且均衡。相关性分析表明,德清青虾肌肉粗脂肪含量与其硬度和黏性分别呈显著正相关和负相关（P<0.05）。主成分分析结果表明,硬度、黏性、咀嚼性、弹性是影响德清青虾肌肉品质的主要因素。综上所述,德清青虾具有较优的肌肉营养品质和质构特性,是一种优质淡水产品。     

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL POTENTIAL OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA SSP. CYLINDRICA (FABACEAE)

Seeds of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. cylindrica (L.) Estt. (Fabaceae) were analyzed for proximate composition, proteins, fatty acids, minerals, antinutritional factors and phytohaemagglutinating activity. Crude protein, crude fat, ash and nitrogen free extractives constitute 29, 10, 4 and 53%, respectively. The caloric value of 100 g dry matter of seed material was 1737 KJ. The essential amino acids, isoleucine, lysine and tyrosine+phenylalanine are present in higher concentrations as 124.3, 79.5 and 79.1 mg/100 g crude protein, respectively. The unsaturated fatty acids constituted more than 60% of total fatty acids. The seeds were found to be a potential source of minerals such as potassium, calcium, phosphorus, zinc and iron. The antinutritional factors such as total free phenols, tannins, L‐DOPA, hydrogen cyanide and phytic acid contents were determined. The effect of cooking on the levels of nutritional and antinutritional factors was also assayed. Cooking caused reduction of 0.02, 0.59 and 0.36% in the mineral constituents of potassium, calcium and phosphorus, respectively. More than 70% of the antinutritional factors were eliminated and there was an increase of crude fiber content.     

坛子肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸营养品质评价

目的评价坛子肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸的营养品质。方法运用多种方法对坛子肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸的组成及含量进行测定,并用必需氨基酸指数法(essential amino acid index method,EAAI)、氨基酸评分法(amino acid score, AAS)、化学评分法(chemical score, CS)评价坛子肉中蛋白质的营养价值。结果坛子肉中氨基酸总量为20.76%±0.21%, 8种必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的42.60%, 4种鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的36.90%,AAS和CS均表明第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸。坛子肉中粗脂肪含量为28.15%±0.31%,不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的70.79%±0.31%。必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的38.15%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为61.68%。结论坛子肉是一种具有独特风味的优质蛋白源以及具有均衡脂肪酸的高营养价值的肉制品。     

无量山乌骨鸡腿肌营养成分分析和评价

通过对无量山乌骨鸡腿肌的营养成分进行测定,对比不同性别无量山乌骨鸡腿肌的营养成分差 异,评价其营养价值。结果表明：无量山乌骨鸡腿肌的粗蛋白含量为（23.02±0.69）%、粗脂肪含量为 （2.00±0.97）%、灰分含量为（1.25±0.06）%、水分含量为（73.63±1.29）%;腿肌冻干粉中17 种氨基酸的总量 达（82.59±4.30）%,鲜味氨基酸总量为（28.78±1.56）%,必需氨基酸含量为（34.08±1.83）%,必需氨基酸/ 总氨基酸的值为（41.26±0.52）%,必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸的值为（70.26±1.52）%,氨基酸组成比例均衡; 腿肌冻干粉中18 种脂肪酸的总量为（33.88±9.41） mg/g,必需脂肪酸含量为（10.21±2.89） mg/g,饱和脂肪酸 含量为（14.13±4.41） mg/g,不饱和脂肪酸含量为（19.75±5.22） mg/g,不饱和脂肪酸占比高于50%;腿肌中 磷元素含量为（721.25±294.75） mg/kg,镁、钙、铁、锌、铜含量分别为（240.03±63.06）、（24.28±5.56）、 （14.94±2.76）、（11.40±1.94）、（1.51±0.85） mg/kg。无量山乌骨鸡腿肌的营养成分具有性别差异性,公鸡 腿肌的水分含量、17 种氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸、必需氨基酸及磷元素含量显著（P＜0.05）或极显著（P＜0.01） 高于母鸡,且公鸡腿肌的氨基酸比值系数分高于母鸡;母鸡腿肌的粗脂肪、灰分、饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸及 锌元素含量显著（P＜0.05）或极显著（P＜0.01）高于公鸡。     

保加利亚乳杆菌ND02发酵乳清过程中的代谢特性

利用L. bulgaricus ND02对乳清进行发酵,研究其在发酵乳清过程中的代谢特性。通过分析乳清发酵过程中代谢物的动态变化规律,评估代谢产物对发酵乳清生理功效的影响。采用液质联用技术检测L. bulgaricus ND02发酵乳清过程中代谢物质,并采用多变量统计方法对差异代谢物进行筛选与分析。通过数据库比对鉴定得到异亮氨酸、多肽、甲基-D-吡喃半乳糖苷、油酸、琥珀酸、黄嘌呤和胞嘧啶腺苷酸等37个显著差异代谢物（P<0.05）。其中,半胱氨酸、Tyr-Trp、苯乳酸和胞嘧啶核苷酸等23个代谢物在发酵乳清中的相对含量显著增加（P<0.05）。 L. bulgaricus ND02在发酵乳清过程中产生了大量的氨基酸、寡肽、有机酸和核苷酸,这些物质赋予发酵乳清特殊的生理功效和营养价值。     

不同地区稻田小龙虾的营养品质比较研究

以来自江苏、安徽、湖北地区的稻田雄性小龙虾为研究对象,对其含肉率、基本成分、矿物质、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成进行分析,评估并比较不同地区稻田雄性小龙虾的营养价值.结果表明,湖北小龙虾的含肉率(11.65％)和粗蛋白(19.04％)含量最高,江苏小龙虾的粗脂肪含量最高(1.10％).3个地区小龙虾肉中均检出17种氨基酸,必需氨...     

太门哲罗鲑成熟卵子营养成分分析及评价

以太门哲罗鲑成熟卵子为研究对象,对常规营养成分、氨基酸组成、必需氨基酸营养品质评价和脂肪酸组成进行测定分析。结果表明：太门哲罗鲑成熟卵子（鲜样）中粗蛋白质量分数33.450%、粗脂肪质量分数6.432%、水分质量分数56.683%、灰分质量分数3.418%;17 种氨基酸中人体必需氨基酸7 种,非必需氨基酸10 种,氨基酸总量高达26.823%,必需氨基酸含量11.677%,非必需氨基酸含量15.146%,其中含量最高的为谷氨酸（2.931%）,其次为亮氨酸（2.627%）、丙氨酸（2.370%）、赖氨酸（2.142%）,均高于2.000%;必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织的标准,以氨基酸评分来评价,第一限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸＋半胱氨酸;以化学评分评价,第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸＋半胱氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸。必需氨基酸指数高达81.905。25 种脂肪酸中含饱和脂肪酸8 种,饱和脂肪酸总量占太门哲罗鲑成熟卵子1.308%,占总脂肪酸为22.497%;不饱和脂肪酸17 种,其中单不饱和脂肪酸6 种、多不饱和脂肪酸11 种,不饱和脂肪酸总量占成熟卵子高达4.483%,占总脂肪酸比例高达77.503%。通过上述分析得出,太门哲罗鲑成熟卵子可作为理想的蛋白质、氨基酸和脂肪酸来源。     

美藤果及美藤果油的理化性质和油脂的脂肪酸组成分析

对美藤果及美藤果油的理化性质和油脂的脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明：美藤果粗蛋白质、粗纤维素、总糖及淀粉含量分别为28.87%、24.92%、6.33%和4.15%;美藤果油相对密度(d²⁰₂₀)为0.928 6,折光指数(n²⁰_d)为1.482 2,酸值(KOH)为0.46 mg/g,皂化值(KOH)为191.4 mg/g,碘值(I)为191 g/100 g,过氧化值为2.45 mmol/kg;美藤果油中共检出7种脂肪酸,主要为棕榈酸(3.83%)、硬脂酸(3.09%)、油酸(8.39%)、亚油酸(38.11%)、亚麻酸(45.62%),其中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达92.46%。     

Nutritional and Functional Bioactivity Value of Selected Azorean Macroalgae: Ulva compressa,Ulva rigida,Gelidium microdon,and Pterocladiella capillacea

This study presents information on the biochemical composition (dry weight basis), nutritional aspects, and angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory properties of selected macroalgae (Ulva compressa, Ulva rigida, Gelidium microdon, and Pterocladiella capillacea) from Azores. Moisture content was very high (83.2% to 90.0% of fresh weight). Total dietary fiber (33.7% to 41.0%) that presented a good balance of both soluble and insoluble fibers (15.5% to 19.2% and 18.2% to 21.8%, respectively) was the most abundant component in these macroalgae. Protein and ash (ranged from 15.7% to 23.4% and 10.7% to 20.7%, respectively) were the 2nd most abundant components in red and green macroalgae, respectively. Moderate soluble carbohydrate contents (14.5% to 19.8%) were found in all species. Lipid contents were low (1.0% to 4.3%), particularly in Ulva species (1.0% to 1.7%), but contained higher unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) (7.5% to 32.9% and 29.6% to 69.2% of total FA for monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid groups, respectively) than saturated fatty acid (23.3% to 46.8% of total FA) contents. All the macroalgal proteins had high digestibility in vitro (82.2% to 89.4%, relatively to sodium caseinate), contained high quantity of essential amino acids (45.3% to 58.1% of total amino acids), but in different proportions, and were rich in aspartic and glutamic acids that together account for 17.2% to 36.2% of the total amino acids. These results suggested that regular consumption of the selected macroalgae may improve human health and revealed that they can be used for producing food supplements for human and animal nutrition and/or pharmaceuticals with potential effect on the regional economy. Furthermore, the ACE‐inhibitory IC₅₀ values of 0.095 to 0.695 mg/mL for the <1 kDa protein hydrolysate fraction revealed a potential impact on hypertension disorder.     

On the Utilization of Microalgae for Brewery Effluent Treatment and Possible Applications of the Produced Biomass

The effluent of a brewery, complete or diluted with deionised water or with normal culture medium, was used as the growth nutrient medium for Chlorella vulgaris and for a consortium obtained from the autochthonous flora of that effluent (microalgae, cyanobacteria and bacteria). The cultures were exposed to continuous light and aeration, at 25°C, and growth was evaluated by direct counting (C. vulgaris) or by chlorophyll determination (autochthonous flora). Total protein and lipid content, and amino acid and fatty acid profiles in the produced biomass were determined. The highest removal rate of nutrients present in the effluent was obtained when the complete effluent was used as the culture medium for the autochthonous flora — up to 5,855 g kg^?1 biomass d^?1 of nitrogen and up to 805 g kg^?1 biomass d^?1 of phosphate. A reduction of up to 27% in biological oxygen demand (BOD5, initial level of 2,172 mg O₂ L^?1) and up to 15% in chemical oxygen demand (COD, initial level of 1,340 mg O₂ L^?1) was observed in cultures of the autochthonous flora grown in different loads of effluent. A significant increase in aspartic acid, glutamic acid and valine content, and a higher level of the ramified fatty acids, of the 14:0isobr, 18:4ω3, and the eicosapentaenoic acid, were found in the final biomass obtained from cultures grown with different loads of effluent, compared with the results obtained for the cultures grown in normal nutrient medium. The final microalgae biomass obtained, considering its protein and fatty acid content and the absence of heavy metals in significant amount, can be appropriate for use as animal feed or for biofuel production.     

Chemical Composition,Amino Acid Content and Protein Quality of the Little-Known Legume Bauhinia purpurea L

Some nutritional and antinutritional characteristics and biological value of Bauhinia purpurea L seeds were studied. The mature seeds contained (g kg^-1 as is) 271·7 crude protein, 58·7 crude fibre, 124·5 crude fat, 29·3 ash and 515·3 carbohydrates. Potassium, phosphorus and iron occurred in higher concentrations when compared with commonly consumed legumes. The globulins and albumins together constituted major storage proteins (82% total protein). The essential amino acid profile of total seed proteins compared well with the FAO/WHO reference pattern except for a deficiency of sulphur-containing amino acids and tryptophan. When compared with the globulins, the albumins appeared to be a rich source of cystine, methionine, threonine, lysine and tryptophan. Seed lipids contained high levels of the unsaturated fatty acids, oleic and linoleic, which accounted for 62·6% of total fatty acids recovered. Both dry heating and autoclaving significantly reduced the antinutritional compounds. The in vitro protein digestibilities of raw, dry-heated and autoclaved seeds were 59·5, 72·3 and 78·7%, respectively. True digestibility and net protein utilisation were significantly higher in processed seed samples compared with raw seeds. Regarding utilisable protein, autoclaved samples exhibited relatively higher values than raw seeds. © 1997 SCI.     

Investigation of the use of ram horn hydrolysate for fungal protein production

Production of the fungus Aspergillus niger NRRL 330 was studied in submerged fermentation with ram horn hydrolysate (RHH) as substrate. The characteristics of RHH have been reported previously. The RHH was enriched by addition of glucose and KH₂PO₄. The effects of kinetic parameters on the biomass yield of the fungus were investigated. The optimal conditions for growth of A niger on RHH were initial pH 6.5, temperature 30 °C, fermentation time 96 h and agitation speed 150 rpm. Under these optimal conditions the initial carbohydrate content of RHH was reduced from 1.52 to 0.2% and the biomass yield was 8.9 g l^?1. The biomass contained about 48.1% protein, 5.2% fat and 9.4% ash (on a dry weight basis). The amino acid content of the biomass was compared with Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) and animal feed standards. The protein produced contained all the essential amino acids for animal feed, but the amounts of these amino acids were somewhat lower than those of FAO and soybean reference protein. However, the amino acid composition of the biomass was better than that of animal feed. The results with RHH were also compared with previously reported data on fungal mycelium grown on waste liquor substrate. In conclusion, it was found that RHH could be used as a substrate in the production of fungal protein for use as animal feed. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry