泛谈船舶防污漆

简单介绍了各类船舶防污漆的防污机理及特点,重点介绍了无锡自抛光防污漆。     

舰船防污涂料的历史、现状及未来

舰船防污涂料的发展分为三个阶段,即传统的常规防污漆、现代有机锡共聚物自抛光防污漆和无锡自抛光及无毒防污涂料。我国目前处于第二阶段的初期水平。作者通过回顾历史、分析现状,对今后舰船防污涂料的发展作了展望。     

Prevention of biofouling on aquaculture nets with eco‐friendly antifouling paint formulation

Aquaculture, which is an important part of food supply, is usually carried out in cage nets made of textile materials. Fouling organisms settle on the cage nets over time, close the mesh openings, and cause unwanted weight gain. In order to prevent fouling, aquaculture nets are generally treated with antifouling paints. In this paper, warp knitted cage nets made from various raw materials were treated with three different antifouling paints. Econea was used as a biocide to prepare an eco‐friendly antifouling paint formulation, and two copper‐based commercial antifouling paints were supplied for comparison. Antifouling paint‐treated and untreated net samples were immersed in a marine ecosystem next to an aquaculture zone for 6 months. Settlement of fouling organisms on nets was observed by taking underwater photographs at periodic intervals. Following the field study, changes in the structure of the nets and antifouling performance of the paints were evaluated considering the results of underwater photographs, biomass growth, variation in mass and strength tests. Colour fastness of the antifouling paints to sea water was also measured to learn about biocide release and surface hydrophobicity. The results show that copper‐free eco‐friendly antifouling paint is just as effective against the fouling mechanism for all types of nets as copper‐based commercial antifouling paints. The novel eco‐friendly formulation has promising results, which provides an alternative for producers when considering the selection of raw materials.     

海洋防污涂料技术的研究现状及展望

叙述了海洋防污涂料类型与研究现状,介绍了新型环保的低表面能防污涂层技术在海洋方面的应用,介绍了异噻啉酮衍生物（MOP-OCI）对藻类生长的抑制作用,以此化合物为防污剂制备的海洋防污涂料,5个月的实海挂板几乎没有附着海洋污损生物。重点介绍了有机硅涂料、有机氟涂层以及绿色防污涂料的国内外研究进展和应用现状,并介绍了几种防污涂料的防污机理与加速评价方法,展望了海洋防污涂料发展趋势。     

船舶涂料新标准的解读

世界性的能源危机和气候的异常使得人们对保护海洋环境和节能减排的关注与日俱增,国际海事组织和国际标准化组织等相继颁布和实施一些新的船舶涂料标准。从几个新标准,包括IMO的油船货油舱保护涂料和防腐标准、ISO的《船舶与海上技术——保护涂层》系列标准和GB/T 682《2船体防污防锈漆体系》的主要内容和应用对策进行讨论。     

新型无毒防污涂料

综述了近几年来开发出的几种新型防污涂料的情况,从防污机理出发,重点介绍了低表面能防污涂料、仿生涂料、无锡自抛光防污涂料等,并对无毒防污涂料今后的发展进行了展望。     

Anti-fouling paints. I. Theoretical approach to leaching of soluble pigments from insoluble paint vehicles

A theoretical approach to the problem of how contact leaching anti-fouling paints work is discussed; a possible mechanism is selected and applied to an idealised model of a paint film. A precise mathematical treatment is then attempted of the relationship between the leaching rate, the physical properties, and if applicable the chemical properties of the envisaged paint film and its environment. A mechanism previously proposed has been examined by this method. An equation is derived for an idealised paint film relating the leaching rate to the physical properties of the paint film and the leachate. It is assumed that the rate of solution of a soluble pigment from an insoluble vehicle is dependent only on the physical properties of the paint film and the diffusion of the solvated pigment through the exhausted matrix and the diffusion layer of leachate in direct contact with the surface of the paint. An equation is derived for an idealised paint film which relates the leaching rate to some physical properties of the paint film and of the leachate. The equation is shown to predict qualitatively the effect of most variables known to affect the leaching of contact leaching paints. Some evidence is given to support the quantitative prediction of the relationship between the pigment volume content and the initial leaching rate, the effect of dissolved pigment in solution on the leaching rate, the increase in leaching rate for a given temperature increase, and the effect of velocity of flow past the surface of the paint film. This method of approach would appear to be applicable to mechanisms and models bearing a closer resemblance to practical anti-fouling paints. However, the mechanism proposed appears sufficiently well substantiated to be employed in the design of leaching experiments and their application to more practical problems, such as the formulation of anti-fouling paints. The need of a more rigorous approach to the design of leaching experiments is indicated.     

纳米填料在环保防污涂料中的应用研究进展

本文简要叙述了近年来纳米材料作为填料在防污涂料中的应用研究进展,包括纳米SiO2、TiO2、ZnO及碳纳米管等,分析比较了不同纳米材料的抗菌或抗污机理,探讨了存在问题和今后的发展方向。     

A new antifouling paint based on a zinc acrylate copolymer

A series of novel acrylic copolymers, which contains zinc atom in a form of polymeric salt and can be exchanged with e.g. sodium ions in sea water, has been developed. As the ion exchange reaction proceeds, the polymers become soluble and leach out by flow of sea water. The polymers are considered to be suitable for antifouling paints, since erosion rates of antifouling paints formulated with the polymers could easily be controlled by varying the polymers’ characteristics such as molecular weight, hydrophilicity, etc., without spoiling the paints’ overall water resistance. After dynamic immersion the copper release rates, which represent efficacy of the main biocide, increased in most of the paint samples, and the copper release rates also depended upon the leaching out behaviors of the polymers.     

新型船舶防污涂料的研究及其发展动向

随着对海洋环境的日益重视和环保法规的加强,传统的防污涂料将逐步被新型的高效无毒防污涂料替代,新型船舶防污涂料的发展和应用成为必然。文章简要介绍了新型船舶防污涂料中的无锡自抛光船舶防污涂料、低表面能船舶防污涂料、含生物活性物质船舶防污涂料和电解船舶防污涂料的发展现状,并对国内外新型船舶防污涂料的发展动向进行了分析。     

新型船舶防污涂料的研究及其发展动向

随着对海洋环境的日益重视和环保法规的加强,传统的防污涂料将逐步被新型的高效无毒防污涂料替代,新型船舶防污涂料的发展和应用成为必然。本文简要介绍了无锡自抛光船舶防污涂料、低表面能船舶防污涂料、含生物活性物质船舶防污涂料和电解船舶防污涂料的发展现状,并对国内外新型船舶防污涂料的发展动向进行了分析。     

气流磨制备微纳米氧化亚铜及其防污性能研究

采用气流磨处理工业级Cu₂O,可有效减小颗粒粒径和分布范围,得到平均粒径约为0.98μm的微纳米Cu₂O;通过抑菌、抑藻、铜离子渗出速率、浅海浸泡等试验探讨了微纳米Cu₂O防污性能。结果表明:相对于工业级Cu₂O,微纳米Cu₂O的24 h抑菌、抑藻率可分别提升约28.82%和21.82%,使防污涂料具有更优异的实海综合应用性能和防污性能;相对于纳米级Cu₂O,基于微纳米Cu₂O的防污涂层具有更稳定、可控的铜离子渗出性能,避免了因纳米Cu₂O引起的前期铜离子"暴释"而导致的资源浪费,以及后期铜离子渗出率不足而导致的防污效果欠佳等缺陷。     

防污涂料及其防污性能的评价方法

详细概括了海洋防污涂料的种类和发展情况。简单介绍了几种典型防污涂料的防污机理。为缩短防污涂料的评价周期,列出了3种主要防污涂料的常用加速评价方法,并展望了海洋防污涂料技术的发展前景。     

A temperature programmed desorption study of the interaction of acetic anhydride with zeolite beta (BEA)

The interaction of acetic anhydride with the Na- and H-forms of zeolite BETA, as well as with materials where copper or iron has been introduced into BEA by ion exchange, has been studied by temperature programmed desorption (TPD). In all cases acetic acid is a main desorption product in the temperature range 370–570 K. Ketene desorption is also significant, although it is argued that much of it is retained in the zeolite pores, where it undergoes further decomposition into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and water. There is an inverse correlation between the quantity of ketene desorbed and the activity of the catalysts in the catalytic acylation of anisole by acetic anhydride to yield p-methoxyacetophenone. The significance of this observation is discussed and an acylation mechanism involving ketene is proposed.     

Analytical method for the release of isothiazolones from microtubules in artificial seawater

With restrictions on the use of metallic biocides in aquatic antifouling coatings, it is important to develop new methods to both contain and deliver these alternative compounds from marine coatings systems. Utilization of microencapsulation is one approach to the delivery of biocides that has not been utilized in the mainstream of antifouling paint formulations. When formulating next generation paints that utilize hydrophobic nonmetallic biocides, it is necessary to develop an understanding of the release kinetics of the compounds from model polymeric coatings in order to better develop methods for providing long-term efficacy. The biocide 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one is a nonmetallic and nonenvironmentally persistent biocide that has been registered in several countries for use as an antifouling agent and has gained approval by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The release characteristics of this biocide from copper microtubules as well as polymeric films were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Center for Biomolecular Science & Engineering, Code 6930, Washington, D.C. 20375-5348.     

Low surface energy self-polishing polymer grafted MWNTs for antibacterial coating and controlled-release property of Cu2O

Marine biofouling had been a headache when engaging in marine activities. The most effective and convenient method for dealing with this problem was to apply antifouling coatings. But now a single anti-fouling system was hard to satisfy the requirement of anti-fouling simultaneously. Therefore, it was particularly important to develop novel multi-system anti-fouling technology. In the work, a novel polymer coatings with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) segments in the main chain and hydrolysable side chain was designed and synthesized which showed low surface energy and self-polishing performance, and then we creatively covalently immobilized the polyurethane on the surface of multi-carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) to form multisystem antifouling coating. The results showed that the polymer coating would produce hydrolysable regions in the hydrophobic PDMS segment to endure the polymer coating hydrophobic and hydrolysis properties when contacted with water. In addition, the self-polishing rate and the surface energy could be regulated by varying its copolymerization, and the addition of MWNTs could kill the microorganisms and endowed the polymer coating itself enhanced antibacterial effect. Furthermore, considering the high specific surface area and physicochemical characteristics of MWNTs, it could be combined with antifoulant Cu₂O through a polar or non-polar combination as a carrier to control the release rate of Cu₂O in coatings.     

吸水性对防污涂料性能影响的研究

由于中国的许多船厂位于淡水流域,淡水浸泡对防污涂料的影响正引起人们越来越多的关注。本研究中,选取了4种基于丙烯酸硅烷技术和6种基于离子交换技术的防污涂料,比较了在海水和淡水里的吸水性能。为了便于确定成膜树脂与相应涂料吸水性能之间的相关性,将成膜树脂从涂料中分离出来进行研究。     

Biofouling Growth in Cold Estuarine Waters and Evaluation of Some Chitosan and Copper Anti-Fouling Paints

Ecological concerns about antifouling paints containing non-green tin and copper compounds have highlighted the need for environmentally friendly alternatives. We report here a field test conducted in estuarine waters over two months designed to evaluate the efficiency of a number of active natural and man-made chemical ingredients added into a silicon-polyurethane marine paint. Early steps of biofouling in cold seawater of the St. Lawrence Estuary (Canada) were observed. Analyses, including dry biomass, flow cytometry and spectrofluorimetry, demonstrated a short-term antibacterial action of chitosan-based paints although no significant anti-algal action was observed. Cuprous oxide paints were efficient against bacteria and algae invasion in the first two weeks, especially those with added organic biocides such as isothiazolone and copper pyrithione. However, the overall dry biomass and chlorophyll a content were similar for all chitosan-and copper-based paints after 63 days. Microscopic observations revealed variation in the highly diverse benthic diatom population including species Navicula, Melosira, Cocconeis, Nitshzcia, Fragilaria and Amphora. Results suggest no real long-term efficiency for tested antifouling paints and highlight a particular need for green antifouling ingredients that are active under northern estuarine conditions.     

快干聚氨酯涂料的研究

用醇酸树脂多元醇与 TDI反应制备 快干聚氨酯涂料。讨论了醇要到树脂多元醇的羟基含量、氨酯化反应的保温方式和封闭剂含量等对聚所这酯预聚 物残留单体含量及涂料性能的影响,研究了聚氨酯涂料的快干成膜机理,结果表明：该漆干燥速度快,理化性能优异,质优价廉,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Zeolitic rocks used as pigment for ceiling paints. Activation of the rock

The performance of a zeolitic rock, mainly clinoptilolite, was evaluated in ceiling paints, due to its adsorption properties. Natural and heated at 350 and at 800 °C materials were tested.The mineralogical and petrographical composition of the zeolitic rock as well as the chemical composition and thermal behavior were studied.Ceiling paints, with a PVC of 75% and 11.3% (by volume) of zeolitic rock were formulated. The behavior of the paints was assessed by humidity and ammonium adsorption tests and by adsorption–desorption cycles. A paint formulated without zeolitic rock was used as a blank.Higher adsorption values were obtained when using heated zeolitic rock in the formulation. The cyclic essays performed showed that the adsorption properties of the paints were half recovered within three hours.