汽车不同行驶模式下的经济性模拟计算

首先利用最小二乘法和线性回归原理建立了发动机万有特性数学模型，然后建立了汽车不同行驶模式下的燃油经济性模拟计算模型，采用FORTRAN语言编写了模拟计算程序，通过对桑塔纳2000轿车的计算，取得了较满意的效果。     

轿车柴油机研究现状及发展

本文较系统阐述了轿车柴油机的研究发展方向，比功率、燃油消耗率、轻量化、耐久性等性能的提高和技术进步，以及为降低废气排放物所采取的技术措施和方法．     

Hybrid vehicles,social signals and household driving: Implications for miles traveled and gasoline consumption

We estimate the effect of gasoline-electric hybrid vehicle ownership on household annual miles traveled. We focus on two types of rebound effects associated with hybrid adoption. The first is a social status driven rebound effect arising out of the signaling value associated with visually distinct hybrid vehicles. The second is the total rebound effect: in addition to any social status effects, the higher fuel efficiency of gasoline-electric vehicles leads to a lower cost per mile. We recover causal effects using a matching strategy to account for observable and unobservable factors that influence both hybrid adoption and miles traveled. While we do not find evidence of a significant social status rebound effect, we estimate an overall hybrid rebound of about 3 percent of the (average) annual miles traveled. This rebound effect is not sufficient to offset the reduction in fuel consumption associated with the higher fuel efficiency of the hybrid and we find that hybrid adoption reduces fuel consumption by 34–46 percent per year compared to conventional gasoline powered vehicles.     

我国汽柴油消费现状及中长期预测

中国自1990年以来,特别是2001年底加入WTO后,2002~2012年的10年间,汽柴油消费呈现出快速增长态势。其中,柴油消费量以年均8.30%的速度增长,2012年达到17024×104t;汽油消费量以年均8.76%的速度增长,2012年达到8684×104t;消费柴汽比2005年达到最高点2.26,2012年回落至1.96。国民经济综合因素主导着汽柴油消费;而"交通运输、仓储和邮政业"是影响汽柴油消费量变化最大的行业,占到7个汽柴油消费行业消费总量的50%以上,直接决定了汽柴油消费总量的走势;私人汽车保有量的快速增长使"生活消费"领域的汽柴油消费量增速最快;其他5个行业累计消费量变化不大。以1990~2012年汽柴油消费量为基础样本,结合经济和相关行业发展情况,选取影响各行业汽柴油消费的关联参数,选用统计回归和因子分析法对未来汽柴油消费走势进行预测。预计2015年、2020年和2030年我国柴油消费总量分别为2.04×108t、2.21×108t和2.37×108t左右,汽油消费总量分别为1.11×108t、1.32×108t和2.15×108t左右。汽油消费量增速要高于柴油消费量,消费柴汽比将持续走低,2030年可能回落到1.0左右。柴汽比的下降,会导致原有柴油产能过剩,应根据实际情况提前做出调整。     

Household energy consumption patterns in agricultural zone,pastoral zone and agro-pastoral transitional zone in eastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Despite the rapid development in fossil fuel, biomass is still the main energy resource in rural China. However, the research on household energy consumption on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is limited. We investigated the differences in household energy consumption pattern, the influencing factors of fuel type choice, and the willingness to use clean energy in agricultural, pastoral and agro-pastoral transitional zones in eastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Information was collected through Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Physical Monitoring (PM). We found that biomass was the main energy resource in pastoral regions while fossil energy was the main fuel in agricultural regions. Energy consumption per capita in pastoral regions was higher than that in agricultural regions in our study area, and annual household energy consumption in pastoral regions was much higher than the provincial average. Altitude, livelihood and education level were main factors affecting domestic fuel type choice, while altitude and household size were two factors determining energy consumption per capita. The use of biomass as fuel could have negative influence on the material cycle in ecosystem and affect the carbon budget on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Householders were willing to use clean energy and most interviewees chose electricity as their favorite fuel type. Therefore, the modern utilization of biomass and the exploration of renewable energy are promising in future energy development in eastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, energy transition might be constrained by poor local transportation and traditional consumption habit of indigenous community.     

Energy theory of periodic economic growth

This article shows that the sudden end of economic expansion (movement, wealth) emerges as a natural, physical feature of the spreading movement, which has access to power (money), freedom to morph, and power storage (savings) for future movement on even greater areas. The movement is driven by power generation, which is interspaced with power savings on the same area. The theory is constructed systematically from the physical basis of economics concepts (money, savings, time, and bubbles) to a physics model that accounts for the time-dependent spreading of movement on an area. Previous study has shown that physics accounts for the proportionality between the annual wealth (GDP) of a population and the annual consumption of fuel to generate power for that population. The present theory extends this view to the more realistic situation where every movement in society (wealth and fuel consumption) is time dependent.     

燃料电池技术进展

评价了国际燃料电池技术的发展,总结了燃料电池在工业中特别是汽车中的应用,燃料电池已成为我国能源领域最重要的研究项目之一,AFC,PAFC,MCFC,SOFS和PEMFC燃料电池的制造技术已掌握,但燃料电池的应用程序和技术水平还很低。     

Energy conservation in traffic

This paper discusses the energy that is being wasted in the transport section in Amman due to three main factors: namely, the time delay at the major traffic light intersections, the warming up periods of vehicles, and the drag force acting on heavy vehicles. It was found that the fuel which is being used due to the first and second factors contribute 2.2 and 3.0% to the total annual fuel cost in Jordan. Finally, recommendations and suggestions are given to cut down the fuel consumption in Amman due to the above mentioned factors.     

Real-time energy management in an off-grid smart home: Flexible demand side control with electric vehicle and green hydrogen production

A real-time energy management system for an off-grid smart home is presented in this paper. The primary energy sources for the system are wind turbine and photovoltaics, with a fuel cell serving as a supporting energy source. Surplus power is used to generate hydrogen through an electrolyzer. Data on renewable energy and load demand is gathered from a real smart home located in the Yildiz Technical University Smart Home Laboratory. The aim of the study is to reduce hydrogen consumption and effectively utilize surplus renewable energy by managing controllable loads with fuzzy logic controller, all while maintaining the user's comfort level. Load shifting and tuning are used to increase the demand supplied by renewable energy sources by 10.8% and 13.65% from wind turbines and photovoltaics, respectively. As a result, annual hydrogen consumption is reduced by 7.03%, and the average annual efficiency of the fuel cell increases by 4.6%     

提高炼厂工艺加热炉热效率的技术改造措施

大连石化公司炼油工艺加热炉运行中存在着一系列的问题,针对这些问题,提出了改进措施,包括提高管理水平;进行脱硫技术改造,使进管网的干气H2S含量达标;降低燃料消耗;改造加热炉及附属设施,提高热效率。措施的实施使炉效率达87.81%,全年节约燃料4066t,直接降本增效730多万元。     

Estimating road transport fuel consumption in Ecuador

Road transport is one of the sectors with highest energy consumptions in the planet, with large dependence of fossil fuels, and contribution for global greenhouse gas emissions. Although, Latin America is not a high-energy consumer, its share in global consumption is expected to grow, especially in the transportation sector. This make essential for developing countries the adoption of better policies to identify the vehicle groups with largest fuel demands. The present study describes the VKT technique to disaggregate road transport energy consumption by vehicle type, applied to the road transportation system of Ecuador. It also describes the procedures performed to estimate the variables required to run the model, and some of the practical applications that be used to create public policies. Results show as the biggest fuel consumers the heavy-duty freight cargo, followed by light duty vehicles. The estimation of greenhouse gas emissions evidence that road transport released 14.3 million tons of CO₂ in 2012. When fuel consumption is compared by it costs, it can be confirmed that Ecuadorean Government covered, through subsidies, for 68% of the annual fuel costs of national road transport, demonstrating the importance of restructuring these expenditures in order to achieve an efficient road transport system.     

Eco-driving training and fuel consumption: Impact,heterogeneity and sustainability

In this paper, we assess the impact of an eco-driving training session on fuel consumption using panel data. A random coefficient model is estimated to measure the effect of the course over a ten-month period, controlling for confounding factors and individual heterogeneity. We find that eco-driving training induced average city and highway fuel consumption reductions of 4.6% and 2.9% respectively. The effects are highly heterogeneous between individuals, with standard deviations of about 5%. Drivers' socio-demographic characteristics are not helpful to explain these discrepancies but we find that drivers of vehicles with manual transmissions achieve significantly larger reductions: 10% on city roads and 8% on highways. Finally, we show that reductions faded gradually after the course. City reductions go from 4.6% to 2.5% within ten months. Highway fuel use decreases average 3.5% in the first ten weeks after the course but become statistically insignificant after about thirty weeks. Overall, the average impact translates into an annual fuel saving cost of about 60$ per driver.     

汽车排放物中NOx、HC和CO的预测模型研究

为更深入细致的研究汽车有害排放物的排放规律,提出了用以计算机仿真计算的柴油机排放物的数学模型。该预测模型是以现象学燃烧模型为基础的,NOx的数学模型用广义Zeldoich不平衡原理建立,HC和CO的数学模型采用化学平衡和反应动力学原理建立。用该模型计算了某型号柴油机的排放物,得到了这3种排放物在缸内的生成过程,并从它们的生成机理出发,分析了不同喷油定时对排放规律的影响,讨论了推迟喷油措施对降低排放物的效果。实机实验结果表明计算值与测量值吻合较好,并且都反映出相同的规律:NOx和CO的生成量随喷油提前角的增大而增大,而HC排放量随喷油提前角的增大而减少。     

锅炉水质安全与节能

锅炉作为能源消耗大户,其节能、节水十分重要。通过对锅炉水质的软化以及提高蒸汽凝结水的回收率,可收到较好的节能降耗效果,冷凝水回收率在80%时,每年可节约燃料油470t,每年再生剂用量从200t降到140t左右。     

汽车加热器燃烧理论研究

本文主要介绍了指导蒸发混合式汽车燃油加热器设计的蒸发预燃三阶段理论。其解决的核心问题是分离液体燃料的蒸发气化及其与空气中氧的掺混过程和燃烧过程。在该理论的指导下设计出蒸发混合式汽车燃油加热器,经性能试验测试综合性能达到GB10908—1989《燃油加热器技术条件》的要求。蒸发预燃三阶段理论有较高的应用价值。     

Electric power required in the world by 2050 with hydrogen fuel production—Revised

Since estimation of electric power requirement for large-scale production of hydrogen fuel for the world vehicle fleet based on data through 1995 in 2001, a large increase in available travel data has become available, sufficient to revise the estimates with greater confidence. It is apparent that much more energy will be required, as worldwide demand for electrification and substitution of hydrogen for fossil fuel in transportation grows over the next 50 years. Published forecasts for electricity demand over the next 30 years show mean annual growth rates ranging from 1.7 to 3.4%/a, which when extrapolated from the present consumption of 16 PWh in 2002 to the year 2050 suggests an annual electricity demand in the range of 36–82 PWh. In addition to the business-as-usual growth in demand, estimation of the growth of the world automotive vehicle fleet from about 900 million vehicles in 2010, consuming about 360 billion gallons of petrol, to about 1.5 billion vehicles in 2050, which could be operated with about 260 billion kilogram of hydrogen fuel, would result in additional electricity demand of about 10 PWh annually for replacement of fossil fuels in transportation. With approximately 175 PW of solar power reaching earth and world fossil fuel reserves of 50–200 years remaining at present consumption rates, the question arises of how much of the world's future electric energy supply will be required (if any) from nuclear fuels.     

改善现代轿车汽油机燃油经济性的试验研究

对影响现代轿车汽油机燃油经济性的诸多因素,如：空燃比、点火提前角、压缩比、配气相位以及传动比等参数进行了深入的研究及相应的试验。在试验及分析的基础上,得到了在不影响动力性和排放等技术指标的前提下,改善现代轿车汽油机燃油经济性的途径。     

A synfuels era for the United States?

This article surveys the liquid fuels picture for the year 2000 and concludes that transportation fuels will represent the critical domestic energy resource for the future. The United States must develop a synthetic fuels industry if it is to meet its transportation fuel needs while seeking to reduce its dependence on foreign crude oil. Synthetic fuels from coal and oil shale (methanol, gasoline, and diesel fuel) and methanol from biomass are depicted as the emerging options of the future. Within these options, methanol-from-coal is highlighted as providing the most technically versatile, economically viable, and environmentally sound choice. Based largely on transportation needs, the article presents a methanol market demand forecast calling for the consumption of 25 billion gal/y by the year 2000—enough to supply a fleet of 25 million methanol cars and provide for considerable methanol usage in the industrial, utility, and chemical sectors. Thus, about one out of every six cars in the automobile fleet would be operating on methanol if this forecast holds true. A survey of the cost estimates for producing alternative transportation fuels in the future shows, that methanol-from-coal could prove to be least expensive motor fuel: roughly two-thirds of the price of gasoline from crude oil and one-half the price of methanol from biomass. The article also poses some of the challenges facing the synfuels industry if it is going to overcome the entry barriers facing the establishment of a new fuel in the liquid fuels market place.     

Optimizing a microgrid photovoltaic-fuel cell energy system at the highest renewable fraction

The current research examined the usage of fuel cells as an energy storage unit to increase renewable energy self-consumption in microgrid energy system applications. The studied model is comprised of photovoltaic modules and a fuel cell that serves as the energy storage unit. The study was conducted in 2020, utilizing real-time weather and electrical load data with a one-minute temporal resolution. The daily average energy consumption for the analyzed household was 10.1 kWh, with a peak power output of 5.3 kW, and the yearly energy consumption was 3755 kWh. The investigated photovoltaic system has a capacity of 2.7 kWp (6 modules at 0.45 kWp/module), and the fuel cell capacity is in the range of 0–3 kW in order to obtain optimal integration with the photovoltaic system to get maximum renewable energy fraction utilization. The findings indicate that using fuel cells powered by hydrogen generated by renewable energy systems can significantly increase self-consumption and self-sufficiency. The annual results showed that the use of 2.5 kW fuel cells can increase renewable fraction utilization from 0.622 to 0.918 with a 2.5 kW fuel cell, and energy self-consumption can reach 3338.2 kWh/year, an increase of 98.4%, and energy self-sufficiency can reach 3218.8 kWh/year, an increase of 94.41%. The results obtained demonstrate that the proposed photovoltaic fuel cell energy system provides a viable option to run semi-autonomous or fully autonomous applications in a self-sustaining medium at a percentage of 95%. Furthermore, the economic aspect is analysed for the optimal system configuration.     

Analysis of battery backup and switching controller for a fuel-cell powered automobile

In this paper, we consider the design of a fuel-cell powered automobile that utilizes methane as a source of hydrogen to power a PEM fuel cell. It is shown that when the power demand of the motor goes up suddenly, there is a time lag for generating the necessary hydrogen. A battery backup that provides the necessary power during this time lag is analyzed via an equivalent circuit model. A logic-based switching controller that switches between the fuel cell and the backup battery is designed to meet the power demand. The efficacy of this scheme is tested via simulations on a power profile obtained from a realistic speed profile of a small automobile.