Vernolic and Cyclopropenoic Fatty Acids in Piper nigrum Seed Oil

The seed oil of Piper nigrum has the following fatty acid composition: capric (4.1%), lauric (2.5%), myristic (3.1%), palmitic (27.2%), stearic (7.3%), oleic (29.9%), linoleie (7.7%), vernolie (7.7%), malvalie (6.3%), and sterculic (4.2%) acids.     

Component Acids of Palmae Seed Oils

Seed oils of Washingtonia filifera H. Wendl, Phoenix rupicola T. Anders and Licuala grandis belonging to palmae family were examined for their component fatty acids and were found to contain the following acids (wt %): Lauric (25.8,20.8,2.5), myristic (10.9,12.4,2.3), palmitic(38.2,10.9,27.4), stearic (6.6,3.3,15), arachidic (1.0,0.5,1.4), behenic (1.1,0.3,2.1), oleic (5.6,4.1,33.4), and linoleic (10.8,10.6,29.0) respectively.     

Minor Seed Oils XVIII: Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Component Acids of Eight Seed Oils

Seed oils from Androgaphis paniculata, Calliopsis elegans, Corochorus trilocularis, Crotalaria heyneana, Emblica officinalis, Mangifera indica, Pergularia daemia and Sopubia dulphinifolia have been examined. Of these, the seeds from Androgaphis paniculata, a shrub, Emblica officinalis, a tree, and Mangifera indica, a tree, contain 39.4, 22.4 and 12.0 percent of oil respectively. Pergularia daemia is rich in stearic acid (37.4%). Crotalaria heyneana, Androgaphis paniculata and Calliopsis elegans seed oils are rich in linoleic acid (60.5%, 58.9% and 48.3%) respectively, while seed oils from Corochorus trilocularis and Emblica officinalis contain linolenic acid (3.6% and 5.9%). Seed oils of Pergularia daemia, Corochorus trilocularis and Emblica officinalis having iodine value from 63 to 85 may be useful as nondrying oils.     

Component Fatty Acids of Some Indian Seed Oils

The seed oil Chrysalidocarpus (Areca) lutescens, Terminalia paniculata, Roth, Combretum ovalifolium, Roxb., Dioscorea oppositifolia, Linn, Dioscorea anguina, Roxb., Stachytarpheta indica, Vahl, Aristolochia indica, Sanseveria cylindrica, Sanseveria zeylanica and Basella alba have been examined for their component fatty acids.     

Cyclopropenoic Fatty Acids of Malvaceae Seed Oils by Gas-Liquid Chromatography

Fatty acid composition of seed oils from sixteen species of Malvaceae belonging to sic genus (Abutilon, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Kosteletzkya, Thespesia and Urena) were determined. The main fatty acids were palmitic (7–24% oleic (5–20%) and linoleic (17–69%) acids. Each of the seed oils contains varying amounts of malvalic (0.1–3.9%) and sterculic (tr?3.3%) acids. Dihydrosterculic acid was also detected by GLCat low levels in most of these oils.     

Acacia albida Seed Oil: Characterization of Coronaric Acid

Coronaric acid makes up 7.8% of Acacia albida (leguminosae) oil triglycerides. Direct acetolysis of the oil followed by saponification gave cis-9,10-dihydroxyoctadec-cis-12-enoic acid which was characterized by various spectroscopic studies and chemical transformations. Quantitation of the coronaric acid was done by gas-liquid chromatography. Chrysanthemum coronarium seed oil was used as the reference standard throughout the study.     

Fatty Acids Profile and Chemical Composition of Egyptian Moringa oleifera Seed Oils

Moringa oleifera is grown all over the world as a crop for its nutritious pods, leaves and seeds. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the oil percentage, density, iodine value, saponification value, acid value and fatty acid profile of Egyptian moringa Seed oils. Moringa seeds were irradiated using ⁶⁰Co at dose levels of 0.0 (control), 5, 10 and 15 kGy and oil was extracted from unirradiated and irradiated samples. Results showed that the oil percentage and density were almost unaffected. Irradiation reduced the iodine value, whereas the acid and saponification values were increased in all irradiated samples. The oil was found to contain high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, especially an omega‐9‐fatty acid (oleic) (up to 76.29 %) at a dose level of 15 kGy. Also at the same dose level, the dominant saturated acids were palmitic, stearic acid and arachidic (the three up to 12.66 %). GC–MS revealed the presence of different compounds (more than 50) in the moringa oil extract, among them alkaloids, terpenoids steroids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons and polyphenolic compounds. Phenolic and falvonoid were significantly increased by increasing irradiation dose levels. Also, the antioxidant activity of irradiated seed oil increased by increasing the phenolic and flavonoid contents. Moringa oleifera could be grown by wide scale production as a potentially valuable crop. However, isolation of individual compounds and their biological activities needs to be covered in future to enhance its pharmacological importance and to open new avenues of research.     

Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids of Sida grewioides and Hibiscus caesius (Malvaceae) Seed Oils

Evidence is provided that sterculic and malvalic acids occur together in seed oils of Sida grewioides and Hibiscus caesius. Sida grewioides oil contains 1.3% sterculic and 2.1 % malvalic acids; Hibiscus caesius oil contains 1.0 % sterculic and 5.7 % malvalic acids. The cyclopropenoid acids were characterised by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of the silver nitrate-methanol treated methyl esters using Sterculia foetida esters as a reference standard. A third unusual component, identified as epoxy acid, also occurs in Sida grewioides oil as a trace constituent.     

Minor Seed Oils XIX: Examination of Convolvulaceae Seed Oils

Six seed oils from convovulaceae family have been examined. Nounusual acids have been detected in the oils. The fatty acid pattern in all the seed oils is as follows: palmitic (6.6 to 10.0), stearic (12.0 to 19.6), oleic (21.6 to 30.0), linoleic (27.8 to 41.3), linolenic (6.0 to 9.2), arachidic (3.3 to 6.4), and behenic (2.8 to 4.3). Lower fatty acids have not been found in any of the seed oils.     

Minor Seed Oils XVIII: Examination of Twelve Seed Oils

Twelve seed oils from ten plant families have been examined. Except three the seed oils are reported to be medicinal. Oleic acid is the major component in the seed oils from Celosia pyramidalis, Cryptostegia grandiflora, Gomphrena globosa, Isotoma longiflora, Jasminum officinale Var. grandiflorum and Sida humilis. The remaining six seed oils contain linoleic acid as the major component. All the samples contain arachidic and behenic acids. The oil sample from Sida humilis contains lauric acid. Linolenic acid is found in five samples and myristic in seven samples.     

Minor Seed Oils XVI: Examination of Fifteen Seed Oils

Fifteen seed oils from nine plant families have been examined. Oleic acid is the major component in all the oil samples, maximum being in Amaranthus tricolor (91.0%), except in the seed oil of Physalis maxima. All the samples contain arachidic and behenic acids. The oil samples from Ipomoea species and from Physalis maxima contain the lower fatty acids (caprylic and capric). Linolenic acid is found in eleven samples and lauric acid in all the seed oils except the seed oil of Celosia cristata.     

Centratherun ritchiei Seed Oil — Characterization of Vernolic Acid

Vernolic acid has been found at the 30.1% level in Centratherum ritchiei (Compositae) seed oil. This acid, cis-12, 13-epoxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic, was isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by IR, NMR and MS. A successful attempt has been made to identify vernolic acid, without its derivatization, by mass spectral study. A reference vernolic acid (Vernonia anthelmintica seed oil) has been used for comparison purpose throughout the study.     

Minor Seed Oils II: Fatty Acid Composition of Some Seed Oils

Three seed oils, Achyranthes aspera, Cucumis callosus and Aberia caffra were examined and were found to contain the following acids (wt%): lauric (0.4,-, 0.2), myristic (1.2, 0.6, 0.9), palmitic (18.6, 10.6, 25.9), stearic (4.4, 10.0, 3.9), arachidic (1.6, 1.6, 1.2), behenic (1.8, 0.6, 0.5), oleic (22.6, 17.5, 19.3), linoleic (49.4, 59.1, 48.1) respectively.     

Kigelia pinnata Seed Oil – A Moderate Source of Vernolic Acid

Vernolic acid represents 22.3% of the constituent fatty acids of the speed oil of an additional hitherto unexamined species of Bignoniaceae Kigelia pinnata. Its identification is based on comparative informations from thin-layer chromatography, infrared analysis, gas liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with that of reference sample of Vernonia anthelmintica seed oil. The other fatty acids in this oil are: 14:0 (0.4), 16:0 (25.4), 18:0(0.9), 18:1 (8.9) and 18:2 (42.0%). K. pinnata is the first species of Bignoniaceae to be reported to contain vernolic acid in moderate amount.     

Isolation of Non-methylene Interrupted or Acetylenic Fatty Acids from Seed Oils Using Semi-preparative Supercritical Chromatography

Preparative scale supercritical fluid chromatography was used for isolating and purifying uncommon non-methylene interrupted or acetylenic polyunsaturated fatty acids ethyl esters from seed oils. Fractionation of Biota orientalis seed oil ethyl esters was performed by supercritical fluid chromatography to obtain juniperonic acid [(5Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosa-5,11,14,17-tetraenoic acid], a non-methylene interrupted polyunsaturated fatty acid. Fractionation of sandalwood seed oil ethyl esters yielded ximenynic acid [(E)-octadec-11-en-9-ynoic acid], an acetylenic polyunsaturated fatty acid. The effects of CO₂ flow rate, column stationary phase and particle size were explored to optimize ximenynic and juniperonic ethyl ester recovery and purity from ethyl ester mixtures using online UV/Vis detection. Particle size, followed by the stationary phase, were found to be the most important parameters to achieving good separation. Under optimized conditions, ximenynic and juniperonic ethyl ester purities greater than 99 and 95%, respectively, were achieved in a one step process without co-solvent. The isolation and recovery of juniperonic acid from biota seed oil free fatty acids was also attempted. Using free fatty acids as the feed material, the non-methylene interrupted polyunsaturated sciadonic acid was also able to be separated from other compounds including juniperonic acid under some conditions, and gave an increase in concentration of more than 17 times.     

Studies of Safflower Seed Oils

Three varieties of Safflower cultivated in Pakistan have been studied. These contain 29.7–32.0% oils on the basis of dried and undecorticated seeds. Their fatty acid composition as determined by GLC is myristic (0.9–3.1%), palmitic (9.4–12.0%), stearic (2.3–5.5%), oleic (14.0–15.7%) and linoleic (65.9–73.4%).     

Epoxy Acids and Epoxidized Oils I: Quantitative Evaluation of Naturally Occurring Epoxy Fatty Acids in Some Malvaceous seed Oils

Quantitative evaluation of the epoxy acid contents of three seed oils, namely, Malva parviflora, Hibiscus esculentus (v. Baladi) and Hibiscus esculentus (v. Romey) were made using gas liquid chromatography, hydrobromination and picric acid methods. The epoxy acid percentages determined in the three samples were: 8.2, 2.5 and 3.1 respectively by gas liquid chromatography; 8.9, 5.4 and 6.1 by hydrobromination and 9.5, 4.9 and 7.0 by picric acid method. Picric acid method was found to be most satisfactory and gave reproducible results.     

Studies of Oils of Unusual Fatty Acids

Studies of linseed, castor seed and Vernonia anthelmintica seed oils have been undertaken together keeping in view their industrial importance. Linseed oil contains the highest percentage of linolenic acid (69.1%) whereas the highest percentage of hydroxy fatty acid (85.6%) and epoxy fatty acids (76.8%) has been found out in castor seed and Vernonia anthelmintica seed oils respectively as determined by the application of thin-layer and gas liquid chromatography.     

油脂中八种脂肪酸的分析测定

油脂经氢氧化钾-甲醇溶液甲酯化后,生成的脂肪酸甲酯用DB-WAX毛细管柱进行分离,GC-FID进行检测。该方法的回收率在91.45%~107.55%,相对标准偏差小于8%,八种脂肪酸的检出限在0.29~1.10μg/mL之间。本方法准确度高,检出限低,能满足实际检测工作的需要。     

Characteristics and Composition of Four Minor Seed Oils

Seed oils of S. emarginatus Vahl, Z. jujuba, A. excelsa and Delomix regia have been analysed. All the four oils are of semi drying nature and have a higher percentage of unsaturation. S. emarginatus and Z. jujuba are very similar in the composition of the unsaturated acids (67.0% and 65.6%). Oleic content is 56.5% and 53.0% respectively. The iodine value of S. emarginatus (93) is higher than the reported value of a closely related species S. trifoliatus (60.4). The composition of A. excelsa and D. regia are very much similar. A. exelsa has a high oleic acid content (65%) whereas higher fatty acids have not been found. In D. regia the peak for stearic acid is not present in our gas-liquid chromatogram.