电厂热力设备防腐蚀技术研究进展

电力设备腐蚀控制是保障电力安全的重要方面,本文总结了国内外部分发电设备的防腐蚀技术及其进展,主要内容包括:锅炉高温腐蚀控制及停炉保护、发电机内冷水系统腐蚀控制、凝汽器腐蚀与防护、热交换设备阻垢缓蚀与节能技术、烟气脱硫设备腐蚀与控制等。     

Korrosion in Alkalimetallkreisläufen. I. Mechanismen und Phänomene

Corrosion in alkalimetal circuits - I. Mechanisms and phenomena The corrosion of materials by liquid alkali metals is characterized by dissolution and deposition processes following a temperature gradient. Exchange reactions of oxygen and carbon or other non-metallic or metallic elements play important roles. Phenomena in technical systems with circulating melts of Li, Na, or K are discussed in terms of the mechanisms. Recommendations for the use and possible combinations of materials for alkali metal systems are given. The problems of corrosion and mass transfer are set into relation to questions of safety and operation of the systems. The corrosion problems can be solved by the selection of materials, by the construction of the components, and by the specification of the liquid alkali metal parameters.     

CP6型腐蚀速度监测仪研制

CP6型腐蚀速度监测仪采用电化学的方法对腐蚀体系进行监测,可观察到Rp-t曲线、Lcorr-t曲线和Vcorr-t曲线,可看到瞬时腐蚀速度和平均腐蚀速度。配上远距离通讯接口,可组成远距离监测和大面积腐蚀监测网,本文介绍了CP6腐蚀速度监测仪的研制过程。。     

On-line corrosion monitoring in geothermal district heating systems. II. Localized corrosion

Corrosion monitoring in district heating systems has traditionally been performed by using off-line methods, such as weight loss. The disadvantage is that the method is very slow, especially in low-corrosive environments, and that it only provides information about the past corrosion (accumulated over period of time). The purpose of the work is to test on-line monitoring methods in geothermal hot water in the district heating system in Reykjavik, Iceland. Geothermal water poses certain problems with regards to corrosion monitoring due to low conductivity, high pH and the presence of sulphide. These conditions make the geothermal environment low corrosive. However, a quality control is needed, especially since the sulphide causes the steel pipes to be more vulnerable towards localized corrosion. The methods used in this study were: linear polarization resistance (LPR), harmonic analysis (HA), electrochemical noise (EN) and zero resistance ammetry (ZRA). The Pitting Factor was measured with EN and showed promising results for measuring-localized corrosion on-line. A crevice corrosion cell also gave good results but had a low lifetime. However, the results of a galvanic corrosion cell (Fe/Cu) proved more difficult to interpret since they were dependent both on the dissolved oxygen and the sulphide level.     

Waste incineration plants in the FRG: Construction,materials, investigation on cases of corrosion

The development and future aspects of waste incineration in Germany are described with emphasis to corrosion problems. The heterogeneity of waste and special components are the cause of higher corrosion risk in comparison with other fuels, e.g. coal. The materials used in waste incineration plants are preferably the same as in fossil fuel fired boilers, namely un- and low-alloyed steels. Constructive measures are used to avoid enhanced corrosion. Examples are given for enhanced fire-side corrosion of evaporator and superheater tubes. Corrosion in the combustion chamber is to about 50% caused by local reducing conditions. At the other 50% chlorine compounds play a decisive role. Corrosion in the superheater area is usually caused by “high temperature chlorid corrosion”.     

土壤中碳钢平均腐蚀速度统计特征的分形研究

碳钢/土壤腐蚀是一种复杂的随机现象,采用概率统计法不能获得很多这类腐蚀的信息.将这种腐蚀看作分形体系,引入分维修正因子来定量描述腐蚀随机性的复杂程度.通过讨论平均腐蚀速度的统计特性,证实无论平行(重复)试验还是区域土壤腐蚀试验,平均腐蚀速度数据均服从正态分布,并具备分形体系的二个基本特征：稳定分维值和变异系数的自相似性.这些特征值表明,区域土壤腐蚀试验数据的复杂程度要高于平行试验.     

镀锌紧固件在储存过程中的锈蚀原因分析

防抱死制动系统(ABS:Anti-lock Braking System)的镀锌紧固件在存储过程中发生锈蚀。分别从大气腐蚀影响因素、腐蚀形貌及能谱分析(EDS)等方面分析了镀锌紧固件的锈蚀原因,并提出合理化建议,避免再次发生类似的锈蚀问题。     

Crevice Corrosion Behaviors Between CFRP and Stainless Steel 316L for Automotive Applications

Carbon fiber reinforced plastics(CFRP) are promising lightweight materials for vehicle applications. 316 L is one of the most widely used types of austenite stainless steels and applied in lots of automotive applications. The existence of crevices will result in galvanic corrosion and crevice corrosion when CFRPs and 316 L are directly connected. A crevice former for the galvanic system was therefore designed and applied to evaluate the crevice corrosion behaviors and study the mechanism of galvanic crevice corrosion through several electrochemical techniques in this research. The results showed that the crevice corrosion of galvanic systems grew from crevice mouth to the inside crevice and could be divided into four steps, metastable pitting corrosion at the crevice mouth, initiating step of crevice corrosion, propagating step and ending step of crevice corrosion. Because of the influences of the galvanic system, electrode reaction rates were speeded up and the passivation region was shortened at the initiating stage of crevice corrosion. Corrosion rate was observed to be higher in the galvanic system than that in normal crevice systems.     

铝合金在海洋环境中的腐蚀研究(Ⅱ)--海水全浸区16年暴露试验总结

总结了铝合金在青岛海域海水全浸区暴露16年的腐蚀结果，防锈铝LF2Y2，LF6M（BL），F21M，180YS在海水全浸区有好的耐蚀性，工业纯铝L4M，锻铝LD2CS的耐蚀性较差，无包铝层的硬铝LY12CZ和超硬铝LC4CS在海水中的耐蚀性很差，硬铝，超硬铝的包铝层起牺牲阳极作用，使基体受到保护，海生物污损对铝合金在海水中的腐蚀有明显影响，镁、锰能提高铝的耐海水腐蚀性，硅明显降低铝的耐蚀性，铜严重损害铝的耐蚀性，腐蚀电位较负的铝合金耐海水腐蚀性较好，腐蚀电位较正的铝合金耐海水腐蚀性较差。     

Korrosionsverhalten von Hybridschichtsystemen

Corrosion behaviour of hybrid coating systems Potentiodynamic methods were used to investigate the corrosion protection value of various hybrid coating systems. Combinations of galvanic chromium and electroless nickel interlayers with titanium nitride and chromium nitride coatings produced by sputterion-plating method were tested. Anodic polarization curves show that corrosion resistance is strongly connected with the microdefects present in the coatings. The coating system consisting of chromium nitride with electroless nickel as an interlayer exhibits excellent corrosion resistance properties in 1N H₂SO₄ solution. The reason for this behaviour is presented and discussed in detail.     

Netzwerke im Korrosionsschutz – Ein historischer Rückblick aus Anlass des 10‐jährigen Bestehens der GfKORR‐Gesellschaft für Korrosionsschutz e.V.

Networks for Corrosion Protection – A historical review on occasion of the 10^th anniversary of the GfKORR‐Society for Corrosion Protection, Germany The GfKORR‐Society for Corrosion Protection, Germany, was founded as a non‐for‐profit organisation in 1995 by amalgamation of the two former corrosion societies AGK‐Arbeitsgemeinschaft Korrosion e.V. and the VDKORR‐Verein Deutscher Korrosionsfachleute e.V.. Within 10 years GfKORR grew to a scientific‐technical society with far more than 500 members (including 70 legal members) which discuss problems of corrosion and corrosion protection within 20 different working groups. In 1998, GfKORR became a member of AiF‐Working Assosiation of Industrial Research Associations and together with 12 other AiF members formed the Curatorium for Corrosion Research. Since then GfKORR solicited from AiF 2.43 Mio EUR for corrosion research projects. GfKORR is active in supporting standardisation work and fosters education, continuing education and information transfer in the field of corrosion and corrosion protection, specifically by organizing national and international conferences, seminars and workshops.     

现代化城市建设与腐蚀防护

为了创造舒适优美的生活空间,人们正在加快现代化城市建设。为此,需要解决一系列的技术问题,其中之一就是要解决城市现代化设施,例如,电视发射塔、微波发现塔、高级宾馆、居民公寓以及通往各户的水、电、暖气、煤气的运输管线等在建设中和使用中的腐蚀问题。通过各种防护技术,进行腐蚀控制、防止这些设施发生故障、引起事故,尽可能延长其使用寿命,以达到高效使用、安全运行、长期为人类服务的目的。本文站在腐蚀科学和表面工     

Korrosionsschaden an einer Kühlanlage

Corrosion damage in an industrial cooling system In several industrial cooling systems after relatively short operation time comparable corrosion occurred. The reason for this damage was the combined installation of galvanized steel pipes and heat exchangers made of copper, well-known as the reason for the corrosion damage in house installations. The galvanized surfaces of the condenser tubes in the relevant cooling-water circulation showed copper-induced pitting corrosion and break-throughs in the pipewalls. As the result, the cooling fluid ammonia entered into the water circulation which led to dissolving of nearly all of the zinc coating.     

Korrosion in Warmwasserheizungen

Corrosion in warm water heating systems Corrosion in warm water heating systems is due to the presence of oxygen. In open systems oxygen can penetrate into the warm water by expansion vessels, at high through-puts because of unfavorable fitting connections of pumps and as a consequence of malfunctioning. Corrosion in closed systems occurs only in cases of temporary penetration of oxygen followed by air cushion formation. In view of the fact that the formation of protective surface layers from water constituents is able to reduce oxygen corrosion it is recommended to apply water softening only in such cases where the inhibition of incrustation becomes a necessity.     

Accelerated corrosion tests in the automotive industry: A comparison of the performance towards cosmetic corrosion

Corrosion resistance is an important property requirement for materials used in the manufacturing of automobiles, particularly for vehicles that operate on roads treated with de‐icing salt. This implies to test the corrosion resistance of automotive systems, in order to make a good selection of materials. Field‐tests, including stationary and mobile exposures are normally the most reliable ways of doing this, but they are costly and time consuming, as 2–8 years exposure is generally needed for a full assessment of the corrosion resistance. Since, the use of the standard neutral salt spray test, which is well known to give a poor correlation with field data, a large development in the testing procedures has occurred with the use of cyclic corrosion tests, which alternate between pollution phase and wet/dry periods. Today, there are indeed as many accelerated corrosion tests as automotive manufacturers, which are currently used in order to develop and qualify new products against corrosion, to develop new protective coating systems and select materials. In the present work, steel‐ and zinc‐coated materials in cosmetic and crevice configuration were exposed in a large number of accelerated corrosion tests in the automotive industry. From the study, it was shown that the results and consequently the prediction on the lifetime of the same material were very much dependent on which accelerated corrosion test was used. The results were explained in terms of different salt loads applied in the different tests.     

注空气驱油中的腐蚀及缓蚀剂加注工艺

介绍了中原油田注空气驱油过程中的腐蚀现状,给出了适用于注气井和生产井缓蚀剂的预膜量和正常加注量的计算公式。根据缓蚀剂的加注方式和现场的生产条件,设计并绘制出适用于生产井、注气井的缓蚀剂注入工艺流程图。对缓蚀剂的加注工艺管理提出了建议。     

水下环境腐蚀对发射装置可靠性的影响分析

腐蚀是影响水下发射装置结构可靠性的重要因素之一.根据发射装置水下腐蚀及防护的特点,将发射装置的水下腐蚀归结为三种典型腐蚀,并对三种典型腐蚀的情况以及对装备结构可靠性的影响进行了分析,探讨了有效的防护方法.     

Einfluß von Kupfer auf das Korrosionsverhalten verzinkter Rohre in warmen Brauchwässern

Influence of copper on the corrosion behaviour of galvanized tubing in warm water systems Tests carried out with tap water (65°C) containing 0.1 to 0.3 mg/l Cu²⁺ have revealed that copper ions give rise to accelerated corrosion of tube walls. Corrosion takes place in the form of pitting. The intensity and frequency of pits increase as the copper content is increased and the pH value is decreased. Corrosion products formed on the zinc are predominantly a basic zinc carbonate, while copper is found in a coagulated form at the surface or embedded in the surface layer. The copper content of the corrosion products increases as the copper content of the water is increased and may attain up to 12.5%.     

腐蚀损伤评价专家系统的研制及开发

采用C Builder集成开发环境和关系型数据库Paradox，研制开发了基于Win32平台的腐蚀损伤评价专家系统。系统包括了四个模块。腐蚀案例库模块、分析树模块、实验报告模块和网络资源模块．腐蚀案例库用于存储大量的腐蚀数据，每个腐蚀案例是由7个案例模块(概述、环境、材料、部件、测试、腐蚀、失效)构成，每个模块下又包括若干个子模块，总共172个字段，收集了国内和欧洲工业装置维护中发生的602个失效案例，实现了案例的增加、编辑、保存、删除、检索和打印．分析树用于腐蚀现象的分析过程，包括19种失效分析过程模板(如开裂失效、机械失效、炼油厂管道、奥氏体不锈钢的氯离子应力腐蚀等)，根据相应的决策树进行不同环境／材料体系进行腐蚀失效分析，并提出失效和防护建议，实验报告和网络资源是对系统有益的补充，分别用于保存实验报告结果和与腐蚀相关的书籍、杂志、中心、数据库等网址信息，系统功能明确、可视化程度高、操作方便、容错能力强、易于移植。     

Corrosion behaviour of reactor coolant system materials in nuclear power plants

The materials used for the pressure‐retaining parts of reactor coolant system components in light water reactor nuclear power plants have to meet special requirements in terms of their mechanical properties, workability and in‐service performance. Corrosion issues play an important role in connection with plant operating conditions. While giving consideration to the specific service environment of the reactor whether a pressurized or boiling water reactor – the materials used for the individual components and the water chemistries employed in the various systems are selected such that metal loss due to general corrosion will remain very low. Thus the materials used in light water reactor plants exhibit a high general resistance to corrosion for their specified service conditions, material conditions and mechanical loads. However, under certain operating conditions other corrosion mechanisms may be found to induce damage. This paper uses data from the literature, published results of national and international research programs, information on damage which has actually occurred world‐wide and experience gained by Framatome ANP GmbH (former Siemens/KWU) in this field as a basis for discussing these mostly localised corrosion phenomena in terms of “classical” corrosion systems. Aspects associated with irradiation and its effects are not considered. Suitable remedial actions are, however, addressed wherever these are of relevance. The materials considered comprise unalloyed and low‐alloy steels, austenitic chromium‐nickel steels as well as high‐nickel steels and nickel‐base alloys which are exposed to the reactor coolant environment of boiling water reactor or pressurized water reactor plants, including materials investigated in corresponding water environments simulated in the laboratory.