婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染水平及其风险评估

目的 了解我国市售婴幼儿谷类辅助食品(以下简称谷类辅食)脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)污染情况并评估婴幼儿来源于谷类辅食的DON暴露风险。方法 在我国6省共采集了360份市售谷类辅食样品,包括米粉类183份、饼干类91份、面条类67份、其他类19份,检测每份样品中DON、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-Ac-DON)和15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-Ac-DON)含量。分别采用点评估和简单分布评估方法估计3岁以下婴幼儿来源于谷类辅食的DON急性和慢性暴露风险。结果 谷类辅食DON检出率为60.3%(217/360),平均含量为116.3 μg/kg,最大值为1 198.7 μg/kg;面条类DON平均含量最高(342.7 μg/kg),其次为饼干类(173.0 μg/kg),米粉类最低(12.0 μg/kg)。3岁以下婴幼儿食用面条类辅食的DON急性暴露量可能超过成组急性参考剂量(ARfD)。食用谷类辅食的婴幼儿DON平均暴露量为0.27 μg/(kg·d),其中7.3%(243/3 320)的个体来源于谷类辅食的DON暴露量超过成组暂定每日最大耐受摄入量。不同年龄组谷类辅食食用者DON平均暴露量分别为0～<1岁0.22 μg/(kg·d)、1～<2岁0.31 μg/(kg·d)、2～<3岁0.37 μg/(kg·d)。面条类辅食对DON平均暴露量的贡献率最高,达77.8%。结论 在当前谷类辅食DON污染水平下,3岁以下婴幼儿来源于谷类辅食的DON暴露量可能存在健康风险,需要关注。     

Determination of quantitative food consumption levels for use in microbial risk assessments: cheddar cheese as an example

Microbial risk assessment (MRA) is becoming increasingly used in the management of food safety because it can be used to quantify risks and help rank intervention strategies. The exposure assessment components of the assessments have become complex with many aspects of the contamination, survival, and growth of a pathogen in a food being taken into consideration. Insufficient consumption data constitutes an important data gap and consequently one of many sources of uncertainty in MRA even though the effects of uncertainty are smaller than those affecting bacterial concentration in foods. Therefore, food consumption data also play an important role in exposure assessment of MRA. In the United States, there are large-scale, nationwide sets of consumption data available for use in MRA, i.e., the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Newly released dietary interview data in the NHANES 2001 to 2002 survey show that it has been redesigned and that the data were sufficiently updated from previous versions to have more value for MRAs. We propose a model that can effectively use the new data sets and be incorporated into MRAs, using as an example consumption of Cheddar cheese/American-type cheese. This model included the prevalence of food eaten as well as the amount and frequency. We determined the amount of Cheddar/American cheese consumed per day with probability distribution (e.g., lognormal distribution). These could be further determined by gender, age, pregnancy, and combination food type, which we plan to do in the future. The frequency of the range of serving numbers for Cheddar/American cheese consumed per person per day and prevalence as the proportion of a population (e.g., survey respondents) eating a certain food in a day are also presented. Unlike traditional published mean values, the results of this model provide probability distribution intakes that can be compared with mean and median intakes. This allows values in the upper percentiles to be considered for inclusion in MRAs. We believe this simulation model can be adapted with different variables applicable to different foods, pathogens, and specific health risk population groups.     

Microbiological and mycotoxicological analyses of processed cereal-based complementary foods for infants and young children from the German market

This study investigated several food safety criteria in 38 different commercial products of processed cereal-based foods (PCF) from the German market. Microbiological assessment, followed by 16S RNA gene sequencing of suspect colonies, included aerobic mesophilic bacteria, moulds, Enterobacteriaceae, Cronobacter spp., and presumptive Bacillus cereus. Mycotoxin analyses were performed by enzyme immunoassays for deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2/HT-2 toxins (T-2/HT-2; oat containing products only), ergot alkaloids (EA), and alternariol (AOH). No violative result above existing European Union regulations or international guidelines was obtained. Most samples had very low aerobic mesophilic cell counts (<2.0 × 10¹ CFU/g), the maximum was 9.6 × 10² CFU/g. A few samples contained low numbers of opportunistic pathogens, most notably Cronobacter sakazakii, Acinetobacter spp., Pantoea spp., and enterotoxigenic Bacillus wiedmannii. Levels of mycotoxin contamination were very low, well below European Union maximum limits. DON was found in 10 samples, at levels of 9–35 µg/kg. T-2/HT-2 were found in all 15 oat-based products (1–8 µg/kg). All samples were negative for ZEN and EA. A high number (n = 25) of samples yielded weakly positive results for the nonregulated AOH (0.4–2 µg/kg), but just three samples exceeded a level of 1 µg/kg. No relationship between cereal composition and analytical findings for microbiological parameters and mycotoxins could be found. As long as PCF meals are freshly prepared and consumed immediately after preparation, the risk from sporadically occurring opportunistic bacteria appears to be minimal.     

Possible use of spreads as a FOODlet for improving the diets of infants and young children

Spreads are high-viscosity fat products prepared by mixing dried powdered ingredients with a vegetable fat chosen for its viscosity. Spreads are not traditionally used for feeding infants or young children and were initially proposed for feeding severely malnourished children during the recovery phase. The advantages of these products include a high energy and nutrient density, a very good acceptability, and resistance to bacterial contamination. Adapted spreads could be designed to boost the nutritional density of diets of young children from poor communities. Spreads could be mixed with the meals or porridges traditionally given to infants or eaten by themselves as snacks. Formulation of spread products is flexible, and acceptability and efficacy trials are required to optimize their composition and fortification levels and to select the best-adapted ingredients for each setting.     

婴幼儿配方食品和乳粉中维生素C的测定

目的建立一种前处理简单、仪器条件稳定、准确高效的婴幼儿配方食品和乳粉中维生素C的检测方法。方法用含有三(2-羧乙基)膦(TCEP)的三氯乙酸(TCA)对样品中的维生素C进行提取,C18柱色谱分离,流动相为含TCEP与癸胺作为离子对试剂和pH 5.4的醋酸钠的混合水溶液,然后在紫外检测器265 nm处进行检测。结果本方法的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.36%~3.2%之间,平均回收率为88.5%~97.9%,线性相关系数r~2大于0.9999。结论本方法实验前处理简单,干扰因素少;仪器条件稳定,灵敏度高,重复性好;适合婴幼儿配方食品和乳粉复杂基质样品的测定。     

我国市售婴幼儿谷类辅助食品营养成分含量水平研究

了解我国市售婴幼儿谷类辅助食品营养成分含量水平,为GB 10769-2010《食品安全国家标准 婴幼儿谷类辅助食品》标准修订提供参考。收集我国市售婴幼儿谷物辅助食品、婴幼儿高蛋白谷物辅助食品、婴幼儿生制类谷物辅助食品和婴幼儿饼干类辅助食品,对GB 10769-2010中规定的基本营养成分和可选择营养成分含量进行检测,对检测结果进行统计分析。共收集婴幼儿谷类2004份,其中婴幼儿谷物辅助食品1850份,婴幼儿高蛋白辅助食品50份,婴幼儿生制类食品51份,婴幼儿饼干53份。婴幼儿高蛋白谷物辅助食品蛋白质平均含量高于其他3类谷物辅助食品蛋白质含量,为0.88 g/100 kJ,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。婴幼儿饼干类辅助食品能量和脂肪平均含量高于其他3类谷物辅助食品能量和脂肪含量,分别为1777 kJ/100 g和0.55 g/100 kJ,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。GB 10769-2010有下限值和上限值范围值的营养素,维生素A、维生素D、钙、铁、锌、维生素E、磷、碘、钾等含量平均值分别接近各自理论平均值。GB 10769-2010无上限值范围值的营养素,市售产品其含量范围的最大值是国标下限值的2.83~67.04,其含量范围的95百分位数是国标下限值的2.05~16.35。GB 10769-2010中未制定上限值的营养成分出现离群值。建议综合考虑我国市售婴幼儿谷类辅助食品营养素含量分布情况,对无上限值的营养素进行修订。     

Produce consumption in the United States: an analysis of consumption frequencies, serving sizes, processing forms, and high-consuming population subgroups for microbial risk assessments

A great variety of fruits and vegetables are available in the United States. These items are produced in various geographic regions by a diverse industry. Produce has been increasingly identified as a vehicle for disease outbreaks. Changes in consumption may explain this increase, but analyses of produce consumption are limited. Comprehensive assessments of the public health risks associated with produce depend on quantitative consumption data, including the population fractions and subgroups of consumers, the quantities consumed by these individuals, and the processing that occurs before consumption. Here, we provide an analysis of nationally representative consumption estimates by estimating consumption frequencies, serving sizes, and processing forms for a variety of produce commodities based on 1999 through 2006 data from "What We Eat in America," the dietary interview component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey performed by the National Center for Health Statistics. Consumption patterns for fresh and heat-treated produce were assessed, compared with U.S. food availability estimates from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service (ERS), and combined with ERS data on temporal trends in food availability and nondomestic produce origins. To identify high-consuming population subgroups, we explored consumer habits and demographic predictors of fresh produce consumption (data available at www.foodrisk.org). Our analysis of common outbreak vehicles revealed limited temporal changes in food availability but frequent consumption as fresh commodities. In addition to providing quantitative consumption estimates for risk assessments, our data clearly show that produce consumption differs among fruits and vegetables, fresh and heat-treated foods, and demographic subgroups. These results are valuable for risk assessments and outbreak investigations and allow targeting of risk communication or interventions to those individuals at greatest risk.     

我国市售婴幼儿谷类辅助食品可选择营养成分使用现况调查

目的:了解我国市售婴幼儿谷类辅助食品可选择营养成分添加情况和含量分布,为修订《婴幼儿谷类辅助食品》(GB10769-2010)可选择营养成分提供参考依据。方法:通过线下实体店和网店收集婴幼儿谷类辅助食品标签信息,将产品信息及可选择营养成分录入Excel表格,用SPSS 21.0统计各可选择营养成分添加率及含量分布,用秩和检验比较不同类别谷物辅助食品含量差异。结果:55家企业的247例婴幼儿谷类辅助食品纳入分析。现行标准中规定的所有可选择营养成分均有使用,不同类型的婴幼儿谷物辅助食品添加的可选择营养成分不同。各可选择营养成分含量整体处于标准范围值的较低区间。维生素B_2和烟酸添加率最高,分别为70.8%和70.0%;添加率最高的矿物质磷为54.2%,添加率最低的酪蛋白磷酸肽为3.6%。婴幼儿高蛋白辅助食品中的维生素E、维生素B_6、维生素B_(12)、泛酸、维生素C和磷含量高于其他3类婴幼儿谷物食品中的含量,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论《婴幼儿谷类辅助食品》(GB10769-2010)规定的可选择营养成分均有使用,不同类型的婴幼儿谷物辅助食品添加的可选择营养成分不同。各可选择营养成分含量总体处在标准范围值的低区间。     

浅析婴幼儿食品中食品添加剂的使用管理问题

婴幼儿食品安全是食品安全工作的重点领域。目前,婴幼儿食品中违规使用非食用物质和滥用食品添加剂的现象依然存在。为建立合理的添加原则,保障产品的质量,减少因滥用食品添加剂所致的健康危害,国际组织和我国均制定了相应的法规和标准。本文全面系统地介绍了国际和国内涉及婴幼儿食品中食品添加剂使用的相关法规和标准概况,并对我国婴幼儿食品中食品添加剂的使用安全问题进行了分析,旨在对我国婴幼儿食品中食品添加剂的使用管理提供参考和借鉴。     

婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中亚硝酸盐测定方法的改进

目的改进国标方法测定婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中亚硝酸盐含量。方法使用高峰氏Taka淀粉酶降解样品中的淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪,酶解后的样品经过滤,使用分光光度法测定亚硝酸盐含量。结果与国标方法相比,改进方法不需使用沉淀剂,过滤时间缩短,滤液澄清,方法回收率为92.7%～101.2%,相对标准偏差为0.64%～2.89%。结论经验证,改进后的方法能满足方法学要求,实验效率大大提高,可以满足产品质量控制的要求。     

气质法测定婴幼儿食品中营养强化剂

将不同阶段婴幼儿配方奶粉及配方谷粉样品经盐酸水解后,利用乙醚、乙醇及石油醚等提取剂,多次超声提取出脂肪后,利用氢氧化钾甲醇溶液经甲基化反应,通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测,采用保留时间和MS/SCAN方法来定性,利用选择特征离子定量,测定出添加的7种脂肪酸类营养强化剂。本文采用检测方法与国家相关标准相比具有前处理简单快捷,易于操作等优点,检测种类得到进一步拓宽。通过大量的不同阶段婴幼儿乳制品检测,以及一些加标回收试验等众多实验验证:本文采用的检测方法重现性比较好,标准曲线相关系数为0.9990 0.9998,线性范围达0.1 1000μg/mL;7种脂肪酸类营养强化剂检测值的RSD可达0.82%1.78%;样品加标回收率可达90%102.7%;本文采用的仪器检测灵敏度高,方法检测限为0.1mg/kg。     

婴幼儿配方奶粉中脂类风险物质的理论分析

介绍了婴幼儿配方奶粉中反式脂肪酸、月桂酸、豆蔻酸、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、EPA和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)氧化后的产物、合成酚类抗氧化剂等脂类风险物质的来源、对人体的危害及其检测方法.     

Home storage significantly impairs Bifidobacteria survival in powered formula for infants and young children in the Chinese market

The active numbers of probiotics in 20 powdered formula products for infants and young children in China were assessed, 18 of which met the international and national standards. The survival rate of Bifidobacteria under various storage conditions after the product is opened was measured. Storage at 37 °C resulted in a significantly higher decay rate than at 4 °C and 25 °C for 14 and 28 days. Results suggest that the probiotic survival rate in powdered formula is negatively correlated with temperature and storage time, whereas the brand and model of the formula have little impact.     

2018年河南省市售婴幼儿谷类辅助食品微生物污染状况调查

目的 了解河南省市售婴幼儿谷类辅助食品卫生状况,为食品安全风险评估及标准制定提供基础数据。方法 参照《2018年国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》提供方法进行采样和检测,在河南省共采集婴幼儿谷类辅助食品103份,对其进行肠杆菌科、蜡样芽胞杆菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和克罗诺杆菌属污染状况检测,对检测中可疑菌落采用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱进行鉴定。结果 103份样品中肠杆菌科和克罗诺杆菌属检出率分别为0.97%(1/103)和5.83%(6/103),均在婴幼儿即食谷物辅助食品中检出,产地集中在江西省和福建省,采样地点类型均为便利店/零售店,6份克罗诺杆菌属阳性样品中有5份样品标识为≥辅食添加初期。9份样品蜡样芽胞杆菌定量结果在10～10³ CFU/g范围,检出率为8.74%(9/103),样品产地包括广东省、江西省、福建省、黑龙江省和四川省,采样地点类型均为超市和便利店/零售店,其中有8份是婴幼儿即食谷物辅助食品。结论 河南省市售婴幼儿谷类辅助食品尤其是婴幼儿即食谷物辅助食品受到克罗诺杆菌属和蜡样芽胞杆菌污染,且这些阳性产品中大多数标识的适用年龄为≥辅食添加初期,由此带来的食品安全风险较大,建议婴幼儿即食谷物辅助食品添加克罗诺杆菌属和蜡样芽胞杆菌微生物限量,降低由此带来的食品安全隐患。     

《婴幼儿谷类辅助食品》(GB 10769—2010)跟踪评估研究

目的 了解我国监督部门、检验机构和生产企业对GB 10769-2010《婴幼儿谷类辅助食品》的依从性和贯彻实施情况,以期为今后标准的制修订提供资料.方法 通过现况调查,了解婴幼儿谷类辅助食品主产区的监管部门、检验机构和生产企业的基本情况、对标准条款的理解、各项指标的检测能力和标准的实施情况,收集标准执行过程中遇到的主要问题以及反馈的意见和建议.结果 向监督部门、检验机构和生产企业分别发放问卷176、90和56份,有效问卷回收率分别为95.5％、91.1％和85.7％,不同部门均认为标准的整体合理程度较高(89.3％、90.2％、95.9％),收集的反馈意见分别为235、231和207条,大型、外资企业和监督部门、检验机构中从事食品监管和检验工作时间较长以及标准使用频率较高、积极参加各项培训活动的人员反馈问题相对较多.其中产品分类、原料要求、基本营养成分、污染物和真菌毒素限量部分的反馈意见相对集中.结论 通过跟踪调查发现标准整体合理程度较高,部分指标需要跟进新的风险评估结果并及时更新指标值,某些重点营养素亟需出台配套的国标检验方法.加大监管部门、中小企业标准培训的力度和深度,并发挥媒体在标准宣贯中的积极作用,对各方正确执行标准有重要意义.     

实时荧光PCR法测定婴幼儿辅助食品中过敏原鱼类成分

目的建立实时荧光PCR检法测定婴幼儿辅助食品中过敏原鱼类成分。方法通过改进的前处理方法,采用实时荧光PCR法,对45个样品进行检测,分别进行特异性、检出限以及适用性试验。结果用于特异性试验的18个样品中,只有鱼类出现特异性扩增;通过7个不同质量配比的鱼肉样品得出检出限低于0.01%;对市售20批样品进行检测,检测结果与样品标识相符。结论该方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于婴幼儿辅助食品中过敏原鱼成分的检测。     

2012年广西市售婴幼儿食品食源性致病菌监测与分析

目的了解2012年广西市售婴幼儿食品食源性致病菌污染状况,为食品安全预警和食源性疾病预防提供科学依据。方法从广西14个地区的百货商场、超级市场、批发市场和便利店采集婴幼儿食品,按照国标方法进行金黄色葡萄菌、阪崎肠杆菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌检验。结果 1共监测1 939份样品,总检出率为13.56%(263/1 939),其中,阪崎肠杆菌检出率为3.15%,谷类辅助食品检出率为4.19%明显高于配方食品的检出率0.83%(χ2=15.361,P0.05),蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率为10.37%,配方食品检出率为14.12%明显高于谷类辅助食品的检出率8.68%(χ2=13.238,P0.05),金黄色葡萄球菌检出率0.05%;2定量结果:61份阪崎肠杆菌阳性样品中,43份5 MPN/100 g,3份110 MPN/100 g,最大值为240 MPN/100 g;201份蜡样芽胞杆菌阳性样品中,MPN法测得159份100 MPN/g,10份100 MPN/g,最大值为1 100 MPN/g,平板法测得19份100 cfu/g,13份100 cfu/g,最大值为4×107cfu/g;3不同年龄段谷类辅助制品蜡样芽胞杆菌和阪崎肠杆菌检出率范围分别为5.69%~21.05%和3.45%~5.26%,配方食品蜡样芽胞杆菌和阪崎肠杆菌检出率范围分别为11.11%~16.25%和0%~1.37%;4不同产地婴幼儿食品致病菌检出率范围为8.84%~23.47%。结论广西市售婴幼儿食品存在蜡样芽胞杆菌和阪崎肠杆菌污染,应加强企业生产监管,保障婴幼儿食品的安全。     

流动注射法同时检测水中挥发酚和氰化物

目的建立连续流动注射分析仪同时测定末梢水中挥发酚和氰化物的分析方法。方法末梢水经过EDTA和抗坏血酸的混合溶液(20.0 g/L)预处理,用连续流动注射分析仪同时测定挥发酚和氰化物。结果末梢水样品预处理的条件为50 ml水样中加入0.5 ml EDTA和抗坏血酸的混合溶液(20.0 g/L),加标回收率为90.0%~105.0%,相对标准偏差为0.39%~5.85%,挥发酚和氰化物的检出限分别为0.000 2和0.000 4 mg/L。结论该方法精密度好,准确度高,符合分析质控要求。