Nonlinear bending of box section beams of finite length under uniformly distributed loading

In this paper, the bending response of box-section beams of finite length is investigated by using energy methods. The basic assumptions used in the present study are that the total strain energy of a box-section beam subjected to uniformly distributed loading can be simplified into a two-stage analysis process. One is the local bending response of the webs and flanges behaving as plates; the other is the overall bending response of the beam with a deformed cross-section. Analytical solutions for both static and dynamic instabilities of box section beams of finite length subjected to transverse uniformly distributed loading are derived by applying the minimum potential energy principle. To validate the analytical solutions developed, geometric nonlinear finite element analyses are also conducted. Good agreement between the present solutions and the FEA results is demonstrated. Finally, the effects of beam length on the limit critical uniformly distributed load are also discussed.     

Distortional buckling of castellated beams

In previous studies of the structural behavior of castellated steel beams, different possible failure modes of these extensively used structural members have been identified and investigated. On the other hand, during the past 25 years or so, a proliferation of research work has been undertaken on the distortional buckling of steel members. Nonetheless, no studies are found in the literature on the distortional buckling of castellated beams. Accordingly, tests of six full-scale castellated beams are described, in which the experimental investigation of distortional buckling was the focus of interest. In addition to the test strengths, the accurate critical loads of the beams have been obtained using some extrapolation techniques, and ultimately a comparison has been made between the obtained test loads and some theoretical predictions.     

Shear strength of RC beams subjected to cyclic thermal loading

The experiments were performed for assessing the influence of cyclic thermal loading on the shear strength of reinforced concrete (RC) beam specimens. One hundred eleven RC beams of 100 × 150 × 1200 mm size reinforced in tension zone with two bars of 8, 10 and 12 mm diameters were tested under four point loading. The beams were subjected to a number of thermal cycles varying from 7 to 28 cycles with peak temperature taken as 100, 200 and 300 °C. The effects of thermal cycles on the crack pattern, failure mechanism, first crack load and the shear strength of beams have been discussed. The shear strength of the beams has been found to increase by up to 10% at lower temperature cycles of 100 and 200 °C but reduces by up to 14% at higher temperature (300 °C) depending on the severity of thermal loading. The results of study emphasize the need for developing appropriate guidelines for the design of RC structural elements used in comparatively high temperature environment with cyclic thermal loading conditions.     

Nonlinear instability of angle section beams under uniformly distributed loads

This paper presents a study on the flattening behavior of angle-section beams of finite length subjected to uniformly distributed transverse loads. Analytical solutions for static instabilities of angle-section beams when they are bent about their weak axis are derived using energy methods. The basic assumptions used in the present study are that the total strain energy of an angle-section beam subjected to a uniformly distributed load can be simplified into a two-stage process. One is the bending response of the two legs behaving as the plate; the other is the bending response as a beam with flattened section. The nonlinear instability is derived by applying the minimum potential energy principle and the corresponding static critical moments associated with the section flattening-induced buckling are determined. To validate the analytical solution developed, nonlinear finite element analyses are also conducted. Good agreement between the present solution and the FEA results is demonstrated.     

Rotational capacity of castellated steel beams

This paper numerically studies the behavior of castellated beams with two simply supported ends under moment gradient loading and investigates the effect of beam and braced lengths on rotational capacity of castellated beams. To assure the ability of numerical models in predicting the complex behavior (especially at the location of opening) as well as the failure modes, numerical models of two experimentally tested specimens are developed. Comparison of force–displacement curves and failure modes shows that neglecting the boundary condition of the specimens, the numerical method can properly predict the behavior of castellated beams. All geometrical properties of the beams are the same as the study parameters so that the finite element model of the corresponding plain‐webbed beams can be easily created by filling the web openings in castellated beams. The accuracy of finite element models of plain‐webbed beams is evaluated by comparing the moment–rotation behavior with that of numerical models developed by other researchers. Rotational capacity of castellated beams derived from numerical models is compared with that of the corresponding I‐shaped plain‐webbed steel beams, and it is observed that in the case of short beams, web openings reduce energy absorption and plastic moment capacity of the beams compared with that of long ones. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

First ply failure study of thin composite conoidal shells subjected to uniformly distributed load

The civil engineers often need to cover large column free open spaces with thin shell structures. The doubly curved shells are characteristically stiff and the ruled surfaces are easy to fabricate. The aesthetically pleasing conoidal shells satisfy both these criteria and are preferred by structural engineers. The engineers now look out for strong but lightweight materials and as a result the laminated composites have evolved. The first ply failure is very important issue for laminated composites. Such studies for plates are reported but similar work on thin shells is very scanty. This paper is aimed to fulfill this lacuna.     

Flange and web limit states in beams subjected to patch loading

Recent field observations during bridge construction revealed excessive localized deformations in sill and cap beams that support falsework posts. Hence, possible limit states associated with flange and web deformations in W and HP sections subjected to patch loading are investigated in this paper. Critical limit states were found to be related to flange bending, post compression, and the interactions associated with patch loading between a beam flange and timber or steel post. Other limit states are associated with web deformations. Two alternative methods based on yield line analyses that establish upper-bound limiting loads for these limit states are proposed. The first method accounts for an interaction between flange bending and post compression strength, whereas the second method uses an effective bearing area of the post. The former method is most effective in characterizing flange-timber posts interactions, while the effective bearing area method was found to be more accurate for steel posts. For beams with relatively thick webs, such as those typically used in bridge falsework, the web was found to have a greater capacity than the flange and post, with the critical web limit state due to web yielding. It was shown that current recommended equations were appropriate with modifications to account for the patch loading condition.     

爆炸荷载作用下梁板结构反弹机理分析

基于等效单自由度体系和分布参数体系研究了爆炸荷载作用下梁板结构在弹性阶段的反弹机理,给出了5种常用荷载作用下的单自由度弹性反弹曲线,进一步建立了典型加劲肋钢板有限元模型,对其在塑性阶段的反弹机理进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明：荷载作用时间越短,反弹越严重,相反,荷载作用时间越长,反弹越小;当荷载作用时间无穷大时,反弹抗力约为正向抗力的50%;荷载形式的改变对反弹影响较大;阻尼对结构的反弹影响显著,设计时建议按30%折减;当结构进入塑性阶段后,反弹效应减弱,反弹规律与弹性阶段类似。     

蜂窝梁的稳定性能研究进展

对蜂窝梁破坏模式的研究表明，失稳是其结构性能失效的重要破坏模式。为此，在回顾蜂窝梁结构特性研究的基础上，总结归纳了蜂窝梁失稳的3种主要模式：整体弯扭失稳、梁墩屈曲、畸变屈曲。结合国内外近30多年来对蜂窝梁稳定性的试验研究成果，对影响蜂窝梁稳定性的主要因素进行分析。采用蒙特卡洛法得到纯弯简支蜂窝梁弯扭失稳临界荷载的概率分布和影响因子的敏感度。将部分具有代表性的试验成果与欧洲规范EN 1993-1-1计算结果进行对比，根据中国规范GB 50068—2001《建筑结构可靠度设计统一标准》提供的抗力分项系数，计算了不同荷载组合下蜂窝梁整体弯扭失稳临界荷载的可靠度指标，为国内规范的制订提供依据。最后，总结了当前蜂窝梁稳定性研究中存在的不足，指明了进一步研究的方向。     

Collapse load analysis of square and rectangular tubes subjected to transverse in-plane loading

Experiments to determine the collapse load of aluminum and mild steel tubes, of square and rectangular cross-sections, between parallel rigid platens were carried out in an Instron machine. A two stage analysis for the collapse of these tubes was carried out by considering the out-of-straightness of arms, corner radius, friction between the platens and the specimen and stability of the vertical arms. Results thus obtained compare well with experiments.     

疲劳损伤锈蚀预应力混凝土梁受力性能研究

对经历不同疲劳加载历程的锈蚀预应力混凝土梁进行静力加载，研究了疲劳损伤锈蚀预应力混凝土梁的受力性能。采用三维激光扫描技术获得了锈蚀预应力筋几何模型。试验结果表明：不均匀锈蚀诱发预应力筋在截面积最小且存在明显锈坑处发生脆性断裂；疲劳损伤后锈蚀预应力混凝土梁初始刚度发生退化，变形能力明显降低，具有脆性破坏特征；随疲劳损伤程度的增加，锈蚀预应力钢丝的变形能力降低；普通钢筋屈服平台缩短，极限应变降低。     

Development of dimensionless P-I diagram for curved SCS sandwich shell subjected to uniformly distributed blast pressure

The curved steel-concrete-steel (SCS) sandwich shell was recently proposed to resist blast loading and it showed better blast resistant performance as compared to flat SCS sandwich shell via developing compressive force along the shell. In this paper, a dimensionless Pressure-Impulse (P-I) diagram was constructed as a convenient tool to predict the damage level of curved SCS sandwich shell subjected to uniformly distributed blast loading. The curved SCS sandwich shell was equivalent to a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system and the equation of motion was established by employing the Lagrange’s equation. To construct the dimensionless P-I diagram, the energy balance method was utilized to yield the pressure and impulse asymptotes and the responses in the dynamic response regime were obtained via employing the SDOF method. Then, the finite element method was employed to validate the developed dimensionless P-I diagram. Finally, the procedures of using the constructed dimensionless P-I diagram to quickly conduct the blast resistant design of curved SCS sandwich shell were presented.     

Interaction of buckling modes in castellated steel beams

This paper investigates the behaviour of normal and high strength castellated steel beams under combined lateral torsional and distortional buckling modes. An efficient nonlinear 3D finite element model has been developed for the analysis of the beams. The initial geometric imperfection and material nonlinearities were carefully considered in the analysis. The nonlinear finite element model was verified against tests on castellated beams having different lengths and different cross-sections. Failure loads and interaction of buckling modes as well as load-lateral deflection curves of castellated steel beams were investigated in this study. An extensive parametric study was carried out using the finite element model to study the effects of the change in cross-section geometries, beam length and steel strength on the strength and buckling behaviour of castellated steel beams. The parametric study has shown that the presence of web distortional buckling causes a considerable decrease in the failure load of slender castellated steel beams. It is also shown that the use of high strength steel offers a considerable increase in the failure loads of less slender castellated steel beams. The failure loads predicted from the finite element model were compared with that predicted from Australian Standards for steel beams under lateral torsional buckling. It is shown that the Specification predictions are generally conservative for normal strength castellated steel beams failing by lateral torsional buckling, unconservative for castellated steel beams failing by web distortional buckling and quite conservative for high strength castellated steel beams failing by lateral torsional buckling.     

腐蚀与荷载耦合作用下钢-混凝土组合梁长期变形研究

为探究腐蚀与荷载耦合作用下钢 混凝土组合梁长期变形规律,对钢-混凝土组合梁进行腐蚀与荷载耦合作用225d的长期性能试验,考虑不同加载龄期、栓钉锈蚀率对钢-混凝土组合梁界面相对滑移和长期挠度的影响。研究结果表明：在腐蚀与荷载耦合作用下,栓钉锈蚀率越高,组合梁的界面相对滑移及长期挠度也越大;长期挠度增长与混凝土徐变发展规律类似,与混凝土加载龄期7d的组合梁相比,混凝土加载龄期28d的组合梁长期挠度较小;基于龄期调整的有效模量法和应力重分布原理,考虑组合梁由混凝土收缩徐变和栓钉锈蚀引起的附加挠度,提出栓钉锈蚀条件下组合梁的长期挠度计算公式;组合梁长期挠度理论计算值与实测值吻合较好,可为工程实际运用提供参考。     

单调荷载作用下高强混凝土梁受弯性能尺寸效应研究

进行了不同截面尺寸高强混凝土梁的弯曲试验,研究了梁高对其受弯性能的影响。试件采用C70高强混凝土,纵向受力钢筋采用HRB400级钢筋。试件截面尺寸不同,截面长宽比、剪跨比和配筋率等参数保持一致。分析了不同截面尺寸对高强混凝土梁的名义开裂弯矩、名义屈服弯矩、名义极限弯矩、延性以及塑性转动能力的影响。研究结果表明,高强混凝土梁的名义开裂弯矩、名义屈服弯矩和名义极限弯矩无明显尺寸效应,而试件的位移延性系数和塑性铰区的塑性转动能力则表现出明显的尺寸效应,随截面尺寸的增大梁的位移延性系数和塑性铰区塑性转动能力有所降低。     

均布荷载作用下腹板开孔轻钢龙骨墙体受弯性能试验研究

为研究腹板开孔轻钢龙骨墙体中覆面板材对墙体受弯承载力的贡献,考虑龙骨腹板高度、自攻螺钉间距等参数的影响,对5片腹板开孔的轻钢龙骨墙体标准单元在均布荷载作用下的受弯性能进行了试验研究,分析试件的承载力、破坏模式、挠度、应变和剪力滞效应等。基于试验结果,建立了可考虑剪力滞效应的腹板开孔轻钢龙骨墙体标准单元有限元模型,将试验结果与有限元计算结果进行对比,验证了模型的可靠性。基于有限元模型,研究了石膏板厚度、龙骨间距和腹板高度对石膏板有效宽度的影响。试验结果表明：开设细长孔洞对龙骨腹板削弱较大,会引起剪力滞效应,并导致墙体在均布荷载作用下在支座附近发生腹板的剪切屈曲;对于厚度为100～200 mm的墙体,竖龙骨与石膏板间的自攻螺钉间距取300 mm即可保证石膏板与龙骨共同工作;在开孔比率相同的前提下,随着腹板高度的增加,墙体抗弯刚度及受弯承载力均有显著提高。所建立的腹板开孔轻钢龙骨墙体标准单元实体有限元模型能够合理考虑剪力滞效应,与试验结果吻合良好,试件初始刚度和承载力预测值与试验结果最大相差分别不超过6%和4%。有限元参数分析结果表明石膏板有效宽度主要受龙骨腹板高度影响。     

蜂窝梁挠度的简化计算

在介绍蜂窝梁挠度计算的基础上,提出了一种实用简化的挠度计算方法,并通过3根蜂窝梁试验,验证了简化计算公式的可行性。     

Exact lateral–torsional buckling solutions for cantilevered beams subjected to intermediate and end transverse point loads

This paper presents exact stability criteria for the lateral–torsional buckling of cantilever strip beams under intermediate and end point loads. The two-dimensional stability domain is given in closed-form solutions, in terms of Bessel functions. The limit of the convex stability domain tends towards Dunkerley's line when the intermediate load approaches the tip of the cantilever. However, the Dunkerley's line is no longer appropriate when the distance between both loads is sufficiently large. An approximate set of formulas is proposed for quick estimation of the buckling load.     

Parametric study of hexagonal castellated beams in post-tensioned self-centering steel connections

The effects of important parameters (beam reinforcing plates, initial post-tensioning, and material properties of steel angles) on the behavior of hexagonal castellated beams in post-tensioned self-centering (PTSC) connections undergone cyclic loading up to 4% lateral drift have been investigated by finite element (FE) analysis using ABAQUS. The PTSC connection is comprised of bolted top and bottom angles as energy dissipaters and steel strands to provide self-centering capacity. The FE analysis has also been validated against the experimental test. The new formulations derived from analytical method has been proposed to predict bending moment of PTSC connections. The web-post buckling in hexagonal castellated beams has been identified as the dominant failure mode when excessive initial post-tensioning force is applied to reach greater bending moment resistance, so it is required to limit the highest initial post-tensioning force to prevent this failure. Furthermore, properties of steel material has been simulated using bilinear elastoplastic modeling with 1.5% strain-hardening which has perfectly matched with the real material of steel angles. It is recommended to avoid using steel angles with high yielding strength since they lead to the yielding of bolt shank. The necessity of reinforcing plates to prevent beam flange from local buckling has been reaffirmed.