耦合电梯门狭缝流动的高层竖井火灾烟气模拟

利用FDS 建立17 层高层办公楼数值模型,考虑狭缝的小开口流动,耦合了基于开口流动理论的HVAC 模型,研究高层建筑内烟气通过电梯竖井的蔓延过程,得到了高层建筑内烟囱效应诱导的火灾烟气蔓延规律。高层建筑内较低层发生的火灾会显著加热电梯竖井中的气体,形成烟囱效应,高层建筑内部会形成中性面。通过将HVAC 模型与基于标准流量系数的模型进行比较,可以发现这两种方法计算的质量流量相差约1.5 倍。这是由于采用的HVAC 模型并没有考虑狭缝处的开口流动损失。通过进一步修正,取开口损失系数K 值为3.56 能得到较好的模拟结果。     

The performance of a passive solar house with window sunspace systems

The performance of a single family residential solar house with three different window systems is presented. Of these three systems, two are window sunspace systems that operate as a heating component in winter and as a solar chimney for summer ventilation.The first window sunspace system is a small, local one and operates like a Trombe wall. However, contrary to a Trombe wall, the system presented here allows the penetration of daylight like any window. This window system can easily be used in small apartment buildings, where extra area for full-scale sunspace is not available.The second window sunspace system is a large central one and is designed between two tilted roofs. The heat collected by this sunspace is driven down into the living area by forced convection. The central window sunspace system collects sufficient amount of energy to heat the floor, which is shaded by the neighbouring building to its south. Such a situation is frequently encountered in low-rise high density areas. The realized solution can generally be applied to such areas.Evaluation of the expected performance of the building was carried out during the design process by means of a detailed simulation model. Comparisons between actual measurements during the first year occupancy and the simulation model are presented.     

Low cost passive cooling system for social housing in dry hot climate

The low energy approach should be the key concept in any long-term strategy aiming to build sustainability. For Madrid climate, action should be taken to reduce energy demand for heating and cooling in residential buildings.The performance of a passive cooling system was developed as a part of design work for the project of a low cost residential building. The passive cooling systems incorporate a solar chimney and precool the air by using the sanitary area of the building. The natural ventilation is enhanced with the help of the solar chimney and fresh air is cooled down by circulation within the sanitary area. The application of this system to the living rooms of a low cost residential building was evaluated and implemented. This cooling system incorporated to a residential building is the third prototype developed since 1991 by the designers. A model was developed to allow to predict the temperature of the air in the living room. The performance of the passive cooling system was evaluated based on the energy balance for a typical summer day.To reduce the energy demand in winter, a new design and window orientation has been developed and evaluated using DOE-2 simulation tool. The building has been constructed and monitored during 2006-2007.     

Ventilation by natural convection of a one-story building

The objective of the present paper is to study passive ventilation of a one-story detached building. The flow of air is induced by a hot element of the building heated by solar energy. The hot element could be a part of a roof or a wall of the building, or a chimney through which the air is sucked from the building.The method does not require electrical power or mechanical installations, thus it can be applied in remote areas and buildings that are not connected to electric power, like desert-located buildings. The method may be used also for removal of toxic gases, like radon, from the ground floor of the building, without additional expenses.Experiments and simulations have been performed, in steady and transient states, in a scaled-down laboratory model. The results obtained from the simulations and fully supported by measurements and visualization, indicate that it is possible to obtain effective ventilation by the proposed method. Numerical simulations for steady and transient ventilation in real-size buildings are presented and discussed.     

Enhancement of natural ventilation in buildings using a thermal chimney

A new module was developed for and implemented in the EnergyPlus program for the simulation and determination of the energy impact of thermal chimneys. This paper describes the basic concepts, assumptions, and algorithms implemented into the EnergyPlus program to predict the performance of a thermal chimney. Using the new module, the effects of the chimney height, solar absorptance of the absorber wall, solar transmittance of the glass cover and the air gap width are investigated under various conditions. Chimney height, solar absorptance and solar transmittance turned out to have more influence on the ventilation enhancement than the air gap width. The potential energy impacts of a thermal chimney under three different climate conditions are also investigated. It turned out that significant building cooling energy saving can be achieved by properly employing thermal chimneys and that they have more potential for cooling than for heating. In addition, the performance of a thermal chimney was heavily dependent on the climate of the location.     

防烟空气幕二维数学模型

通过分析高层建筑火灾时引起烟气流动的因素 ,建立了烟气流动的二维流场数学模型 ,运用流函数的叠加原理 ,在实验研究的基础上 ,推导了高层建筑火灾时防烟空气幕流量、吹风口宽度和吹风口的射流速度的计算模型     

太阳能烟囱自然通风的一维稳态模型

太阳能烟囱是一种利用太阳能加热来强化自然通风的技术.在前人简化模型的基础上,考虑了玻璃盖板和集热墙的导热热阻的影响,建立了一个修正的太阳能烟囱自然通风的一维稳态数学模型.并利用此模型,对太阳能烟囱内的空气平均温度、集热墙温度、空气流量以及集热效率等进行了模拟计算和讨论.模型计算结果与相关实验数据及前人的简化模型进行了对...     

Effect of solar chimney inclination angle on space flow pattern and ventilation rate

The solar chimney is a simple and practical idea that is applied to enhance space natural ventilation. The chimney could be vertical or inclined. The chimney inclination angle is an important parameter that greatly affects space flow pattern and ventilation rate.In the present study, the effect of chimney inclination angle on air change per hour and indoor flow pattern was numerically and analytically investigated. A numerical simulation using Ansys, a FEM-based code, was used to predict flow pattern. Then the results were compared with published experimental measurements. A FORTRAN program was developed to iteratively solve the mathematical model that was obtained through an overall energy balance on the solar chimney.The analytical results showed that an optimum air flow rate value was achieved when the chimney inclination is between 45° and 70° for latitude of 28.4°. The numerically predicted flow pattern inside the space supports this finding. Moreover, in the present study a correlation to predict the air change per hour was developed. The correlation was tested within a solar intensity greater than or equal to 500 W/m², and chimney width from 0.1 m to 0.35 m for different inclination angles with acceptable values.     

高层建筑楼梯间烟囱效应实测分析

以西安地区一实际高层建筑为例,研究了在热压和风压共同作用下自然通风对高层建筑楼梯间空气流动状况的影响,以及在热压单独作用下楼梯间的烟囱效应。通过对不同天气情况下楼梯间门洞风速和温度的实测,测出了烟囱效应现象并了解到了天气状况对楼梯间中和面的位置和楼梯间内空气流动方向的影响比较大。     

Characteristic parameters of a hypocaust construction

Hypocaust, an ancient Roman concept for keeping the inside of buildings warm, has been explained with a survey of a few modern buildings based on these concepts and using solar heat employing a number of design variations. Results expressed in terms of energy requirements per m² of floor area per degree day comes out to be minimum (15.4 kJ m⁻² per DD per annum) for a solar chimney and maximum for solar air collectors (128.4 kJ m⁻² per DD per annum). The basic parameters that determine the performance of a hypocaust construction are size of the cavity determining the heat transfer between the flowing fluid and the building component and the storage capacity of the hypocaust element. The optimum width of the cavity comes out to be between 50 mm and 100 mm. Heat storage capacity of the building element used as hypocaust corresponds to 0.125°K temperature rise per hour in relation to the building heat load.     

办公建筑热回收装置节能运行模式分析

当前新风负荷占建筑能耗的比重很大,而热回收可以有效减少新风负荷。为进一步细分空调系统中热回收装置的全年运行情况,提高热回收装置的节能运行效果,针对北京地区办公建筑,以研制的热管式热交换器为例,利用De ST软件构建了办公建筑模型。空调系统采用两管制风机盘管加新风系统。引入平衡温度的概念,划分了热回收装置的全年启停时间及对应运行模式,根据标准气象年的气象数据绘制能量回收效果图,得到相应模式下的热回收量,可节省62.6%~66%的新风负荷,节能效果明显。     

寒冷B区的高性能节能建筑能耗计算分析

针对寒冷B区的5个典型城市,研究分析了气象文件、系统性热桥、高性能窗等对建筑能耗的影响。提出对气象文件中的温度、太阳辐射分析,可以确定供暖空调起始日期及对建筑能耗影响的比例。利用模拟计算的方法,外墙外保温的单个锚栓对系统传热系数增加值为小于等于0.002 W/(m^2·K)。对高性能窗的性能进行研究,得出窗户的气密性及玻璃层数的配置,直接影响建筑能耗趋势,且采用活动外遮阳的总能耗比固定遮阳的降低9%左右。     

体育建筑非空调区照明与间歇运行对分层空调负荷影响的分析

传统分层空调负荷计算方法的辐射热转移负荷仅考虑非空调区高温壁面对空调区低温壁面辐射引起的负荷,并未考虑非空调区照明设备与空调区之间的辐射热转移负荷,而将非空调区照明得热形成的负荷全数作为非空调区空气得热。为研究非空调区照明设备与空调区之间的辐射热转移后对热转移负荷的影响,以某体育中心比赛大厅为研究对象,在现行大空间分层空调负荷计算方法的基础上,将非空调区照明负荷假想成比赛区非空调区上空一均匀面热源,假定照明灯具均带不透明的灯罩,并近似认为不影响室内气流流动。根据面热源辐射散热比例,通过计算该面热源与空调区地板之间的辐射量并附加一定的修正系数(取1.3)得到空调区辐射热转移量。同时,考虑到体育馆经常为间歇性运行工况,为研究间歇性运行工况与连续性运行工况之间的差别,对研究对象进行了相关调查研究,假想设定了一些通常存在的间歇性工况并基于间歇运行工况进行了照明辐射散热对负荷的影响。研究非空调区照明向空调区转移的辐射热转移负荷发现:在非空调区,与不考虑照明辐射散热相比,考虑非空调区照明总散热中辐射散热占比为50%时,间歇运行对流和辐射总热转移负荷增加了8.8%;考虑照明总散热中辐射散热占比为0%~100%时,间歇运行对流和辐射总热转移负荷增加了0.0%~19.0%。通过分析体育建筑运行及其空调负荷构成特点,提出了针对体育馆间歇运行特征的分层空调负荷计算方法。由论文设定的间歇运行工况计算得出间歇运行负荷是连续运行的92.3%。同时,还得到间歇运行时重型建筑分层空调负荷是轻型建筑的93.3%等结论。     

Application of night cooling concept to social housing design in dry hot climate

A passive night cooling system was developed and implemented for a new project of social housing. The passive cooling system incorporates a solar chimney in combination with high thermal mass in the building construction. The natural ventilation is enhanced with the help of the solar chimney and night fresh air cools the building structure. The design of this concept was calculated by balancing energy using basic thermal equations for a summer reference day and evaluated using two simulation tools, TRNSYS and TAS. The building has been constructed and actually in process of monitoring.     

Effect of double layer phase change material in building roof for year round thermal management

Efficient and economical technology that can be used to store large amounts of heat or cold in a definite volume is the subject of research for a long time. Latent heat storage in a phase change material (PCM) is very attractive because of its high-energy storage density and its isothermal behavior during the phase change process. Thermal storage plays a major role in building energy conservation, which is greatly assisted by the incorporation of latent heat storage in building products. Increasing the thermal storage capacity of a building can enhance human comfort by decreasing the frequency of internal air temperature swings so that the indoor air temperature is closer to the desired temperature for a longer period of time. However, it is impossible to select a phase change material to suit all the weather condition in a given location. The PCM that reduces the internal air temperature swing during the winter season is not suitable for the summer season as the PCM remains in the liquid state at all the times during these months and hence the system cannot exploit the latent heat effect. This paper attempts to study the thermal performance of an inorganic eutectic PCM based thermal storage system for thermal management in a residential building. The system has been analyzed by theoretical and experimental investigation. A double layer PCM concept is studied in detail to achieve year round thermal management in a passive manner.     

Building leakage analysis and infiltration modelling for an Italian multi-family building

The presented paper aims at detailing the results of an investigation that was recently conducted in Italy to evaluate the contribution infiltration makes to meeting ventilation needs in a recently renovated apartment building and the corresponding energy costs. It is years that increasing importance has been placed on the energy efficiency in residential buildings as about 70% of the existing Italian residential building stock was built before 1976 (i.e. before any measure related to the energy efficiency in buildings). As existing dwellings have been traditionally considered ‘leaky’, the actions for improving their energy efficiency have often determined tighter buildings, raising concerns about whether the amount of infiltration is sufficient to provide occupants with acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ). The current state of knowledge on infiltration in multi-family buildings in terms of measuring procedures, corresponding air change rates and airflow patterns was reviewed. The air tightness of a three-storey, six-unit, multi-family building which can be considered representative of the existing recently renovated Italian building stock was characterized by means of a series of fan pressurization tests. The performed blower door tests are documented and results of the data analysis are reported and discussed. A simulation model was developed; simulations were performed to analyse in detail the winter magnitude of air infiltration. Winter is usually detrimental to IAQ, as severe outdoor weather prompts occupants to keep closed any opening that could allow cold drafts into their homes. Modelling results were validated on the basis of a 3-week monitoring campaign. The developed model enabled to estimate the variation with time of infiltration rates and therefore the influence of infiltrating air on the resulting heat loss and IAQ. Numerical predictions were derived using the EnergyPlus simulation tool which allowed to combine whole building thermal simulation and detailed multi-zone airflow modelling. Results show that, during the considered heating season (October–April), the average air change rate due to infiltration was approximately 0.1 h^?1. It was concluded that infiltration cannot be relied upon to provide adequate ventilation air and, if not assisted by other means of ventilation, IAQ deterioration is likely to occur.     

Virtual outdoor air flow meter for an existing HVAC system in heating mode

Measurements from the operation of Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning (HVAC) system are collected by Building Automation System (BAS) mostly for control purpose. In many air handling units (AHUs) the airflow meter is not installed on the outdoor air stream to reduce the initial costs. To provide such a missing information needed for the ongoing commissioning of HVAC system, a virtual flow meter (VFM) should be implemented in the BAS. This paper presents VFMs for the heating season when the heat recovery coils are used. Two models are presented which predict the outdoor air ratio (factor α), in the absence of such an air flow meter, by using BAS trend data. Two energy balance equations, one for the air mixing box and another for the heat recovery coils, are coupled. The results from a case study building show that the two models predict the daily average outdoor air ratio of 0.89 and 0.87, respectively, compared with the reference daily average ratio of 0.86.     

Application of passive cooling systems in the hot and humid climate: The case study of solar chimney and wetted roof in Thailand

The thermal performance of two passive cooling systems under hot and humid climate condition is experimentally investigated. The experimental results were obtained from a test cell and a controlled cell with identical walls but different roof configurations. The passive cooling systems applied to the test cell are solar chimney and water spraying on roof. The experimental results obtained from the test cell are compared with the closed and no passive cooling controlled cell. In addition, the significant of solar-induced ventilation by using a solar chimney is realized by utilizing a wind shield to reduce the effect of wind-induced ventilation resulting in low measured air velocities to the solar chimney and low computed value of coefficient of discharge. The derived coefficient of discharge of 0.4 is used to compute Air Changes rates per Hour (ACH). The ACHs with application of solar chimney solely are found to be in the range of 0.16–1.98. The studies of air temperature differences between the room and the solar chimney suggest amount of air flow rates for different periods in a year. The derived relationships show that the air flow rate during February–March is higher than during June–October by 16.7–53.7%. The experimental results show that application of the solar chimney in the test cell could maintain the room temperature at 31.0–36.5 °C, accounting for 1.0–3.5 °C lower than the ambient air and 1.0–1.3 °C lower than the controlled cell. However, to make the test cell's room temperature much lower than the ambient temperature and increase the flow rate of air due to the buoyancy, the application of water spraying on roof is recommended together with solar chimney. The application of the two systems in the hot and humid climate are discovered to sustain the room temperature of the test cell to be lower than the ambient air by 2.0–6.2 °C and lower than the controlled cell by 1.4–3.0 °C.     

浮法玻璃熔窑冷却部压力调节系统

浮法玻璃熔窑冷却部压力调节技术，可延长熔窑寿命、提高玻璃质量。具体措施是在浮法玻璃熔窑冷却部设置一对调压烟囱，烟囱出口设气帘装置，气帘装置与可调节的气路连接。通过改变气路的气体流量可以实现对冷却部压力进行精确调节的功能。     

Analysis of coupled natural convection–conduction effects on the heat transport through hollow building blocks

In the present study, the coupled convective and conduction heat transport mode in a common hollow building brick is studied. Heat transfer rate through building bricks is examined in order to asses the suitable brick insulation configuration. Three different configurations for building bricks are considered. The first is a typical brick of three identical hollow cells (air cavities), the second is obtained by filling these cells with ordinary polystyrene bars and the third is obtained by using hollow polystyrene bars. The geometry of the first and third configurations considered in this study is simply a solid closed frame surrounding square cavities filled with air. The second configuration is a solid composite slab. Solving Navier–Stocks equations assuming Boussinesq approximation, using the commercial Fluent software, showed that the cellular air motion inside blocks’ cavities contributes significantly to the heat loads. Insertion of polystyrene bars reduced the heat rate by a maximum of 36%. Using a hollow polystyrene bars reduces the heat rate by 6% only due to the air motion inside cells. In order to estimate the heat rate during a day, the air temperature and solar insolation data of a typical summer day for the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arab, are used. A quazi-steady state approach is implemented to estimate an equivalent facade surface temperature, which is then used as boundary for solving the simulation model. Such an approach showed that the effective overall daily heat rate reduction using polystyrene filled bricks to be 25%.