A programming language for learning environments

Most of the recent research on programming languages for education has been centered around the language Logo. In this paper we introduce another candidate language for learning environments, Nial, the nested interactive array language.
Nial is a general-purpose programming language based on a formal theory of mathematics called array theory. This paper introduces Nial as a language for learning programming and developing and using computer-aided instruction tools. A comparison with Logo is provided to evaluate these two languages in terms of their strengths and weaknesses as programming environments for novice programmers. We also demonstrate that a programming environment can be both simple to leam at the novice level and extendible to a powerful and sophisticated language.     

浅谈R语言中OOP编程方法

R作为统计领域广泛使用的一种统计软件,具有开源、免费、灵活的诸多优点,编程语言强大,但用到面向对象的缔程方法却不多。本文通过对R中面向对象编程的研究,使读者进一步的了解R软件。     

An operational formal definition of PROLOG: a specification method and its application

We present in this paper a logic programming specification language and its application to the formal specification of PROLOG dialects (Marseille-Edinburgh like dialect or parallel logic programs). In particular it is used in the standardization work of PROLOG. The specification language is based on normal clauses (definite clauses with possibly negative literals in the body) whose semantics is the set of the (generalized) proof-trees. We restrict the specification language to stratified programs and ground proof-trees such that its semantics fits with most of the usual known semantics in logic programming. The specification language is fully declarative in the sense that it is written in a pure logical stule. It is relatively easy to deduce an executable specification from a specification written in such a language. Part of the specification are the associated comments and a methodology has been developed to write these. Without the comments a formal specification cannot be understood; they are partly formal and serve only to help to understand the axioms. They are a natural language form of formal statements relative to the correctness and the completeness of the axioms with regards to some intended meaning. We show in this paper how this specification language can be used to specify dialects of PROLOG. The presented example is just a sample of PROLOG but fully developed here. The specification language has already been used for real dialects as PARLOG and standard PROLOG. This specification method is also interesting because it illustrates the power of logic programming to make specifications. It seems to us that logic programming is generally considered as “impure” executable specification. Our purpose is to show that logic programming may also be used as a perhaps low level but full specification language.     

EuLisp in education

We present our experience withEuLisp as a teaching language, focussing on the level of the language which was specifically designed for this purpose (level-0).EuLisp has been used in undergraduate and postgraduate teaching since 1990, in lectures and laboratories, where in many cases it has replaced Scheme or Common Lisp. It has been used extensively in programming courses, parallelism courses, as a vehicle for advanced courses in symbolic computing and programming language design; it has also been used as a platform for final year undergraduate projects. This experience has demonstrated thatEuLisp is well suited to teaching and far reaching in its capabilities: it supports the relevant concepts in a consistent and versatile framework, so that the language serves to facilitate the educational process. The discussion is illustrated with examples, and where appropriate we draw a comparison with the Lisp dialects used previously in these courses.     

关于《C语言程序设计》教学的几点思考

C语言是一门高级程序设计语言,它使用广泛,表达能力强、目标代码运行效率高、可移植性好,既具有高级语言的优点,又具有低级语言的许多特点,既可以用来编写系统软件,又可以用来编写应用软件。因而学习好C语言程序设计具有更重要的意义。文中就C语言程序设计教学的现状结合个人实践,提出了一些看法。     

关于《C语言程序设计》教学的几点思考

C语言是一门高级程序设计语言，它使用广泛，表达能力强、目标代码运行效率高、可移植性好，既具有高级语言的优点，又具有低级语言的许多特点，既可以用采编写系统软件，又可以用来编写应用软件。因而学习好C语言程序设计具有更重要的意义。文中就C语言程序设计教学的现状结合个人实践，提出了一些看法。     

EuLisp in education

We present our experience withEuLisp as a teaching language, focussing on the level of the language which was specifically designed for this purpose (level-0).EuLisp has been used in undergraduate and postgraduate teaching since 1990, in lectures and laboratories, where in many cases it has replaced Scheme or Common Lisp. It has been used extensively in programming courses, parallelism courses, as a vehicle for advanced courses in symbolic computing and programming language design; it has also been used as a platform for final year undergraduate projects. This experience has demonstrated thatEuLisp is well suited to teaching and far reaching in its capabilities: it supports the relevant concepts in a consistent and versatile framework, so that the language serves to facilitate the educational process. The discussion is illustrated with examples, and where appropriate we draw a comparison with the Lisp dialects used previously in these courses.     

JAVA编程语言在计算机软件开发中的应用研究

JAVA是较为常见的编程语言之一,其在使用的过程中多是对象语言,将所有编程方式进行比较之后,能够了解其所具备的优势。JAVA使用的平台不仅数量多,还较为广泛,为此,在进行软件开发时,让其成为了更多技术人员的首选。基于此,本文对JAVA语言中具备的特征进行了重点分析,同时,细致阐述了其在软件开发过程中的具体应用方式,以供参考。     

C语言编程技巧在C语言学习中的应用

C语言是功能强大、应用广泛的编程语言,也是目前高校理工类的公共必修课程之一,可见其重要性,C语言集高级编程语言和汇编语言的特点于一身,目前市面上的许多软件也是在C语言的平台上产生的,所以高校在C语言的教学中也可谓是＂不遗余力＂的。但是从近年来的教学效果来看,学生的普遍反映却让人大跌眼镜,大部分人认为C语言晦涩难学,学起来是非常吃力,经常是非常努力学习却达不到想要的效果,课程过后没有任何收获,甚至连一个小程序都写不出来,针对上述情况做了初步分析,并从C语言的编程技巧上提出了相关改善对策。     

Children and turtles

This paper describes a study of the reactions to Logo and turtles by children at a Devon infant school. The study was aimed at observing the reactions, made by a selected group of 6-and-year-olds, to a version of the programming language Logo and to the turtle. It is aimed to give the reader an insight into the thinking behind the actions made and decisions taken by the children, in order that the value of the turtle as a teaching aid may be judged.     

Techniques of integrating Datalog with PROLOG

Since extending DATALOG to a general-purpose programming language seems very difficult,many projects have embedded a DATALOG-based query laguage into a procedural host language,such as CORAL,Glue-Nail,etc.Although DATALOG can be consideed as function-free PROLOG,they are very different in many aspects.For instance,DATALOG is declarative while PROLOG isn‘t,DATALOG takes “a-set-at-a-time” mode of evaluation but PROLOG takes “a-tuple-at-a-time”one,DATALOG is only a query language whereas PROLOG is a general-purpose programming language.It is thought that integrating DATALOG with PROLOG may take their advantages.KBASEP is such a language.It uses KBASE as the query language and PROLOG as its procedural host language,where KBASE is a ne extemsion of DATALOG with negation and function.This paper introduces the integration techniques used in KBASE-P system.     

Safety verification of Ada programs using software fault trees

The software fault-tree analysis technique is explained. It is then extended to allow its use on a more complex language involving such features as concurrency and exception handling. Ada is used as the example language because many safety-critical projects are using or planning to use Ada. It also contains complex, real-time programming facilities found in other languages used in these types of projects. Software fault-tree analysis uses failure-mode templates to generate the fault tree. The templates provided can be used to define the procedures for applying the technique to programs written in most other declarative languages. To explain the use of the templates an example Ada program, for a traffic-light-control system, is analyzed. The cost and practicality of the method and its implications for software reuse are assessed. The application of the safety analysis procedures to requirements modeling and specification languages is considered     

Adoption and use of Java generics

Support for generic programming was added to the Java language in 2004, representing perhaps the most significant change to one of the most widely used programming languages today. Researchers and language designers anticipated this addition would relieve many long-standing problems plaguing developers, but surprisingly, no one has yet measured how generics have been adopted and used in practice. In this paper, we report on the first empirical investigation into how Java generics have been integrated into open source software by automatically mining the history of 40 popular open source Java programs, traversing more than 650 million lines of code in the process. We evaluate five hypotheses and research questions about how Java developers use generics. For example, our results suggest that generics sometimes reduce the number of type casts and that generics are usually adopted by a single champion in a project, rather than all committers. We also offer insights into why some features may be adopted sooner and others features may be held back.     

On the Expressive Power of Klaim-based Calculi

In this work, we study the expressive power of variants of Klaim, an experimental language with programming primitives for global computing that combines the process algebra approach with the coordination-oriented one. Klaim has proved to be suitable for programming a wide range of distributed applications with agents and code mobility, and has been implemented on the top of a runtime system based on Java. The expressivity of its constructs is tested by distilling from it some (more and more foundational) calculi and studying the encoding of each of the considered languages into a simpler one. An encoding of the asynchronous π-calculus into one of these calculi is also presented.     

Google and Privacy

Abstract

Google has emerged as the preeminent Internet search engine, but more important, it has achieved an iconic status. It is solidly entrenched in our language and popular culture. But there is a darker side to Google. Google collects personal information about its users, and it aggregates third party information more effectively than many third world governments. While there has been no abuse (that we know of) by Google of personal information, that potential exists, and there are numerous instances of third parties using Google to aggregate personal information for dubious purposes.     

A high-level job control language

A high-level language approach has been used to define a powerful, flexible and machine-independent control language, in which many of the desirable facilities that are available in modern programming languages have been included. This paper describes the language and its application to the problems of job control, and suggests its further use in a multi-machine environment.     

Automatic generation of MPEG test streams from high-level grammars

This paper describes a technique to generate complex, moving picture experts group (MPEG) data streams containing packets which range through a selected set of variants, as allowed by the grammar of the packet stream. The Prolog logic programming language has been used, whose declarative power allows data generation almost directly from the grammar, i.e. without the need for explicitly programming a grammar traversal mechanism as would be the case with an imperative language. A reasonably declarative style of grammar and variation definition is achieved, and at the same time, a reasonably efficient generation process. The basic idea is to use a declarative fragment of Prolog for the grammar, but to use imperative features of Prolog for matters like packet enumeration and packet payload generation. Generation of test data from grammars is not new, nor is the use of Prolog programs for generation of test data, but as far as we know, the combination of both has not reported on in the literature, nor its application to MPEG demultiplexers/decoders.