Integrated-optic acoustically-tunable filters for WDM networks

The background needed to understand the integrated-optic collinear acoustically tunable optical filters (ATOFs) and the fabrication and performance of both simple and multielement acoustooptic tunable filters is presented. The most important sources of crosstalk between channels simultaneously selected by a single device are discussed. ATOFs have the combined virtues of narrow passband (subnanometer bandwidth), broad tuning range (hundreds of nanometers have been demonstrated), and simultaneous independent multiple-channel filtering. The theory and practice of collinear integrated optic acoustooptic filters is presented. Devices which involve higher-order integration are discussed, including multiple-state filters for enhanced sidelobe suppression and polarization-independent configurations. Various sources of interchannel crosstalk are derived and demonstrated in multiwavelength filtering experiments     

WDM applications in broadband telecommunication networks

Network applications of multichannel wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) techniques are considered. The photonic technologies that will be critical to future systems using WDM are reviewed. Both interoffice and subscriber loop architectures that utilize the unique properties of WDM to achieve important advantages over more traditional network designs are presented. Several experimental demonstrations that illustrate how these architectures can be realized with currently available components are described     

Tunable optical filters for dense WDM networks

WDM is currently taking over as the leading technology in point-to-point transmission links. For optical implementation of WDM networks, logical functionalities such as wavelength (channel) selection should be carried out in the wavelength domain; thus, the development of dynamic optical devices is required. One key device is a tunable optical filter. Important features of such a filter include low insertion loss, narrow bandwidth, high sidelobe suppression, large dynamic range, fast tuning speed, a simple control mechanism, small size, and cost effectiveness. Here, an extensive overview of the different technologies used to produce tunable optical filters is presented. Among them, fiber filters such as fiber Bragg gratings and fiber Fabry Perot are the most commercialized, yet inherently limited in their dynamic speeds. For high demanding dynamics, micro-machined and acousto-optic filters can offer a good solution for microsecond tuning speeds. Faster tunable devices, in nanosecond tuning speeds, might emerge out of microresonators, electrooptic filters, and active DBR filters     

Tunable acoustooptic filters and equalizers for WDM applications

We describe a high performance acoustooptic tunable filter for add-drop application and for signal equalization in WDM telecommunication crossconnects. It results from a thorough investigation in TeO/sub 2/ of bulk collinear interaction, the geometry of which, particularly the direction of propagation of the acoustic wave, has been chosen in order to obtain the best compromise between the spectral resolution of the device and the acoustooptic figure of merit. Less than 40 mW of electric power is needed either to deviate 100% of a selected light wavelength /spl lambda/ at resonance, or to induce a 30-dB attenuation of its intensity. The sidelobes practically vanish for this configuration and the resolution is equal to 0.75 nm (or 94 GHz) for /spl lambda/=1.55 /spl mu/m. Polarization splitters combined with half-wave plates allow to completely get rid of polarization sensitivity problems. The use of optical fibers to collect the signal at the filter outputs, actually contributes to the high performance of the device as a whole. Experiments have been performed by multiplexing three signals in the input fiber, separated by 4, 2, and 1 nm. The transmission of the filter has been examined through the bar and cross state.     

Multifrequency lasers and applications in WDM networks

The current status and applications of multifrequency lasers (MFL) are reviewed. An MFL consists of an array of N optical amplifiers monolithically integrated with a 1×N optical multiplexer. The laser provides the functionality of N independent lasers whose optical wavelengths are precisely locked together by the common intracavity optical multiplexer. The design of an MFL together with its fundamental characteristics are discussed, and state-of-the-art results are shown. The functionality of an MFL is compared to that of an integrated DFB array. Finally, we show some applications of single-wavelength tunable transmitters and multiwavelength transmitters     

Apodizable integrated filters for coarse WDM and FTTH-type applications

A dual-channel integrated multiplexer, based on holographic Bragg reflector (HBR) devices and exhibiting flat-top, 4-nm-wide channels is demonstrated. Theory calibrated by the achieved performance indicates that HBR waveguide grating devices can be implemented to provide fully integrated and high-performance multiplexer solutions for CWDM and FTTH applications.     

Very high-order microring resonator filters for WDM applications

High-order microring resonators having from 1 to 11 coupled cavities are demonstrated. These filters exhibit low loss, flat tops, and out-of-band rejection ratios that can exceed 80 dB. They achieve performance that is suitable for commercial applications.     

波导声光可调滤光器及其在WDM网络中的应用

声光可调滤光器具有调谐速度快、可调范围宽以及低的插入损耗和低的通道驱动功率等优点，而且还可以多波长同时选择，因此在未来的波分复用网络中极具应用潜力。文章介绍了这种可调滤光器的原理及特性，探讨了采用声光可调滤光器的几个典型的应用方案     

Return loss measurements of WDM filters with tunable coherent optical frequency-domain reflectometry

Reflectivity measurements of wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) filters were performed with polarization independent coherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (C-OFDR). The spectral resolution of 0.012 mn allowed to characterize side lobe spacing and reflectivity with 90-dB dynamic range. The off-channel reflectivity was also measured for estimating the interchannel crosstalk in WDM systems and the experimental results were fitted to a theoretical equation, extracting the physical parameters of the filter.     

Multimedia-MAC protocol: its performance analysis and applications for WDM networks

The design of the medium-access control (MAC) protocol is the most crucial aspect for high-speed and high-performance local and metropolitan area networks, since the decisions made at this level determine the major functional characteristics of these networks. Most of the MAC protocols proposed in the literature are not suitable for multimedia applications, since they have been designed with one generic traffic type in mind. As a result, they perform quite well for the traffic types they have been designed for, but poorly for other traffic streams with different characteristics. In this paper, we propose an integrated MAC protocol called the Multimedia-MAC (M-MAC), which integrates different MAC protocols into a hybrid protocol in a shared-medium network to efficiently accommodate various types of multimedia traffic streams with different characteristics and quality-of-service demands, namely, a constant-bit-rate traffic, bursty traffic (say, variable-bit-rate traffic), and emergency messages (say, control messages). We have developed a mathematical framework for the analysis and performance evaluation of our M-MAC protocol, which involves a queueing system with vacation. We have applied our M-MAC design approach to a wavelength-division multiplexing network, and evaluated its performance under various traffic conditions.     

Wavelength conversion technologies for WDM network applications

WDM networks make a very effective utilization of the fiber bandwidth and offer flexible interconnections based on wavelength routing. In high capacity, dynamic WDM networks, blocking due to wavelength contention can he reduced by wavelength conversion. Wavelength conversion addresses a number of key issues in WDM networks including transparency, interoperability, and network capacity. Strictly transparent networks offer seamless interconnections with full reconfigurability and interoperability. Wavelength conversion may be the first obstacle in realizing a transparent WDM network. Among numerous wavelength conversion techniques reported to date, only a few techniques offer strict transparency. Optoelectronic conversion (O/E-E/O) techniques achieve limited transparency, yet their mature technologies allow deployment in the near future. The majority of all-optical wavelength conversion techniques also offer limited transparency but they have a potential advantage over the optoelectronic counterpart in realizing lower packaging costs and crosstalk when multiple wavelength array configurations are considered. Wavelength conversion by difference-frequency generation offers a full range of transparency while adding no excess noise to the signal. Recent experiments showed promising results including a spectral inversion and a 90 nm conversion bandwidth. This paper reviews various wavelength conversion techniques, discusses the advantages and shortcomings of each technique, and addresses their implications for transparent networks     

General IIR optical filter design for WDM applications usingall-pass filters

A general design algorithm is presented for infinite impulse response (IIR) bandpass and arbitrary magnitude response filters that use optical all-pass filters as building blocks. Examples are given for an IIR multichannel frequency selector, an amplifier gain equalizer, a linear square-magnitude response, and a multi-level response. Major advantages are the efficiency of the IIR filter compared to finite impulse response (FIR) filters, the simplicity of the optical architecture, and its tolerance for loss. A reduced set of unique operating states is discussed for implementing a reconfigurable multichannel selection filter     

波分复用技术在HFC网络中的应用方式研究

文章研究了波分复用(WDM)技术在混合光纤/同轴电缆(HFC)网络中的应用方式.着重对密集波分复用(DWDM)技术和粗波分复用(CWDM)技术在HFC网络的下行方向和上行方向的应用方式进行了研究.研究结果表明,DWDM技术适用于HFC网络的下行方向,可以延长HFC网络的传输距离;CWDM技术适用于HFC网络的上行方向,可以增加HFC网络的上行带宽.利用WDM技术可以实现HFC网络的双向传输.     

WONDER: A resilient WDM packet network for metro applications

This paper presents the architecture of a Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) optical packet network, called WONDER, that was designed and prototyped in the PhotonLab at Politecnico di Torino, Italy. The design and implementation of the WONDER network aim to assess the effectiveness of optical technologies with respect to electronic ones, trying to identify an optimal mix of the two technologies. The architecture shows interesting resilience properties that enable the design of fast fault-recovery schemes. In this paper, we present the physical topology and node structure of the prototype, and discuss the implementation and performance of a fault-recovery algorithm.     

Optical beat-induced crosstalk of an acousto-optic tunable filterfor WDM network application

Acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTF) using TE-TM mode conversion are attractive for wavelength routers, such as WDM add/drop multiplexers or WDM cross-connect switching fabrics, due to their multichannel selectivity. However, their multichannel selection creates optical beat-induced crosstalk, the so called “coherent crosstalk”, due to the interaction of the lightwave with several acoustic waves. This paper evaluates the transmission characteristics of WDM systems employing AOTF's. First, we develop an analytical model of coherent crosstalk based on the coupled mode theory. Next, we examine coherent crosstalk induced BER degradation both theoretically and experimentally for optical WDM systems and show that the analytical studies well support the experimental results. Finally, maximum AOTF cascade number is estimated based on these results for WDM based wavelength routing networks     

Buffer analysis with finite number of tunable receivers in WDM passive star networks

This study develops a performance model as an expansion of the receiver collision analysis presented in [I.E. Pountourakis, Performance evaluation with receiver collisions analysis in very high-speed optical fiber local area networks using passive star topology, J. Lightwave Technol. 16 (12) (1998) 2303–2310] for WDM networks. By theoretical analysis we estimate the receiver collision phenomenon and evaluate the performance measures and the rejection probability at destination for finite number of tunable receivers. Receiver collision analysis makes the performance behavior more realistic and expands the original analysis.     

RingO: an experimental WDM optical packet network for metro applications

This paper presents Ring Optical Network (RingO), a wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM), ring-based, optical packet network suitable for a high-capacity metro environment. We present three alternative architectural designs and elaborate on the effectiveness of optic with respect to electronic technologies, trying to identify an optimal mix. We present the design and prototyping of a simple but efficient access control protocol, based upon the equivalence of the proposed network architecture with input-buffering packet switches. We discuss the problem of node allocation to WDM channels, which can be viewed as a particular optical network design problem. We, finally, briefly illustrate the fault protection properties of the RingO architecture. The main contribution of this paper is the identification and experimental validation of an innovative optical network architecture, which is feasible and cost effective with technologies available today, and can be a valid alternative to more consolidated solutions in metro applications.     

CCII based more tunable voltage-mode all-pass filters and their quadrature oscillator applications

In this paper, two new voltage-mode (VM) first-order all-pass filters using single active element namely second-generation current conveyor (CCII) and a grounding capacitor are proposed. The first proposed filter employs a dual output CCII (DO-CCII) and the other one uses a modified minus type CCII (MCCII−). One of the main advantages of both configurations is their high input impedances; thus, both can be easily cascaded with other VM circuits. Additionally, the use of a grounded capacitor in both circuits provides suitability for integrated circuit (IC) fabrication process. However, both of the proposed circuits need a single passive component matching constraint. Non-ideality analysis is performed for the proposed circuits. Moreover, two quadrature oscillator applications of the proposed filters are given. The behavior of the filters is verified by SPICE simulations. Also, experimental tests using commercially available ICs (AD844s) are achieved for the second proposed configuration.     

窄带多通道滤光片的设计与制备

介绍了三种获得窄带多通道滤光片的方法。第一种方法是具有缺陷的多异质结结构,该结构能够展宽光子晶体的禁带同时实现多通道效应。第二种方法是多通道导模共振布儒斯特滤光片,此类滤光片可以采用单层膜结构来实现多通道效应,也可以采用具有相等折射率的双层膜结构来实现多通道效应。第三种方法是组合刻蚀法制备窄带滤光片列阵。该方法不仅可以制作单腔窄带滤光片列阵,还可以制作双腔窄带滤光片列阵。窄带多通道滤光片在光学领域中具有一定的应用前景。