卷积LDPC码流水线译码器的改进方法

较高的译码复杂度和较长的初始译码时延是卷积LDPC码流水线译码器两个潜在的问题。本文提出一种通过在计算校验节点信息时引入乘积因子的方法降低各节点信息之间的相关性,从而提高译码效率,一定程度上降低了译码迭代次数。仿真结果表明,该译码算法缩短了译码器的初始时延,同时也降低了译码复杂度,从而使得译码器的性能得到改善。     

Design and Test of a 175-Mb/s, Rate-1/2 (128,3,6) Low-Density Parity-Check Convolutional Code Encoder and Decoder

Low-density parity-check block codes (LDPC-BCs) are quickly becoming the forward error correcting code of choice for emerging communication standards. However, low-density parity-check convolutional codes (LDPC-CCs), the convolutional counterpart of LDPC-BCs, seem to be better suited in applications with streaming data or variable sized packets. A rate-1/2, (128,3,6) LDPC-CC ASIC has been implemented in 180-nm, 1.8-V CMOS technology. We present the VLSI architecture of a register-based LDPC-CC encoder and decoder that includes an on-chip, pseudo-random additive white Gaussian noise channel emulator. The decoder comprises a pipeline of ten identical processing units and attains up to 175 Mb/s of decoded throughput.     

Design of Encoder and Decoder for LDPC Codes Using Hybrid H‐Matrix

Low‐density parity‐check (LDPC) codes have recently emerged due to their excellent performance. However, the parity check (H) matrices of the previous works are not adequate for hardware implementation of encoders or decoders. This paper proposes a hybrid parity check matrix which is efficient in hardware implementation of both decoders and encoders. The hybrid H‐matrices are constructed so that both the semi‐random technique and the partly parallel structure can be applied to design encoders and decoders. Using the proposed methods, the implementation of encoders can become practical while keeping the hardware complexity of the partly parallel decoder structures. An encoder and a decoder are designed using Verilog‐HDL and are synthesized using a 0.35 µm CMOS standard cell library.     

一种高速LDPC编译码器的设计与实现

分析了基于欧氏几何的LDPC码校验矩阵、生成矩阵的设计方法,讨论了硬件可实现的并行编码器、解码器应具有的结构特点。采用此方法设计了一个长度8176bit、码率3/4的LDPC码。该码字的编码矩阵、解码矩阵都为准循环矩阵,因此非常易于FPGA或ASIC实现,对RAM容量和逻辑单元数量的需求很小,理论吞吐率可达250Mb/s。建立了一个基于FPGA的码字性能测试平台,实测结果表明,该码字的误码平底至少在BER=10-9以下,其性能距离香农限不大于1.4dB。     

A Low-Cost Serial Decoder Architecture for Low-Density Parity-Check Convolutional Codes

We propose a low-cost serial decoder architecture for low-density parity-check convolutional codes (LDPC-CCs). It has been shown that LDPC-CCs can achieve comparable performance to LDPC block codes with constraint length much less than the block length. The proposed serial decoder architecture for LDPC-CCs uses a single decoding processor. Terminated data frames are sent through the processor iteratively until correctly decoded or a maximum number of iterations is reached. This architecture saves memory consumption and uses a very small number of logic elements, making it especially suitable for strong LDPC-CCs with large code memory. The proposed architecture is realized for a (2048,3,6) regular LDPC-CC on an Altera Stratix FPGA. With a maximum of 100 iterations, the design achieves up to 9-Mb/s throughput using only a very small portion of the field-programmable gate array resources.      

Configurable LDPC Decoder Architectures for Regular and Irregular Codes

Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are one of the best error correcting codes that enable the future generations of wireless devices to achieve higher data rates with excellent quality of service. This paper presents two novel flexible decoder architectures. The first one supports (3,6) regular codes of rate 1/2 that can be used for different block lengths. The second decoder is more general and supports both regular and irregular LDPC codes with twelve combinations of code lengths ??648,1296,1944-bits and code rates-1/2,2/3,3/4,5/6- based on the IEEE 802.11n standard. All codes correspond to a block-structured parity check matrix, in which the sub-blocks are either a shifted identity matrix or a zero matrix. Prototype architectures for both LDPC decoders have been implemented and tested on a Xilinx field programmable gate array.     

Layered Approx-Regular LDPC: Code Construction and Encoder/Decoder Design

Layered approximately regular (LAR) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are proposed, with which one single pair of encoder and decoder support various code lengths and code rates. The parity check matrices of LAR-LDPC codes have a "layer-block-cell" structure with some additional constraints. An encoder architecture is then designed for LAR-LDPC codes, by making two improvements to the Richardson-Urbanke approach: the forward substitution operation is entirely removed and the dense-matrix-vector multiplication is handled using feedback shift-registers. A partially parallel decoder architecture is also designed for LAR-LDPC codes, where a layered modified min-sum decoding algorithm is used to trade off among complexity, speed, and performance. More importantly, the interconnection network, which is inevitable for partially parallel decoders, has much lower hardware complexity compared with that for general LDPC codes. Both the encoder and decoder architectures are highly flexible in code length and code rate.     

一种新的准随机LDPC卷积码及窗译码

以Gallager随机LDPC分组码为基础,通过列置换、置数、剪切与合并,构造了一种新的（l,3,6）准随机LDPC卷积码.针对该码类,提出了一种窗扇尺寸固定、滑动步长可选的窗译码算法,大幅降低了寄存器开销和译码延时.仿真实验界定了滑动步长的取值范围,验证了构造方案和窗译码的有效性,测试了不同约束度的准随机LDPC卷积码的误码性能,结果显示约束度l仅为1535即可获得距离香农限约1dB的纠错能力.     

基于FPGA的卷积码的编/译码器实现

首先阐述了（2,1,2）卷积码的原理和维特比（Viterbi）译码的实现过程,并对编码器、Viterbi译码器进行了现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）设计和实现。仿真表明了设计模块的正确性,而且能够满足速度和精度的要求。其次对最大自由距离的非恶性卷积码在高斯白噪声（AWGN）信道下的误码率性能进行分析,通过Matlab仿真表明卷积码具有很强的纠错能力,当卷积码的约束长度增大时,其误码率逐渐降低。结果表明所设计的卷积码译码器输出时延小,占用资源较少。具有一定的实用价值。     

A 140-Mb/s to 1.82-Gb/s Continuous-Rate Embedded Clock Receiver for Flat-Panel Displays

A wide-range fast-locking embedded clock receiver, which can provide a continuous data rate of 140 Mb/s to 1.82 Gb/s in a 0.25-mum CMOS process, is presented. A fast lock time of 7.5 mus and a small root-mean-square jitter of 15 ps are achieved by using the proposed frequency-band selection and frequency acquisition schemes, as well as a simple linear-phase detector. The implemented embedded clock receiver occupies 2.00 mm² and consumes currents of 44 and 137 mA at 140 Mb/s and 1.82 Gb/s, respectively, including input/output currents.     

A Memory Efficient Partially Parallel Decoder Architecture for Quasi-Cyclic LDPC Codes

This paper presents a memory efficient partially parallel decoder architecture suited for high rate quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes using (modified) min-sum algorithm for decoding. In general, over 30% of memory can be saved over conventional partially parallel decoder architectures. Efficient techniques have been developed to reduce the computation delay of the node processing units and to minimize hardware overhead for parallel processing. The proposed decoder architecture can linearly increase the decoding throughput with a small percentage of extra hardware. Consequently, it facilitates the applications of LDPC codes in area/power sensitive high-speed communication systems     

A 640-Mb/s 2048-bit programmable LDPC decoder chip

A 14.3-mm/sup 2/ code-programmable and code-rate tunable decoder chip for 2048-bit low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes is presented. The chip implements the turbo-decoding message-passing (TDMP) algorithm for architecture-aware (AA-)LDPC codes which has a faster convergence rate and hence a throughput advantage over the standard decoding algorithm. It employs a reduced complexity message computation mechanism free of lookup tables, and features a programmable network for message interleaving based on the code structure. The chip decodes any mix of 2048-bit rate-1/2 (3,6)-regular AA-LDPC codes in standard mode by programming the network, and attains a throughput of 640 Mb/s at 125 MHz for 10 TDMP-decoding iterations. In augmented mode, the code rate can be tuned up to 14/16 in steps of 1/16 by augmenting the code. The chip is fabricated in 0.18-/spl mu/m six-metal-layer CMOS technology, operates at a peak clock frequency of 125 MHz at 1.8 V (nominal), and dissipates an average power of 787 mW.     

A 1.2-V 1.5-Gb/s 72-Mb DDR3 SRAM

A 1.2-V 72-Mb double data rate 3 (DDR3) SRAM achieves a data rate of 1.5 Gb/s using dynamic self-resetting circuits. Single-ended main data lines halve the data line precharging power dissipation and the number of data lines. Clocks phase shifted by 0/spl deg/, 90/spl deg/, and 270/spl deg/ are generated through the proposed clock adjustment circuits. The latter circuits make input data sampled with an optimized setup/hold window. On-chip input termination with a linearity error of /spl plusmn/4.1% is developed to improve signal integrity at higher data rates. A 1.2-V 1.5-Gb/s 72-Mb DDR3 SRAM is fabricated in a 0.10-/spl mu/m CMOS process with five metals. The cell size and the chip size are 0.845 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ and 151.1 mm/sup 2/, respectively.     

高码率LDPC码译码器的优化设计与实现

本文以CCSDS推荐的7/8码率LDPC码为例,提出了一种适于高码率LDPC码译码器的硬件结构优化方法。高码率的LDPC码通常也伴随着行重与列重的比例较高的问题。本方法是在拆分校验矩阵的基础上,优化常用的部分并行译码结构,降低了高码率LDPC码译码时存在的校验节点运算单元(CNU)与变量节点运算单元(VNU)之间的复杂度不平衡,并由此提高了译码器的时钟性能。实验证明,本文方案提供的结构与常用的部分并行译码结构相比,节省硬件资源为41％;采用与本文方案相同的硬件资源而未经矩阵拆分的部分并行译码方案的码速率为本文方案的75％。     

基于DVB-S2标准的LDPC码编译码器设计研究

研究了DVB-S2标准LDPC码编译码器的硬件结构,以16 200码长和0.6码率为例设计了基于共享内存和后验概率累加储存的译码器结构,不仅吞吐量大,而且寄存器和内存资源的消耗小。仿真分析了同码长不同码率和同码率不同码长的性能,当码长相等时,码率越低,则误码率、误帧率和平均迭代次数一般均越低。同码率不同码长的码组,虽然校验位和信息位的比例相等,但是码长越大,校验位和信息位的约束更强,性能越好。     

通信系统中卷积码编解码器的VHDL实现

卷积码作为通信系统中重要的编码方式,以其良好的编码性能,合理的译码方法,被广泛应用。在阐述卷积码编解码器基本工作原理的基础上,给出了（3,1,2）卷积编码器和（2,1,1）卷积解码器的VHDL设计,在QuartusII环境下进行了波形仿真,并下载到EPF10K10LC84-3上进行了验证,其结果表明了该编解码器的正确性和合理性。     

卷积码Viterbi译码器的FPGA的设计与实现

给出了一种基于FPGA的切实可行的卷积码Viterbi译码器的实现方案。该方案只需要很少的硬件资源,速度较快。可以很方便地和Turbo译码器结合在单片的FPGA上,并应用于3GPPWCDMA移动通信系统中。     

一种高性能低复杂度LDPC码编码器设计研究

提出一种基于列差搜索法(Column-Difference Search Algorithm)和迭代填充法(Iterative Filled Algorithm)的准循环LDPC码构造方法,可以设计任意围长和码率的QC-LDPC码(称为CI-LDPC码).利用该码校验矩阵的近似下三角特性,推导出递推编码方法,使得该码编码复杂度与码长成线性关系.仿真结果表明,CI-LDPC码在BER性能上与随机码以及同属QC-LDPC码的Tanner码和Array码相比有明显提高,优于随机码、Tanner码和Array码1.4dB～3.8dB.     

基于FPGA的多元LDPC码编译码器的设计

重点给出了基于RA结构的多元LDPC码编码方法以及基于Max-log-BP译码算法的FPGA硬件实现方案。从编译码器的性能、速度以及资源消耗情况来看,可以满足一般的水声通信要求。     

A 1-Gb/s/pin 512-Mb DDRII SDRAM using a digital DLL and a slew-rate-controlled output buffer

A 1-Gb/s/pin 512-Mb DDRII SDRAM has been developed using a digital delay-locked loop (DLL) and a slew-rate-controlled output buffer. The digital DLL has a frequency divider for DLL input, performs at an operating frequency of up to 500 MHz at 1.6 V, and provides internal clocking with 50% duty-cycle correction. The DLL has a current-mirror-type interpolator, which enables a resolution as high as 14 ps, needs no standby current, and can operate at voltages as low as 0.8 V. The slew-rate impedance-controlled output buffer circuit reduces the output skew from 107 to 10 ps. This SDRAM was tested using a 0.13-/spl mu/m 126.5-mm/sup 2/ 512-Mb chip.