喷雾热分解法制备MgO薄膜的研究

用简单的压缩空报喷雾热分法以醋酸镁为原料在Ｓｉ（１００）衬底上成功地制备了（１００）取向的ＭｇＯ薄膜。结果表明,为获得（１００）取向的ＭｇＯ薄膜,衬底温度和喷雾速率是关键因素。控制实验条件,在６００℃得到了（１００）取向的ＭｇＯ薄膜。同时,用Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）、原子力显微镜（ＡＦＭ）和透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）对薄膜的微观结构进行了分析。     

常压MOCVD制备MgO薄膜的研究

本文首次报道用常压金属有机化学气相沉积（ＡＰ－ＭＯＣＶＤ）在Ｓｉ（１００），ＳｉＯ２／Ｓｉ（１００）和Ｐｔ／Ｓｉ（１００）衬底上外延高质量的ＭｇＯ薄膜。研究了衬底温度与薄膜的取向性关系和ＭｇＯ薄膜的潮解特性。高纯ｍａｇｎｅｓｉｕｍａｃｅｔｙｌａｃｅｔｏｎａｔｅ［ｂｉｓ（２，４－ｐｅｎｔａｎｅｔａｎｅ－ｄｉｏｎｏ）ｍａｇｎｅｓｉｕｍ］［Ｍｇ（ＣＨ２ＣＯＣＨ２ＣＯＣＨ３）２］作为金属有机源，扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ），透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）和Ｘ－ＲＡＹ衍射实验显示，在较低的衬底温度（～４８０℃）下一次淀积成单晶膜。薄膜均匀，致密，结晶性和取向性很好，衬底温度（Ｔｓ）在４００℃到６８０℃之间，在Ｓｉ（１００）衬底上生长的ＭｇＯ薄膜都具有［１００］取向，在Ｓｉ（１００）、ＳｉＯ２／Ｓｉ（１００）和Ｐｔ／Ｓｉ（１００）衬底上生长的ＭｇＯ薄膜也都具有［１００］取向。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备MgO薄膜的研究

本文采用非金属醇盐以醋酸镁为起始原料,胶棉液为添加剂,在Ｓｉ（１００） 衬底上成功地制备了ＭｇＯ 薄膜。结果表明,薄膜的晶体结构与胶棉液的含量及退火温度有关。同时,用Ｘ射线衍射（ ＸＲＤ） 、原子力显微电镜（ＡＦＭ） 和透射电镜（ ＴＥＭ） 对薄膜的微观结构进行了分析。这种制备ＭｇＯ 薄膜的新方法还未见有报道。     

新型溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米MgO薄膜的研究

以硝酸镁为起始原料,胶棉液为添加剂,在Ｓｉ（１００）衬底上成功地制备ＭｇＯ薄膜,结果表明,胶棉液是形成ＭｇＯ溶胶的关键组份;薄膜的晶体结构与胶棉液的含量及退火温度有关．同时,用Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）、原子力显微镜（ＡＦＭ）和透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）对薄膜的微观结构进行了分析．     

新型溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米MgO薄膜的研究

以硝酸镁为起始原料,胶棉液为添加剂,在Ｓｉ（１００）衬底上成功地制备ＭｇＯ薄膜,结果表明,胶棉液是形成ＭｇＯ溶胶的关键组份;薄膜的晶体结构与胶棉液的含量及退火温度有关．同时,用Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）、原子力显微镜（ＡＦＭ）和透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）对薄膜的微观结构进行了分析．     

高取向锐钛矿TiO2薄膜的MOCVD法制备与表征

采用热壁低压ＭＯＣＶＤ方法，以Ｔｉ（ＯＣ４Ｈ９）４为源在ＳｉＯ２／Ｓｉ衬底上制备出高取向锐钛矿ＴｉＯ２薄膜。用Ｘ射线衍射技术研究了沉积温度和衬底对薄膜的结构和相组成的影响规律，采用ＸＰＳ和ＳＥＭ分别研究了薄膜的组成和形貌，结果表明，当沉积温度为５００＾０Ｃ和６００＾０Ｃ时，薄膜为锐钛矿结构，３００＾０Ｃ和４００＾０Ｃ地，薄膜以无定形结构为主，薄膜的组成为ＴｉＯ２，衬底影响薄膜的相组成，不同沉积温度     

K（Ta,Nb）O3薄膜中钙钛矿相的形成机理研究

研究了工艺参数和衬底材料对Ｋ（Ｔａ，Ｎｂ）Ｏ３薄膜生长的影响，研究表明钙钛矿相由焦绿石中间相转变而成，热处理时低速升温同样可以获得纯钙钛矿相的Ｋ（Ｔａ，Ｎｂ）Ｏ３薄膜，分析了（１００）ＳｒＴｉＯ３，（１００）ＭｇＯ单晶衬底上钙钛矿相的形成机理，并解释了在硅单晶和石英玻璃衬底上纯钙钛矿结构的Ｋ（Ｔａ，Ｎｂ）Ｏ３薄膜不易形成的原因。     

PZT多层薄膜物性的研究

对磁控溅射ＰＺＴ铁电多层薄膜进行了分析。结果表明：通过多层薄膜合理的设计和厚度控制，可以改善薄膜进一步的器件应用提供了可能性。通过研究发现，制备多层较理想的溅射条件是衬底温度Ｔ＝６５０℃，薄膜子层厚度约为３００ｎｍ，衬底则以ＭｇＯ（１００）单晶、Ｓｉ２（１００）单晶为佳。结构分析的结果显示出：ＰＺＴ以铁电膜中的晶粒排列整齐，颗粒大小均匀，基本上和衬底成定向织构，膜的角度对多层膜的绝缘性能影响不大，     

PLZT（28／0／100）薄膜的溶胶－凝胶制备技术及显微结构

用溶胶—凝胶技术及回旋法，在石英玻璃和单晶ｓｉ基片上制备ＰＬＺＴ（２８／０／１００）多晶薄膜；在ＳｒＴｉＯ３和α－Ａ１２Ｏ３单晶基片上外延生长择优取向薄膜．其外延关系分别为（１００）ＰＬＺＴ（２８／０／１００）／／（１００）ＳｒＴｉＯ３和（１００）ＰＬＺＴ（２８／０／１００）／／（０００１）Ａｌ２Ｏ３．用ＩＲ，ＸＲＤ．ＲＨＥＥＤ，ＳＥＭ和ＳＩＭＳ分析凝胶中杂质、凝胶的分子结构和薄膜的显微结构．结果表明，用溶胶—凝胶技术能制备出显微结构良好的多组份陶瓷薄膜．     

钛酸钡铁电薄膜的常压MOCVD制备及其物理性质的研究

本文报道了用常压金属有机化学气相沉积（ＡＰＭＯＣＶＤ）法在Ｓｉ衬底上制备高质量的钛酸钡铁电薄膜，钡的β－二酮螯合物（Ｂａ（ＤＰＭ）２）和异丙氧基钛（ＴＩＰ）作为金属有机源，在衬底温度为７００℃时，在Ｓｉ（１００），薄膜具有完全的（００１）取向，其介电常数（ε）为１０７。研究了衬底温度与薄膜的结晶性和取向性的关系；讨论了半导体衬底对酸钡铁电薄膜物理性质的影响，得到了薄膜的剩余自发极化强度（Ｐｒ）为２     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...