预燃室射流点火对汽油发动机性能影响

基于一台单缸汽油发动机,设计了主动预燃室系统,试验了预燃室混合气状态对燃烧及排放的影响,通过对比不同点火能量的火花塞点火和预燃室点火,明确预燃室射流点火对燃烧过程影响机理．结果表明：随着预燃室内喷油量的增加,颗粒物数量(PN)排放增加;预燃室内浓混合气能改善燃烧相位、加快燃烧速度,提高点火性能,但预燃室内当量比附近的混合气有更大的节油潜力．当全局过量空气系数φglobal小于1.4时,预燃室点火燃油消耗率恶化;当φglobal大于1.4时,预燃室改善热效率的能力开始凸显．当预燃室中燃油量占总循环油量的分数为2%时,预燃室点火能将稀燃极限扩展至φglobal为2.1,在φglobal为1.8时总指示热效率达到48.5%的最大值．     

火花点火式稀薄燃气发动机

<正> 1 引言在预燃室稀薄天然气发动机上进行了燃烧过程详细研究。这种发动机引入主燃烧室的燃气非常稀薄(通常50％～100％的过量空气),而预燃室引入少量较浓燃气。压缩之后,预燃室燃气浓度达到化学当量混合比。预燃室内燃气一旦被火花塞点火引燃,燃烧迅速发生,仅在曲轴转角几度之后火焰射流进入主燃烧室,火焰射流能量比原来火花能量大几个数量级。事实上预燃室在这里起一个“能量放大器”作用,放大后的能量用来引燃主燃烧室的稀薄燃气。     

JCCI发动机全工况燃烧和排放特性研究

将一台单缸农用柴油机压缩比降至12,在缸盖上增加一个带液化石油气(LPG)供给通道和火花塞的点火室,将其改造为射流控制压缩着火(jet controlled compression ignition,JCCI)发动机,研究了全工况范围点火正时和负荷对JCCI发动机燃烧可控性的影响。试验结果表明:在大多数工况范围内,柴油预混合气的燃烧始点相位θ_(10)和燃烧中点相位θ_(50)随点火正时单调变化,且滞燃期对负荷不敏感,说明其着火相位可以通过点火正时直接控制;在接近全负荷工况时,滞燃期迅速缩短,部分柴油提前发生自燃,射流对着火相位的影响减弱;在大多数工况范围内,NO_x和碳烟排放均较低,且对点火正时敏感,减小点火提前角可以显著降低NO_x和碳烟排放,但是HC和CO排放较高。     

柴油机预燃室射流扰动燃烧系统的设计与试验

为了实现重型柴油机大负荷工况下的高效清洁燃烧,设计了一种应用于重载柴油机的预燃室射流扰动燃烧系统,旨在利用预燃室产生的射流动量促进柴油机大负荷工况下的油、气混合过程,提高扩散燃烧的速度,增大燃烧等容度,从而提高发动机的指示热效率．建立预燃室仿真模型,研究预燃室射流的作用位置、持续时间、动量大小及作用相位对油、气混合与燃烧过程的影响,以缩短发动机燃烧持续期、提高指示热效率为目标,对预燃室的结构进行优化．基于仿真结果,搭建了预燃室射流扰动燃烧系统的试验平台并进行试验．结果表明：在没有明显提高排放的前提下,采用预燃室射流扰动燃烧系统可以有效缩短大负荷工况下的燃烧持续期,提高指示热效率．在转速为1 200 r/min、平均指示有效压力(IMEP)为2.54 MPa、进气压力为0.36 MPa、预燃室喷油量为6 mg且主燃室喷油量为194 mg时,原机指示热效率可从48.18%提升至48.65%.     

湍流射流点火甲醇发动机燃烧特性及预燃室喷射策略研究北大核心CSCD

基于一台四冲程单缸发动机开展湍流射流点火甲醇发动机的性能表现和燃烧特性研究。结果表明,湍流射流点火(turbulent jet ignition,TJI)燃烧模式放热率(heat release rate,HRR)曲线呈现“双峰”现象,放热率峰值明显高于火花塞点火(spark ignition,SI)模式,且具有更短的燃烧持续期。过量空气系数λ=1.0时,预燃室内不喷射甲醇的被动式TJI模式的平均指示压力略低于SI模式,指示燃油消耗率略高于SI模式。对于主动式TJI燃烧模式,λ=1.5,预燃室甲醇喷射时刻为压缩上止点前180°曲轴转角,喷射脉宽保持在350μs~600μs之间时,TJI甲醇发动机燃烧稳定性较好,同时动力性与经济性均有所提升。     

预燃室射流点火技术对汽油机性能影响的研究

在一款增压直喷小型强化废气涡轮增压汽油机上,进行了加装预燃室与传统点火在低速外特性、中转速负荷特性的燃烧特性、经济性和排放特性对比试验,分析了预燃室火焰射流点火过程与传统点火对汽油机性能影响的规律。研究结果表明,在1500r/min、平均有效压力为2MPa工况,采用预燃室点火后缸内燃烧等容度提高,最高燃烧压力增大,燃烧相位提前7.1°,有效燃油消耗率下降约24g/（kW·h）;在2000r/min负荷特性的试验工况,相比于传统点火,预燃室点火燃烧循环变动均获得改善,燃烧持续期缩短,低负荷时燃烧相位不变而比油耗略微上升,高负荷时燃烧相位大幅提前,比油耗改善约7g/（kW·h）,且最高有效热效率由36.9%上升至37.5%。就气体排放物而言,预燃室点火加速燃烧使NOx排放最高上升约15%,HC排放最多下降约36%,而CO排放低负荷时基本维持不变,在高负荷时略有下降。     

高效稀燃发动机预燃室试验研究北大核心CSCD

为了研究预燃室点火技术的稀燃点火能力及预燃室点火技术对发动机性能的影响,用热力学单缸机试验的方法对比研究了不同点火方式的点火能力,并研究了预燃室点火条件下,进排气相位、滚流气道、预燃室设计对发动机性能的影响。研究结果表明:与传统的火花塞点火线圈点火方式相比,主动预燃室点火能量大,能稳定点燃λ>2.4的均质稀燃混合气,有效拓展稀燃极限;在预燃室点火条件下,通过优化进排气相位和滚流气道,结合合理的预燃室设计参数及发动机工况点的优化能提升热效率,试验测试已实现52.5%的指示热效率。     

湍流射流点火对天然气发动机燃烧特性影响的试验研究

湍流射流点火（Turbulent Jet Ignition,TJI）是一种有效的燃烧增强技术,可提供更高的点火能量,使发动机稳定着火,且可以提高燃烧压力和燃烧速率,缩短燃烧持续期,是实现发动机稀薄燃烧的有效手段。基于一台带有预燃室的点燃式单缸试验机,开展了TJI模式下天然气发动机性能的试验研究。首先,研究了不同过量空气系数下TJI对天然气发动机动力性能、排放性能及燃烧特性的影响,并与火花塞点火（Spark Ignition,SI）模式进行对比;其次,在稀燃条件下分别探究了进气增压和预燃室喷氢对天然气发动机动力性、经济性及燃烧过程的优化作用。结果表明：TJI的使用可有效拓展天然气发动机的稀燃极限,且燃烧滞燃期和燃烧持续期均更短,放热率更高;过量空气系数1.5为甲烷TJI最佳稀燃工况,此时燃油消耗率最低,且可实现氮氧化物近零排放;此外,采用进气增压的方式可以提高TJI发动机在高负荷下的经济性;TJI模式下,相较于预燃室喷甲烷,预燃室喷氢气可进一步缩短滞燃期和燃烧持续期,提高放热率,达到提升TJI性能的效果。     

天然气发动机预燃室内混合气形成对点火射流的影响

针对船用天然气发动机预燃室内的混合气形成及射流点火特性进行了研究。基于试验标定和验证的喷雾燃烧模型,对预燃室内的柴油雾化–混合–着火过程进行了仿真计算,获得了混合气形成对点火射流特性的影响规律。结果表明,在同时考虑预燃室内燃油湿壁量与雾化质量时,存在一个最佳喷射压力匹配区间,且在相同喷射压力下采用两段喷射可以减少预燃室的燃油湿壁量;增大预燃室内混合气浓度分层并缩短初始着火点与射流孔的距离,可减小燃料损失,增长放热持续期,提高点火能力。     

基于快速压缩机的预燃室式射流点火试验

为分析预燃室式射流点火的燃烧过程,通过全燃烧场可视的快速压缩机(RCM),采用同步压力传感和高速摄影方法,对单孔内置式预燃室进行了变工况试验,并在相同条件下与传统火花点火对比,结果表明:预燃室式射流点火能够大幅促进点火,并加速燃烧.与传统火花点火相比,预燃室式射流点火的滞燃期缩短比例可达40%,以上,且随负荷增加而提高;明显燃烧期比典型火焰传播燃烧可缩短60%,至70%,.火花点火引起的火焰传播速度与负荷无明显关系,而射流火焰发展速度随负荷增加而提高,各负荷下均为火焰传播速度的15倍以上,最高速度超过50,m/s,垂直于射流喷射方向的火焰发展也快于火焰传播.射流火焰在主燃室内由近喷口处的细长火舌和远端由火舌发展而成的类柱状火焰组成.预燃室对其内部的初始火焰发展具有明显促进作用,其内部的平均火焰发展速度高于传统火花点火火焰传播速度的2倍.     

A new proof of a theorem of A. Khovanskii

We present a proof of the fact that the monodromy group of a Liouvillian function is almost solvable. The first proof of this theorem was given by A. Khovanskii.     

赴丹麦ANSALDO VOLUND A/S考察报告

介绍了丹麦沃伦公司概况、主要产品参数及发展动向。     

A surface-layer wind speed correction: A case-study of Darling station

In previous study, the vertical wind speed extrapolation from measurement station to modern turbine hubs over an open homogenous terrain was considered. It was presented that an assumption of wind shear exponent under different stability conditions was an inaccurate representation of the actual wind climates as the precise knowledge of the site's wind characteristics at different levels and seasons are essential for planning and implementation of a proposed energy project. In this study, the surface-layer wind speed correction at Darling using the WRF modeling with mesoscale terrain corrections is presented. An hourly mesoscale modeled winds at 3 km grid spacing obtained for one month are postprocessed for estimation of local wind speed profiles at 10 and 50 m height AGL. The sensitivity of the modeled winds to surface terrain corrections is investigated using mesoscale topography parameterizations. Furthermore, 6-hourly mesoscale modeled and satellite observed winds as well as measurements from Darling station are utilized for validation of the statistical downscaling method utilized for the postprocessing of the boundary layer winds over land. It is presented that the precision of the mesoscale modeled winds for local wind speed estimates at potential site without historical measurements can be significantly improved. The confidence in the validity of this methodology for local wind speed correction is estimated at 96–98%.     

单箱双能八工位太阳热水工程方案

起初的太阳热水工程用不上什么电控装置，系统十分简单，几个手动阀门就解决了所有问题。上水靠手动、循环靠虹吸、供水靠架高、防冻靠停用、凉热靠老天。随着人们对太阳热水系统供水要求的提高和控制技术的发展，才把电磁阀、水泵等电控装置引入到太阳热水系统中来。于是逐渐有了定温上水、温差循环、防冻排空、辅助加热、供水增压、混水调温等自动功能。这明显地提升了太阳热水工程的应用品味，使用户得到了更多的方便和实惠。功能愈是全面的系统，就愈需要配置更多的外部装置来做支撑。     

A whirl of activity

IEEE activities related to wind power and other alternate energy technologies were under the purview of the Enerrgy Development Subcommittee (EDS) of the Energy Development and Power Generation Committee (EDPG) from the 1970s to the early 1990s. As the interest in these topics grew, a working group concerned with renewable resources and energy storage was formed in 1994 with Rama Ramakumar as chair. Subsequently, this working group evolved into two groups, one chaired by Ramakumar dealing with renewable technologies that included wind power and the other focused on distributed generation and energy storage and chaired by John Bzura. At every winter and summer meeting up to 2002 and at the annual General Meetings starting in 2003, the EDS and its two working groups organized panel sessions and numerous technical paper sessions dealing with wind energy, photovoltaics, fuel cells, advanced energy storage technologies, and related topics. These technical areas were nurtured by the EDS and were kept active, viable, and visible to the power engineering community, even during periods when there was little interest in renewable technologies. Participation and interest in these areas--especially in wind power--have grown signifi cantly in the recent past, culminating in the formation of the Wind Power Coordinating Committee (WPCC) in 2005.     

A reduced order model of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell: A proposal

The mathematical model of the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) is presented. The new approach for modeling the voltage of MCFC is proposed. Electrochemical, thermal, electrical and flow parameters are collected in the 0-D mathematical model. The aim was to combine all cell working conditions in as a low number of factors as possible and to have the factors relatively easy to determine. A validation process for various experimental data was made and adequate results are shown. The presented model was validated for various fuel mixtures in relatively wide ranges of parameters. A distinction is made between the “design-point” and “off-design operation”.     

A TECHNIQUE TO CIRCUMVENT A SINGULARITY AT A RADIAL CENTER WITH APPLICATION FOR A THREE-DIMENSIONAL CYLINDRICAL SYSTEM

A technique was invented to circumvent computational singularity at a radial center of cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. The idea is as follows. The radial velocity at a center is given by the average of adjacent circumferential directional velocity components located at ± 0.5π rod. Sample computations are presented for natural convection in a vertical cylinder with two different thermal boundary conditions. Those velocity profiles through a cylinder center are smoothly represented.     

密封系统对某压缩机转子振动影响的研究

利用数值分析的方法,研究了密封系统对某压缩机转子振动的影响效果。分析结果表明,密封对转子的振动有非常明显的影响,密封是否会引起转子失稳,主要取决于转子的转速、密封的交叉刚度系数和主阻尼系数,只有转速达到特定值,同时交叉刚度的影响大于阻尼的影响时,转子才会失稳;转子各级叶轮处的密封对转子振动的影响程度不同,以中间一级叶轮的影响最为显著。