热处理对Ti44Ni47Nb9合金的组织和MS点的影响

系统研究了热处理对Ti44Ni47Nb9合金热轧棒材的组织和相变温度的影响.结果表明,Ti44Ni47Nb9合金在750～950℃保温30 min淬火后,发生了回复和再结晶,合金由TiNi基体相、沿基体相晶界和亚晶界分布的β-Nb相以及少数(Ti,Nb)4Ni2O氧化物相组成;退火后在基体相晶界和晶内分布的β-Nb相颗粒明显增多,氧化物相的数量也增加;淬火并时效后,β-Nb主要分布在基体相的晶界处,氧化物含量稍有增加.氧化物的存在和β-Nb相的析出使退火或淬火并时效后样品基体相中的Ni/Ti比值增大.慢冷或淬火后时效降低了合金的Ms点,提高了马氏体相变的稳定性.     

球磨时间对镍基ODS合金拉伸性能的影响

研究了球磨时间对Y2O3氧化物弥散强化(ODS)镍基高温合金机械合金化和拉伸性能的影响.镍基高温合金采用机械合金化和热压烧结方法制备.镍基ODS高温合金粉末是在行星式球磨机上进行球磨.采用扫描电镜及X射线衍射分析了球磨时间对镍基ODS合金粉末形貌和物相的影响.研究结果表明,Y2O3氧化物弥散强化镍基高温合金机械合金化粉末尺寸随研磨时间的增加先增大后减小,8h粉末颗粒尺寸达到最大,之后粉末颗粒尺寸逐渐减小,28h后,镍基ODS合金粉末尺寸稳定且均匀.拉伸结果表明,采用研磨28h的合金粉末制备的镍基ODS合金具有最高的抗拉强度(1300MPa).     

氧化物弥散强化高温合金抗氧化性能的研究进展

氧化物弥散强化商业高温合金因氧化物颗粒在基体中的弥散强化作用而具有较好的高温力学性能,如今被广泛应用于航空航天、能源、汽车等领域的高温部件。研究发现,氧化物颗粒的掺杂不仅可以使合金基体具有优异的高温强度,还可以显著提高基体的抗氧化性能。概述了氧化物颗粒种类、尺寸和含量对高温合金抗氧化性能的影响,从合金初期氧化行为、氧化膜生长速度、生长机制、粘附性能等角度重点关注不同性质氧化物(如活性元素氧化物和非活性元素氧化物)弥散质点在氧化过程中作用机理的异同,最后对未来的研究方向做出了展望。     

热处理制度对GH706高温合金持久性能的影响

不同热处理制度对GH706高温合金持久性能影响的研究结果表明,固溶加低温时效的两段热处理使合金中析出的η相呈胞状紧密排列于晶界,强化晶界,获得较长的持久寿命。增加稳定化处理的三段热处理合金,晶界η相以长针状析出,并在其周围形成γ′、γ″相贫化区,贫化区强度较低,弱化了晶界,使得裂纹易于萌生,且易于连通形成扩展通道,降低了持久寿命。直接时效(DA)处理的合金中η相在晶界呈短捧状分散排列,可以起到强化晶界的作用,而η相间的无析出区可以钝化裂纹的萌生和扩展,从而获得最长的持久寿命和最高的持久塑性。     

TZM合金的研究进展

TZM合金是目前广泛应用的高温钼合金,具有熔点高、抗蚀性强、力学性能优异等诸多优点.制备TZM合金主要有电弧熔炼和粉末冶金2种方法.通过固溶强化、第二相强化和形变强化,TZM合金的室温塑性和高温强度均大大优于纯钼.采用包埋渗法在TZM合金表面涂覆一层保护性涂层,可有效改善TZM合金的抗高温氧化能力.     

微量Hf对大角度晶界含Re双晶合金高温持久性能的影响

采用籽晶法制备含有大角度晶界(约20°)的双晶试板,通过分析不同Hf含量(质量分数:0%,0.4%)的含Re合金晶界处析出相、γ/γ′组织、晶界成分及1100℃/100MPa横向持久性能,研究Hf对晶界组织及高温力学性能的影响。结果表明:Hf显著提高了铸态合金大角度晶界处共晶和碳化物体积分数;热处理后,Hf显著抑制了晶界胞状再结晶组织的形成,含Hf合金的1100℃/100MPa横向持久寿命均显著提高。晶界持久性能与晶界析出相种类、形貌、含量和成分密切相关,而Hf元素在晶界未发现显著的偏聚。本研究对先进镍基单晶合金中晶界缺陷的评价及Hf元素晶界强化作用机制的认识具有一定的指导意义。     

SiC /AZ61镁基复合材料蠕变性能的研究

采用搅熔铸造法制备碳化硅颗粒增强镁基复合材料SiC/AZ61,通过动态机械热分析、显微组织观察和XRD衍射分析了其蠕变性能.结果表明:碳化硅颗粒的加入细化了晶粒,SiC大多分布在晶界处,颗粒镁基复合材料的蠕变性能与AZ61合金相比得到了显著的改善.蠕变性能的提高主要因为高温时具有高的热稳定性的SiC颗粒取代晶界处高温下易软化的β相(Mg17Al12)钉扎晶界,阻止了晶界的交滑移和位错的攀移.     

弥散强化Pt-10Rh合金高温微观组织结构研究

用金相显微镜、扫描电镜观测普通Pt-10Rh合金和弥散强化Pt-10Rh合金的微观组织结构,结果表明,普通Pt-10Rh合金在高温下晶粒长大趋势明显,且高温持久性低,而弥散强化Pt-10Rh合金中有强化颗粒氧化锆的存在,能减少晶界缺陷,提高晶界结合力,降低晶界的扩散速度,减缓位错攀移,有效阻止晶粒长大和晶界的滑移,从而提高材料的强度和使用寿命。     

合金化提高镁合金抗蠕变性能的研究进展

从镬合金高温蠕变机理出发,评述了提高镁合金抗蠕变性能的主要途径和近年来国内外主要抗蠕变镁合金系列(Mg-Al系、Mg-Zn系、Mg-RE系)的研究进展.通过合金化在镁合金晶内和晶界处生成一些弥散分布、热稳定性高的沉淀强化相,可减少高温时镁合金的扩散蠕变和晶界滑动,是提高各系列锾合金抗蠕变性能的有效方法.     

Inconel718合金高温低周疲劳裂纹萌生机制的研究

本文研究了不同组织形态Inconel 718合金在650℃高温低周疲劳过程中的裂纹萌生。实验结果表明:晶粒粗大并伴有部分长片状δ相沿孪晶界析出的合金,断口表面疲劳源处有明显的无任何特性的平的解理面,这些解理平面是孪晶面和孪晶界两侧的晶面,并发现疲劳裂纹很容易沿着这些晶面产生。这是由于粗晶组织合金中孪晶界上析出的长片状δ相阻碍晶体滑移,在δ相与孪晶的界面处造成了应力集中,降低了界面强度以及孪晶界两侧形成的无强化相析出带减弱了裂纹萌生抗力。晶粒细小,短片状δ相沿晶界析出的合金,断口表面疲劳源特性不明显,表面裂纹不易萌生。     

Synthesis of W-Y_2O_3 alloys by freeze-drying and subsequent low temperature sintering:Microstructure refinement and second phase particles regulation

In this work,W-Y2 O3 alloys are prepared by freeze-drying and subsequent low temperature sintering.The average size of reduced W-Y2 O3 composite powders prepared by freeze-drying method is only 18.1 nm.After low temperature sintering of these composite nanopowders,the formed W-Y2 O3 alloys possess a smaller grain size of 510 nm while maintaining a comparatively higher density of 97.8%.Besides a few submicron Y2 O3 particles(about 100-300 nm)with a W-Y-O phase diffusion layer on their surface distribute at W grain boundaries,lots of nano Y2 WO6 particles(<20 nm)exist in W matrix.Moreover,many Y6 WO12(<10 nm)particles exist within submicron Y2 O3 particles.The formation of these ternary phases indicates that some oxygen impurities in the W matrix can be adsorbed by ternary phases,resulting in the purification of W matrix and the strengthening of phase boundaries.The combined action of the above factors makes the hardness of the sintered W-Y2 O3 alloys in our work as high as 656.6±39.0 HV0.2.Our work indicates that freeze-drying and subsequent low temperature sintering is a promising method for preparing high performance W-Y2 O3 alloys.     

Mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of a novel fine-grained Mg-Gd-Y-Ag-Zr-Ce alloy with high strength-ductility synergy

Grain boundary precipitation and segregation play an important role in determining mechanical properties of Mg alloys. In the present work, we studied work focuses on the strengthening and deformation mechanism of coarse-grained(CG) and fine-grained(FG) Mg-Gd-Y-Ag-Zr-Ce alloy. The CG alloy is strengthened by means of age-strengthening with the formation of both basal plate γ" and prismatic plate β’ precipitates in the grain interior. While the strengthening of FC alloy is completed by intergranular alloying segregation and intragranular precipitates γ" and β’. The segregation of alloying elements at the grain boundary and formation of sub-micron particles can stabilize the grain boundary and suppress the intergranular deformation. Consequently, dislocations could be trapped near γ" and β’ precipitates in the grain interior. Unlike CG alloys, the FG alloys exhibit a heterogeneous transition from elastic to plastic deformation via the Lüders plateau. The rapid gliding dislocation multiplications and fine-grained size are necessary and sufficient conditions for the Lüders strains. Our work provides the insights on the evolution of fine-grained microstructure and helps for the design of Mg alloys with good mechanical properties.     

Y_2O_3对W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金摩擦磨损行为的影响

采用高能球磨和放电等离子体烧结技术联合制备W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe-xY_2O_3高密度合金,利用洛氏硬度计、X射线衍射仪、往复式摩擦磨损试验机、三维轮廓仪等对合金的显微组织、力学性能和摩擦磨损行为进行研究。结果表明:适量稀土氧化物Y_2O_3掺杂,可以有效抑制烧结过程中晶粒的长大,使黏结相和钨颗粒均匀分布,提高合金的相对密度、硬度及摩擦磨损性能。当过量添加Y_2O_3时,Y_2O_3易于在晶界处偏聚,抑制晶粒长大效果减弱,合金的力学性能和摩擦性能均出现不同程度的下降;因此,Y_2O_3添加应适量,而当其添加量为0.4%(质量分数)时,合金综合性能最优。     

Fe—Mn—Cr合金晶间腐蚀电子理论研究

为了从电子层面揭示Fe—Mn—Cr合金晶间腐蚀的物理本质,采用递归法计算了合金的原子埋置能、格位能、亲和能等电子结构参数,探索合金晶间腐蚀机理。研究表明：Cr在晶内稳定性很低,Cr在晶界和表面稳定性较高,基体中的Cr首先扩散到晶界,并通过晶界扩散至合金的表面。Cr元素减小费米能级差,抑制合金的晶间腐蚀。O-Cr间的亲和能为负数,表明氧与Cr之间有相互作用,生成Cr的氧化物。当氧化膜达到一定厚度可起到保护合金的作用。碳与Cr的亲和能也为负数,且其数值比氧与Cr间的亲和能更负。合金中碳优先与Cr形成化合物,在晶界析出,造成晶界贫Cr,使合金晶间腐蚀加重。     

Damping properties in Mg–Zn–Y alloy with dispersion of quasicrystal phase particle

The effect of the interface structure between the matrix and the particle on the damping capacity was investigated using Mg–Zn and Mg–Zn–Y alloys in this study. The damping capacity was not affected by the interface structure at room temperature. However, the onset of temperature, which was higher in the Mg–Zn–Y alloy than in the Mg–Zn alloy despite their similar grain sizes, increased the damping capacity through grain boundary relaxation by grain boundary sliding. Compared to the Mg–Zn alloy, the existence of the quasicrystal phase particles, which had the coherent interface with low interface energy, was likely to have suppressed and delayed the grain boundary sliding in the Mg–Zn alloy.     

The mechanism of elevated temperature intergranular cracking in heat-resistant alloys

Reheat or stress relief cracking phenomena have been reassessed in 2.25Cr1.5W heat-resistant alloys. During rupture test, time to intergranular failure increases with decreasing temperature and tensile stress and is shorter in the alloy containing a higher bulk content of phosphorus. Also the time to intergranular failure can be expressed by t = t₀·σ⁻ⁿ·exp(Q/RT) where t₀ is the proportional constant, n the stress exponent and Q the activation enthalpy. Matrix softening is accelerated under tensile stress and an active carbide growth occurs at grain boundaries oriented normal to the tensile stress direction. Because impurities segregate actively to dimples frequently observed at reheat intergranular fracture surfaces, the dimples are not micro-ductile fracture areas but the grain boundary carbide interfaces. The segregation concentration of the impurities is much higher at the grain boundary carbide interfaces than the carbide-free grain boundaries. The phosphorus segregation at the carbide interfaces of the alloy containing the higher bulk content of phosphorus is mainly replaced by the segregation of nitrogen, tin and tellurium in the alloy containing a lower bulk content of phosphorus. The elevated temperature intergranular cracking under tensile stress occurs finally due to the carbide-free grain boundary cracking following the decohesion of the grain boundary carbide interfaces.     

Effect of Sc and Zr additions on microstructures and corrosion behavior of Al-Cu-Mg-Sc-Zr alloys

The effects of adding the alloy element Sc to Al alloys on strengthening, recrystallization and modification of the grain microstructure have been investigated. The combination of Sc and Zr alloying not only produces a remarkable synergistic effect of inhibition of recrystallization and refinement of grain size but also substantially reduce the amount of high-cost additional Sc. In this work, the microstructures and corrosion behavior of a new type of Al-Cu-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy with Sc/Zr ratio of 1/2 were investigated.The experimental results showed that the Sc and Zr additions to Al-Cu-Mg alloy could strongly inhibit recrystallization, refine grain size, impede the segregation of Cu element along the grain boundary and increase the spacing of grain boundary precipitates. In addition, adding Sc and Zr to Al-Cu-Mg alloy effectively restricts the corrosion mechanism conversion associated with Al2 Cu Mg particles, which resulted in the change of the cross-section morphology of inter-granular corrosion from an undercutting to an elliptical shape. The susceptibility to inter-granular corrosion was significantly decreased with increasing Sc and Zr additions to the Al-Cu-Mg alloy. The relationships between microstructures evolution and inter-granular corrosion mechanism of Al-Cu-Mg-Sc-Zr alloys were also discussed.     

High temperature plastic flow and grain boundary chemistry in oxide ceramics

High temperature plastic flow or grain boundary failure in oxide ceramics such as Al₂O₃ and tetragonal ZrO₂ polycrystal (TZP) is sensitive to small levels of doping by various cations. For example, high temperature creep deformation in fine-grained, polycrystalline Al₂O₃ is highly suppressed by 0.1 mol% lanthanoid oxide or ZrO₂-doping. An elongation to failure in superplastic TZP is improved by 0.2–3 mol% GeO₂-doping. A high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observation and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed that the dopant cations tend to segregate along the grain boundaries in Al₂O₃ and TZP. The dopant effect is attributed to change in the grain boundary diffusivity due to the grain boundary segregation of the dopant cations. A molecular orbital calculation suggests that ionicity is one of the most important parameters to determine the high temperature flow stress, and probably, the grain boundary diffusivity in the oxide ceramics.     

Segregation behavior at TGO/bondcoat interfaces

The segregation of sulfur and other elements at the interface between thermally grown alumina and a few coatings have been reviewed and compared with studies made at oxide/metal interfaces formed on model alloys. The coatings studied were NiPtAl on CMSX-4 or AM1 with two different bulk sulfur contents, and NiCoCrAlY on PWA 1484. The segregation behavior at the oxide/PWA1484 interface was also reported. Auger electron microscopy was used to study the chemistry at the oxide/coating interface after portions of the oxide were removed in ultra high vacuum (UHV) by scratches made on the oxidized sample surface. The extent of oxide spallation in relation to the scratch width was utilized to evaluate the interfacial strength, which was then correlated with the interface impurity level. Results showed strong relationship between sulfur segregation and the composition of the alloy substrates. In addition to substrate sulfur content, the degree of sulfur segregation was most significantly increased by Cr co-segregation or decreased by Y doping of the coating. Pt and Hf could stop segregation only when present together. P was found as a significant segregand in one case where sulfur segregation was prevented by Y. These behaviors are discussed in terms of various thermochemical interactions in the bulk and at the interface.     

The microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast Mg–4Y/Nd–2Zn alloys

Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and tensile testing were performed to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast Mg–4Y/Nd–2Zn alloys. The results show that the secondary dendritic arm spacing for the Mg–4Y–2Zn alloy is smaller than that for the Mg–4Nd–2Zn alloy, and that X-Mg₁₂YZn or W-Mg₃Zn₃Nd₂ form in Mg–4Y/Nd–2Zn alloys. The lamellar X phase distributes at the grain boundary, pointing into the grains, whereas the rod-like W phase preferentially segregates at the triangle junction of the grain boundary. The greater grain boundary strengthening effect and the smaller fragmentation effect of the brittle eutectic phases leads to the as-cast Mg–4Y–2Zn alloy having better comprehensive mechanical properties. The fracture mechanism for as-cast Mg–4Y/Nd–2Zn alloys is quasi-cleavage fracture.