我国食品接触用不锈钢制品中金属元素迁移理论风险评估

目的 建立推导食品接触材料来源的危害因素可接受暴露水平的方法,并评估食品接触用不锈钢制品中5种金属元素迁移的理论暴露水平及潜在健康风险,对我国现行标准的适宜性进行评价。方法 参考国际上饮用水中化学污染物、金属制品来源的金属元素,以及食品接触材料来源的污染物可接受暴露水平的分配原则,综合考虑金属元素的膳食暴露水平和毒理学数据,确定我国居民不锈钢制品来源的金属元素的可接受暴露水平。假定每天摄入1 kg由不锈钢制品盛放的食品,利用GB 4806.9—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品接触用金属材料及制品》中规定的不锈钢制品中铅、镉、砷、铬、镍元素的特定迁移限量,估计5种金属元素迁移的理论暴露水平,并依据推导的可接受暴露水平评估不锈钢制品中金属元素迁移的健康风险。结果 食品接触用不锈钢制品中铅、镉、砷、铬和镍的可接受暴露水平分别为0.06（铅儿童）、0.13（铅成人）、0.08、0.30、60.00和2.40 μg/kg·BW。食品接触用不锈钢制品来源的铅和砷的理论暴露水平分别为2.50（铅儿童）、0.83（铅成人）和0.67 μg/kg·BW,暴露限值分别为0.02（铅儿童）、0.16（铅成人）和0.45,远低于1。镉、铬和镍的理论暴露水平分别为0.33、33.33和8.33 μg/kg·BW,分别为相应不锈钢制品来源的可接受暴露水平的400.12%、55.56%和347.22%。结论 在我国现行标准下,根据理论暴露结果,铬元素迁移导致的风险较低,镉、镍、铅和砷迁移导致的健康风险相对较高,建议开展基于实际迁移水平的风险评估,为是否需要修订GB 4806.9—2016提供科学依据。     

我国稻米镉污染调查及健康风险评估

目的 基于我国主产区稻米镉污染现状的调查结果，对不同人群稻米镉暴露的健康风险进行评估，为我国稻米合理膳食消费与政府安全监管提供参考依据。方法 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定我国主产区6 249份稻米中的镉含量，分析稻米镉污染水平及分布特征；基于蒙特卡洛模拟，估算稻米镉暴露的风险熵（HQ）及癌症风险指数（CR）的累积概率分布，评估食用稻米的潜在健康风险。结果 采用区域产量加权计算四个主产区稻米镉平均含量为0.166 1 mg/kg，超标率为25.99%，其中华中地区稻米样品镉超标率最高为56.64%；分析表明，东北地区稻米镉暴露水平较低，不存在致癌和非致癌健康风险，其他地区处于HQ>1非致癌危害风险水平的人群概率范围分别为成人0.06%~7.12%、儿童0.15%~11.44%，处于CR>10^-4致癌危害风险水平的人群概率范围分别为成人0.16%~72.55%、儿童0.26%~77.93%，其中华中地区稻米镉暴露导致的健康风险最高。结论 我国居民存在一定的稻米镉暴露健康风险，华中地区稻米镉暴露的致癌和非致癌健康风险水平较高，儿童较成人受到的稻米镉暴露风险更高，提示重点区域和儿童的稻米镉暴露情况应予以重视。     

基于大米中镉暴露水平的多种评估模型的比较

目的 以估算长期经大米摄入的镉暴露水平为例,比较食品污染物暴露评估过程中常用的3种统计模型,即观测个体均数（OIM）模型、贝塔二项正态分布（BBN）模型和非参数模型的优缺点。方法 以大米、镉、膳食等为中文关键词,Rice、Food和Cadmium等为英文关键词,检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台和PubMed数据库中关于我国大米中镉浓度的文献,并结合一项中国营养调查中3 d 24 h膳食调查获得的食物消费量数据,分别采用上述3种模型,估算我国居民及各年龄性别组人群长期经大米摄入镉的暴露水平。结果 全人群OIM模型显示我国人群经大米导致的镉暴露量第2.5~97.5百分位数（P2.5~P97.5）为0.081~0.576 μg/（kg·BW·d）,非参数模型的结果为0.081~0.573 μg/（kg·BW·d）,BBN模型结果为0.104~0.611 μg/（kg·BW·d）。不同人群中OIM模型、非参数模型与BBN模型估算的镉暴露水平的平均值相近,其中全人群中3种模型均值分别为0.278、0.277和0.278 μg/（kg·BW·d）。结论 在原始数据充足的条件下,非参数模型与OIM模型评估结果近似,而BBN模型可以通过扣除个体内消费频率差异,对经食品污染物的暴露评估结果更保守。     

我国重点和非重点地区居民膳食中高氯酸盐暴露风险概率评估

目的 评估我国高氯酸盐污染重点和非重点地区膳食中高氯酸盐的暴露水平及健康风险。方法 通过检索文献收集我国食品中高氯酸盐的含量数据,利用2015年中国总膳食研究数据,概率评估两类地区各年龄组居民膳食中高氯酸盐暴露风险。结果 茶叶（175.54 μg/kg）中高氯酸盐平均含量最高,蔬菜是我国居民通过膳食摄入高氯酸盐的重要食品类别（贡献率为79.40%）。分别与联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会设定的暂定最大每日容许摄入量（PMTDI）（10 μg/kg?BW）和我国学者暂定每日容许摄入量（tTDI）（0.7 μg/kg?BW）相比,99%居民膳食中高氯酸盐暴露量低于PMTDI,但在两类地区各有4.96%和26.57%居民的高氯酸盐膳食暴露量超过tTDI;在饮茶人群中,95%居民膳食中高氯酸盐暴露量低于PMTDI,而在两地区各有57.47%和77.94%的饮茶人群膳食高氯酸盐暴露量超过tTDI。结论 我国居民经膳食摄入高氯酸盐暴露风险总体较低,但存在一些重点地区因局部高污染等因素导致暴露风险高于其他地区。     

重庆市居民膳食中铬暴露水平及其健康风险评估

目的 评估重庆市居民膳食中铬暴露水平及潜在的健康风险。方法 利用2018—2021年重庆市9类共2 780份食品中铬含量监测数据，结合中国健康与营养调查项目2018年重庆市膳食调查数据（3 d 24 h膳食回顾法），采用蒙特卡罗模拟估计重庆市居民膳食中铬暴露水平并评估其健康风险。结果 重庆市各类食物中铬平均含量范围为0.013 9~0.126 3 mg/kg，总体检出率为40.6%。铬平均含量以水产品及其制品最高，其次是特殊膳食用食品、叶菜类蔬菜和大米。重庆市居民膳食中铬每日平均暴露量范围为0.683~2.117 μg/kg·BW，高食物量消费人群的膳食暴露水平（P95）范围为1.165~3.597 μg/kg·BW。各年龄组人群的铬每日平均暴露量随年龄增加有降低的趋势，1~6岁人群的铬每日平均暴露量最高，60岁以上人群最低；男性铬平均暴露量高于女性；城市地区人群的铬平均暴露量高于农村地区。谷物及其制品对重庆市居民膳食中铬暴露的贡献率最高，达39.31%~49.13%，其次为蔬菜、肉及肉制品。各年龄、性别、地区组人群膳食中铬每日平均暴露量和P95暴露量占每日耐受摄入量（TDI）的比例均低于1。结论 重庆市居民膳食中铬暴露的健康风险较低，谷物及其制品、蔬菜、肉及肉制品是膳食中铬摄入的主要来源。     

广东省灵芝、铁皮石斛、西洋参三种食药物质重金属暴露风险评估

目的 分析广东省3种食药物质灵芝、铁皮石斛和西洋参中重金属污染状况及其健康暴露风险。方法 在广东省10个地市采集灵芝及其相关产品（137份）、铁皮石斛及其相关产品（96份）、西洋参及其相关产品（70份）共303份,包括3种物质的鲜品、干制品原料和食品产品,其中广州采集33份、其余9个地市各采集30份。采用电感耦合等离子法进行铅、镉、总汞、总砷的含量测定和分析;根据点评估模型,计算鲜品（按折干率折算）和干制品原料中重金属的平均含量,按照药用和膳食食用两种暴露方式,分别估计3种食药物质的重金属暴露风险。结果 作为药膳食用,暴露量高于药用暴露量,其中灵芝、铁皮石斛、西洋参的镉暴露量占每月可耐受摄入量（PTMI）的8.51%、8.72%和8.56%;总汞的暴露量占PTWI的3.51%、0.91%和1.08%。铅暴露的暴露限值（MOE）分别为11.56、7.14和20.94,总砷暴露的MOE值分别为68.34、102.39和152.28。在考虑膳食暴露途径后,通过3种食药物质引起的重金属暴露风险仍在可接受范围内。结论 广东省居民通过灵芝、铁皮石斛、西洋参的膳食暴露途径引起的铅、镉、总汞、总砷4种重金属的暴露风险较低。     

婴幼儿辅助食品中矿物油的污染水平及其健康影响评估

目的 了解我国婴幼儿辅助食品中烃类矿物油的污染水平,并评估其对我国0～3岁婴幼儿消费人群的潜在健康影响。方法 采用在线高效液相-气相色谱法检测饱和烃矿物油（MOSH）和芳香烃矿物油（MOAH）的含量。结合2015年中国居民食物消费量数据,采用简单分布法对我国0～3岁婴幼儿矿物油膳食暴露开展风险评估。结果 4类（罐装辅助食品、米粉、面条、饼干或磨牙棒）共计138份市售婴幼儿辅助食品中,MOSH（C16～C35）的总检出率为45.65%,在各类辅食中平均污染水平范围为0.55～4.40 mg/kg。MOAH仅在1个面条样品和4个饼干或磨牙棒样品中检出,总检出率为3.62%。我国0～3岁婴幼儿辅食消费人群MOSH（C16～C35）每日平均暴露量及高食物消费量人群（P95）暴露量分别为6.21和19.27 μg/kg·BW,各年龄组暴露限值均大于100。结论 我国0～3岁婴幼儿经辅食中MOSH膳食暴露导致的健康风险很低。需要关注婴幼儿辅食中MOAH的污染。     

广西主要食品中砷污染及居民膳食暴露风险评估

目的掌握广西主要食品中砷污染的水平,评估居民膳食无机砷暴露量及其潜在健康风险。方法利用2010-2015年广西主要食品中总砷及无机砷含量数据和食物消费量数据,采用简单分布评估的方法 ,计算广西居民膳食中无机砷暴露水平及其分布情况,并利用暴露限值(MOE)法评估其潜在健康风险。结果 16 567份食品样品中,总砷检出率为42.71%(4 735/11 087),无机砷检出率为48.07%(2 634/5 480)。总砷平均含量以海洋甲壳类最高,其次是海水鱼类和软体动物;检测无机砷食品样品中,平均含量为0.018~0.072 mg/kg,其中以大米无机砷平均含量最高。除大米、新鲜水果、蛋及其制品、畜禽内脏直接采用其检测的无机砷结果外,其他食品均通过总砷转换到无机砷而进行暴露评估。一般人群和高消费量人群膳食中无机砷的平均每天暴露量MOE值均1,但18~34岁男性组高消费量人群每天无机砷暴露量的MOE值≤1。大米的贡献率远高于其他食物,是居民膳食中无机砷的主要来源。结论广西居民膳食中无机砷暴露风险总体上是安全的,而对于18~34岁男性组高暴露量人群可能存在一定的健康风险,大米是广西居民的主要食品,大米的安全问题需加以关注。     

烟台居民膳食来源总砷暴露健康风险评价

目的了解烟台居民膳食来源总砷暴露量,评价其潜在健康风险。方法按照GB 5009.11-2014中第二法氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定总砷含量,采用危害商数判定其膳食暴露风险,依据美国环保总署给定的剂量-效应模型,进行人体健康风险评价。结果烟台市居民摄入的主要食物中总砷的平均含量为0.75 mg/kg,其中藻类的总砷含量最高,居民膳食来源总砷的日均膳食暴露量为0.00166 mg/(kg·d)。藻类、水产品、鲜蔬菜,谷物及制品是烟台居民膳食总砷暴露的主要来源,其贡献率分别为28.16%、24.31%、7.64%、3.93%。居民膳食来源总砷暴露的HQ远小于1,参照无机砷致癌风险因子计算,膳食来源总砷导致的疾病负担高于10-6人/年的参考水平。结论烟台居民膳食来源总砷暴露量处在可接受安全范围,但其存在的风险、导致的疾病负担高于参考水平值。     

某金属冶炼厂区周围农村居民膳食无机砷暴露评估

目的对广西某金属冶炼厂区周围农村居民膳食无机砷暴露情况进行风险性评估,为预防控制慢性砷危害提供依据。方法在广西某金属冶炼厂周围农村村屯,按照随机抽样的原则对该村屯居民自种自供的大米、蔬菜和养殖的鸡、鸭等食品采样,用GB/T5009.11—2003《食品中总砷及无机砷的测定》方法检测上述食品无机砷的含量,按照国家标准进行评价;同时结合当地居民膳食摄入量(食物频次法),并参考2002年广西营养与健康调查得出的农村居民各类食物每日消费量分别计算出当地居民膳食无机砷暴露量,利用JECFA提出的无机砷每公斤体重每周允许摄入量[PTWI为0.015mg/(kgBW·week)]进行风险性评估。结果该村种植的食用植物性农产品无机砷总体超标率为60.29%,其中大米超标率高达87.10%,平均含量为0.65mg/kg,最大超标15.5倍;蔬菜超标68.42%,平均含量0.16mg/kg;饲养家禽类食物总体无机砷超标率54.76%。每标准人每日平均、P90、P97.5膳食无机砷摄入量分别为0.2149mg、0.3900mg、0.4642mg,分别是JECFA提出的无机砷每日允许摄入量(ADI)的1.66倍、3.02倍、3.60倍(其中参考2002年农村居民食物摄入量计算为ADI的2.0倍)。结论该厂区周围村屯食用农产品无机砷污染严重,居民尤其是高消费人群膳食无机砷暴露量明显超过ADI值,存在危害健康风险。     

Wine and cardiovascular disease

Although there is general consensus concerning the lower risk for ischemic disease in moderate drinkers, the basic mechanism responsible for the cardioprotective effect of wine remains unknown. A new wine trial was included in the FAIR project from the European Commission in order to determine the effects of red wine and hard liquor on: (i) serum lipoproteins, plasma antioxidants and the oxidizability of LDL particles, and (ii) serum and monocyte adhesion molecules related to the early stages of atherosclerosis, in an open, prospective, cross-over, randomised, and controlled cross-sectional study. Interestingly, the preliminary analysis confirms that red wine consumption decreases serum oxidation parameters and reduces the propensity of LDL to undergo lipid peroxidation, whereas both red wine and hard liquor increase HDL-cholesterol. On other hand, red wine consumption reduces the expression of monocyte and endothelial adhesion molecules, which after interaction with endothelial receptors allows the monocytes to pass through the endothelial wall, delaying the early processes of atherosclerosis.     

Selection for disease resistance

Approaches to disease control are prioritized. Genetic improvement could reduce need for treatment and culling but would not reduce the need for proper management and sanitation. Results of several studies indicate that disease incidence and cost increases with selection for milk yield. The large array of disease resistance mechanisms in animals suggests a large number of loci are involved in disease resistance. A few loci, e.g., the major histocompatibility complex, may account for a major portion of genetic variance in disease. Rate of genetic gain from selection for a major locus alone or in combination with performance is discussed. Four criteria for including traits in a breeding program are outlined, and each is discussed with respect to disease. In spite of low heritabilities for disease traits, genetic variation for disease incidence is economically important and justifies including disease in breeding programs. An industry-wide standard for recording and accumulating field data for disease is lacking. Institutional relationships among segments of the animal breeding and animal health industries are needed to facilitate genetic improvement for disease resistance.     

烟碱预防帕金森氏综合症和老年痴呆症的分子机理

流行病学统计显示,吸烟者患帕金森氏综合症(PD)和老年痴呆症(AD)的概率远低于不吸烟者,但是其机理还不清楚。我们研究发现:(1)烟碱可以有效清除活性氧自由基,能够抑制多巴胺自氧化,是一个抗氧化剂。(2)烟碱能够有效抑制6OHDA和MPP+诱导的线粒体肿胀和细胞色素C(Cyt.C)释放。(3)烟碱可以保护海马神经元抵抗Aβ淀粉样蛋白诱导细胞的凋亡。(4)烟碱可以防止淀粉样蛋白在转基因AD鼠脑沉淀。(5)烟碱可以络合金属铜防止和减少其在脑中积聚。这对于解释烟碱防治神经退行性疾病AD和PD机理具有重要意义。      

Coffee consumption and disease correlations

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. It has primarily consumed due to its stimulant effect and unique taste since the ancient times. Afterwards, its consumption has been historically associated with a lower risk of some diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular disease and some type of cancer and thus it has also consumed due to health benefits. It contains many bioactive compounds such as caffeine, chlorogenic acids and diterpenoid alcohols which have so far been associated with many potential health benefits. For example, caffeine reduces risk of developing neurodegenerative disease and chlorogenic acids (CGA) and diterpene alcohols have many health benefits such as antioxidant and chemo-preventive. Coffee also have harmful effects. For example, diterpenoid alcohols increases serum homocysteine and cholesterol levels and thus it has adverse effects on cardiovascular system. Overall, the study that supports the health benefits of coffee is increasing. But, it is thought-provoking that the association with health benefits of coffee consumption and frequency at different levels in each study. For this reason, we aimed to examine the health effect of the coffee and how much consumption is to investigate whether it meets the claimed health benefits.     

Sourdough lactobacilli and celiac disease

Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common food intolerance. The only effective treatment for CD is a strict adherence to a gluten-free diet throughout the patient's lifetime. Gluten-free products are not widely available and are usually more expensive than their gluten-containing counterparts. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop safe and effective therapeutic alternatives, to develop high-quality gluten-free products and to investigate the potential of the bread making biotechnology following ancient protocols which include long-time fermentation by selected sourdough lactic acid bacteria. This review describes the most relevant results related to biotechnologies that use selected sourdough lactic acid bacteria and probiotics as starters for sourdough fermentation to investigate their potential to decrease the risk of gluten contamination in gluten-free products. As shown by studies in vitro on celiac intestinal tissue and in vivo on CD patients, the bacterial proteolytic activity is rather promising not only as currently demonstrated for eliminating traces of contaminant gluten but probably also in perspective for the manufacture of tolerated baked goods.     

Tea consumption and disease correlations

Tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world next to water and is obtained from the leaves Camellia sinensis. In recent years, the potential health benefits and effect mechanisms of tea have attracted a lot of interest. The potential health benefits of tea have been attributed to its various phenolic compounds with unique biological properties found in tea. These phenolic compounds are especially catechins and their derivatives, which constitute at most 30% of the dry weight of the tea. Tea is a new and effective strategy for reducing the severity of neurological diseases and for protecting against obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer (ovaryum, lung, skin, breast, endometrial, prostate, bladder, oral and colorectal cancers).Overall, the study that supports the health benefits of tea is increasing. But, the amounts of and the frequency of tea consumption that is associated with potential health benefits vary greatly from work to work and this situation creates difficulty in determining the optimal consumption amount and frequency that tea can exhibit health benefits. For this reason, we aimed to examine the health effect of the tea and how much consumption is to investigate whether it meets the claimed health benefits.Within that frame, there is a need for more studies on the possible health effects of tea. While studying on that effect, the effects of various doses, forms (in synthetic or natural product matrix), exposure in different periods (short or long term) on health should be studied. However, currently the conducted studies are promising for tea is a bioactive component like polyphenol, theaflavins, thearubigins, caffeine and mineral. In addition, although the fact intake with diet proved to be reliable at the end of the conducted acute and chronic toxicity test is another positive part, safety of bioactive component in tea should be supported through further studies.