岭南庭园夏季室外热舒适阈值研究

本文针对岭南庭园夏季热舒适状况进行研究。首先,使用现场实测及问卷调研的方法,获得各气象要素(空气温度、相对湿度、黑球温度、风速)的逐时数据及庭园室外热舒适状况;然后,借助Ray Man模型,计算生理等效温度,综合评析庭园不同景观要素组合空间的热环境情况;最后,采用回归分析法建立岭南庭园室外空间人体热感觉与热环境指标之间的关联并获得PET热中性温度及阈值上限,初步建立岭南庭园室外热舒适评价模型。     

上海创智天地广场热舒适分析与评价

主要通过上海创智天地广场夏秋冬三季小气候实测与问卷调查,探讨广场空间形态、热环境和使用者心理感知之间的关系,10个测试日共获得问卷870份。结果表明:1)SVF与广场热环境关系紧密,夏季需要更小的SVF,冬季需要更大的SVF;2)热中性与热舒适范围随季节发生变化,热感觉、热舒适与空气温度、PET显著相关,就相关系数而言,热感觉更高;3)人们的热感觉和热认知较为一致的是广场夏季热环境更为严峻;4)空间开阔是人们在秋冬两季来广场的主要原因,它影响了人们对广场各区的热认知;5)创智广场的热中性范围低于国歌广场,空间形态与行为活动的耦合可能影响了人们的热中性范围。本研究成果可为上海高密度环境广场热环境设计及优化提供依据。     

夏季襄阳唐城影视基地热舒适对游客场所感知影响及优化措施研究

全球气候变暖与极端高温天气频发对行人夏季出行造成不便。夏季是游客旅行高峰,其高温环境会显著影响游客景区旅行体验。先前热舒适研究主要集中在自然景观类景区,缺少以建筑、硬质为主的人文建筑类景区热舒适改善研究。通过对襄阳唐城影视基地典型宫殿空间与街巷空间两个测点的春夏小气候实测与问卷调研,分析春夏影视基地热环境。结合场所感知问卷,分析影视基地游客场所感知状况,探析影视基地热舒适与游客场所感知的影响作用。宫殿空间热舒适整体优于街巷空间,影视基地夏季热中性温度及中性温度范围分别为29.17℃、26.26~32.08℃。气象因子与游客场所感知相关性较弱,热舒适是影响游客场所感知的最主要因素;游客场所感知与热舒适存在相互影响,其中个体情绪是影响游客热舒适与热接受度的主要因素。影视基地夏季热舒适与游客场所感知存在相互影响作用,从景区规划设计与景区管理两方面提出夏季景区热舒适改善、游客场所感知提升优化建议。     

寒冷地区人体主观反应季节性评价研究

为探索寒冷地区实际建筑环境下,人体热感觉与热舒适之间存在的季节性分离情况,本文以寒冷地区焦作市某高校32名大学生作为研究对象,分别测试四季室内外环境参数、皮肤温度以及调查受试者主观评价等,共获得854份有效数据。结果表明：受服装热阻、情绪等因素影响,人们四季热感觉为“适中”(TSV=0)时不一定达到“舒适”状态,四季热感觉与热舒适之间均存在分离现象,人们在春秋季节热感觉分别为0.76、0.83时,人们感觉相对更舒适;而在夏冬极端季节,当热感觉分别为-1.13、1.37时才达到相对最“舒适”状态,越是极端季节,热感觉与热舒适分离程度越显著。当平均皮肤温度与室内空气温度差值(T_dif)为6～12℃范围内,人们四季热感觉、热舒适及对当前热环境满意程度均达到最佳范围且人们情绪相对更稳定。综合考虑季节变化、主观反应等因素影响,提出T_dif作为热环境评价指标。研究结果可为寒冷地区人体热反应季节性研究以及未来室内环境智能化控制提供理论依据。     

基于微气候模拟的城市综合公园活动空间热舒适评价研究 ——以沈阳市万柳塘公园为例

随着城市化和新型城镇化的发展，城 市热岛效应不断加剧。城市绿地空间微气候环 境的热舒适性是影响人们户外活动的重要因 素，而综合公园是市民在城市绿色空间中进行不 同活动的集中选择。为了深入探讨综合公园不 同空间类型对居民热舒适性的调节作用，研究 以沈阳市万柳塘公园为研究对象，通过问卷调 查、现场实测和微气候模拟相结合的方式，评估 公园不同活动类型空间的热舒适度，校准居民 对热环境感知的中性温度和不同热等级的感知 范围。结果表明：不同类型活动空间的热舒适感知存在差异；研究基于MATLAB对微气候实测数据和模拟数据进行拟合，得到各类活动空间更 为准确的热舒适评价结果；通过研究确定了四类空间的生理等效温度（PET）等级及中性温度范 围，并基于此对各类空间的热舒适性进行评价。研究结果对城市公园景观设计具有重要意义，可 以帮助城市规划者和景观设计师在未来城市建设中科学地改善城市室外热环境。     

寒冷地区过渡季节下室外环境热舒适研究

室外热舒适性一直是城市环境研究的热点问题。针对室外微气候环境利用主客观现场调查研究,明确影响人体室外热感觉的影响因素。为确定户外环境的设计策略、营造具有吸引力的良好公共空间提供重要研究基础。文中研究通过对寒冷地区过渡季节的确定,利用热舒适主观问卷调查和同步微气候数据现场调查,获取了1050份有效主观问卷及相对应气象参数。通过主客观拟合分析获取了基于通用热气候指数UTCI(Universal Thermal Climate Index)的热中性温度为20.7℃。同时对室外三种不同环境分别探究其热舒适性变化规律,在阳光直射下的人体热感觉较为敏感,而在树荫和建筑阴影下较不敏感。建筑阴影下热舒适更容易受到影响。明确了空气温度与平均辐射温度是影响过渡季节下人体室外热感觉的主要因素。研究结果为寒冷地区城市的室外公共空间的场地规划和环境设计提供了参考依据。     

城市公园室外热舒适状况探究——以成都市两个城市公园为例

研究旨在调查老龄化背景下的城市户外热舒适状况。研究选择成都市两个城市公园作为研究地点,以PET（生理等效温度）为指标,以563名老年人为调查对象,调查其在夏季、秋季和冬季对城市公园的主观热感知。同时,气象数据测量也与问卷调查同时进行。之后,文章对环境热舒适数据进行了预分析,然后进行热可接受分析与probit回归分析,以探讨老年人群体热舒适度的变化状况。研究得出以下结论：(1)受试成都地区老年人夏季热中性PET为27.01℃;热舒适PET范围为24.71～29.32℃。(2)成都老年人达到热舒适时的热感觉状态为：夏季“微冷”（TSV=-1.03）,秋季“适度”（TSV=0.04）,冬季“微暖”（TSV=0.71）。秋季是全年最舒适的季节（TCV=1.54）。     

天津城市下沉广场冬季热环境研究

下沉广场作为城市居民娱乐休闲以及地上地下过渡的重要空间形式,科学分析其热环境特性以及建立热舒适评价模型,对城市高质量发展具有非常重要的意义。本文以天津市典型下沉广场为研究对象,采用现场实测与问卷调查相结合的研究方法,在掌握了下沉广场冬季热环境现状的基础上,总结地上、地下空间热环境各项参数对人体热感觉的影响规律,并且建立了天津市下沉广场冬季热感觉和热舒适评价模型,明确了冬季的热中性温度及舒适区间,通过生理等效温度对比,揭示了下沉广场形态特征对人体热感觉造成的影响程度,旨在为寒冷地区下沉广场的合理设计及优化改造提供理论参考。     

上海国歌广场热舒适研究

主要讨论上海国歌广场夏秋冬三季物理环境及广场使用者的热感知和偏好。现场进行小气候实测和问卷调查,21个测试日共获得问卷878份。研究采用主观评价与客观评价结合的形式评价热舒适。客观评价指标采用预测平均投票(PMV)、生理等效温度(PET)和标准有效温度(SET*)3个指标。结果表明:1)广场夏季热舒适问题相较秋冬两季更为突出;夏季,80%受访者期望空气温度降低、风速升高;秋冬两季,近半数的人希望温度升高、风速降低、太阳辐射增强;夏季,居民太阳辐射偏好与空气温度值呈显著负相关;秋冬两季,居民风速偏好与空气温度呈正相关,与太阳辐射呈负相关;2)预测PMV不适合评估上海广场户外热舒适;使用PET计算的热中性温度为16.2℃,热舒适范围为7~25℃;使用SET*计算的热中性温度为17.1℃,热舒适范围为10~24℃。本研究成果可为风景园林师优化上海高密度环境下的户外热环境提供评判依据。     

湿热地区老年人夏季室外热舒适阈值研究

旨在探索湿热地区老年人夏季室外热舒适阈值。以课题示范工程、样本量集中的广州市老人院为研究案例,结合现场实测与问卷调研,获得各气象要素（空气温度、相对湿度、黑球温度、风速）的逐时数据及老年人室外热舒适状况;借助Rayman模型,计算生理等效温度PET,运用SPSS进行回归分析建立老年人室外热舒适评价模型;并评析不同类型测点空间的热环境情况与特点。结论如下：（1）湿热地区夏季老年人室外热环境中性PET值为25.60℃;台湾、香港、广州等湿热气候地区,老年人与混合年龄层中性PET值接近,人群中性PET值具有一定普适性;（2）老年人热感觉中性范围为23.79℃~27.41℃,较混合年龄层窄;老年人室外环境热舒适PET范围为22.70℃~32.53℃,老年人对偏凉感觉（PET=23.10℃）更感舒适;老年人达到90%可接受率的PET范围是22.62℃~31.15℃;（3）老年人夏季热敏感度为3.62PET（℃）/TSV,夏季老年人对室外热环境敏感度明显高于混合年龄层,因此室外热环境设计对老年人具有更大影响;（4）在适当遮荫条件（植物或建筑）下,老年人在夏季依然乐于接受室外阳光辐射;但需综合运用遮阳、通风、降温等设计策略才能满足老年人对热环境的舒适需求。以期为湿热地区室外环境适老设计提供研究方法和设计目标的参考。     

Field study of human thermal comfort and thermal adaptability during the summer and winter in Beijing

This study was conducted during the summer and winter in Beijing. Classrooms and offices in a university were used to conduct the survey. The respondents’ thermal sensation and thermal adaptability in both seasons were analyzed. During the study, indoor environmental parameters including air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity were measured. The respondents’ thermal sensation was determined by questionnaire.A relationship between indoor temperature and thermal sensation was found. In the summer study, the “scissors difference” between TSV and PMV was observed in the air-conditioned environments if the temperature was out of the neutral zone. People had higher tolerance in the hot environment than PMV predicted. During winter, the outdoor temperature had a prominent influence on thermal adaptability. The low outdoor temperature made people adapt to the cold environment. When the indoor temperature was heated to a high temperature by space heating facilities, respondents felt uncomfortable since their adaptability to the cold environment was nullified.Furthermore, the differences in thermal responses between respondents from North and South China showed that the different climates of people's native regions also affected their thermal comfort and adaptability.     

Thermal perception,adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions

Highly relevant to an individual's thermal perception, the thermal environment in outdoor public spaces impacts the use of such spaces. Thermal adaptation, which involves physiological, psychological and behavioral factors, also plays an important role in assessment of thermal environments by users. Given that these issues have rarely been addressed for outdoor environments in hot and humid regions, this study examines user thermal comfort in a public square in Taiwan. Physical measurements were taken and a questionnaire survey was used to assess the thermal comfort of subjects. The number of people visiting the square was also counted. Analytical results indicate that the thermal comfort range and neutral temperature of subjects was higher than those of people in a temperate region. Additionally, local subjects preferred a cool temperature and weak sunlight, and adapted to thermal environments by seeking shelter outdoors. Analytical results confirm the existence of thermal adaptation and illustrate the characteristics of, and variances in, thermal adaptation. During the cool season, the number of people visiting the square increased as the thermal index value increased. However, the number of people frequenting the square decreased as the thermal index increased during the hot season. These experimental results were compared with those for temperate regions, indicating that the human energy balance model cannot fully explain the influence of climate on use of public spaces; that is, psychological and behavioral factors also play important roles in outdoor thermal comfort. Study findings also elucidate design of outdoor public spaces in hot and humid regions.     

中国园林阴阳观

中国古典园林源远流长,从园林史来看,先秦时期的道家学派,实际上就是中国古典园林体系的创始者。园林虽“可观、可游、可玩、可居”,但它的基本功能却是一种精神功能。园林环境是人们生活中的“精神场所”,也就更多地表现出人们对于自然宇宙,社会人生的思想认识和思维观念。因此它必然受着中国古典哲学阴阳观的深刻影响。也正是这种影响,才造成独树一帜的中国自然式园林体系。本文注意探索道家阴阳观对中国园林的重大影响。     

北京地区冬季室内人体热舒适性及热适应性调查

测试了室内环境参数,同时调查了受试者的热感觉。结果显示,室外温度对人的热适应性有显著影响。在冬季,寒冷的气候条件使人们形成对偏冷环境的适应性,此时如果室内温度过高,人们对低温的适应性将被破坏,反而感觉不舒适。     

老年公寓热舒适评价标准现状调研研究

目前,我国逐步迈入老龄化社会,养老问题成为人们关注的热点问题。老年公寓作为社会机构养老模式之一,其独特的属性和定位受到人们的喜爱,老年公寓成为目前最受欢迎的养老模式之一。但关于老年公寓室内物理环境的研究并没有达到一定的深度,有关老年公寓热舒适评价的标准缺乏对老年人的关注。通过对国内外热舒适评价标准进行调研,找到现阶段关于老年公寓热舒适评价标准中存在的不同之处,为以后标准的制定和老年公寓的设计提供一定的借鉴。     

Thermal comfort of people in the hot and humid area of China—impacts of season,climate, and thermal history

We conducted a climate chamber study on the thermal comfort of people in the hot and humid area of China. Sixty subjects from naturally ventilated buildings and buildings with split air conditioners participated in the study, and identical experiments were conducted in a climate chamber in both summer and winter. Psychological and physiological responses were observed over a wide range of conditions, and the impacts of season, climate, and thermal history on human thermal comfort were analyzed. Seasonal and climatic heat acclimatization was confirmed, but they were found to have no significant impacts on human thermal sensation and comfort. The outdoor thermal history was much less important than the indoor thermal history in regard to human thermal sensation, and the indoor thermal history in all seasons of a year played a key role in shaping the subjects' sensations in a wide range of thermal conditions. A warmer indoor thermal history in warm seasons produced a higher neutral temperature, a lower thermal sensitivity, and lower thermal sensations in warm conditions. The comfort and acceptable conditions were identified for people in the hot and humid area of China.     

Adaptive comfort model for tree-shaded outdoors in Taiwan

Tree-shaded outdoors can reduce the heat effect by ameliorating the microclimate and enhancing the human thermal comfort outdoors; for this reason, they are main places for rest, recreation and social activity in Taiwan's cities. Field comfort surveys of 3839 interviewees were conducted in tree-shaded spaces throughout a year. The aims were to obtain a better understanding of human thermal comfort response outdoors and to propose an adaptive comfort model for tree-shaded spaces. A comfort zone, centering on neutral operative temperature which is an empirically derived linear function of mean monthly outdoor temperature, of 6 °C for 90% acceptability and 8 °C for 80% acceptability was suggested for tree-shaded spaces from surveyed data, adding that a non-linear function of the temperature difference between actual operative temperature and neutral operative temperature was established that aims to predict the percentage of heat or cold discomfort at a particular outdoor thermal condition. An application of the established adaptive comfort model on an actual tree-shaded space was demonstrated to show its practicality in long-term evaluation of a particular thermal environment.     

Shading effect on long-term outdoor thermal comfort

Shading affects outdoor thermal environments and, therefore, influences the thermal perceptions of people in outdoor spaces. Since most field studies examining outdoor thermal comfort merely elucidated characteristics measured on a particular day, these studies may not represent annual thermal conditions accurately. Therefore, this study conducted 12 field experiments to analyze outdoor thermal conditions on a university campus in central Taiwan, and utilized RayMan model for predicting long-term thermal comfort applying meteorological data for a 10-year period. The physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) is employed as a thermal index. The thermal comfort range of Taiwanese residents obtained in a previous survey was applied as the criterion for determining whether a thermal environment is comfortable or uncomfortable. Analytical results indicate that the sky view factor (SVF), which represents the percentage of free sky at specific locations, significantly affects outdoor thermal environments. Analytical results indicate that a high SVF (barely shaded) causes discomfort in summer and a low SVF (highly shaded) causes discomfort in winter. As Taiwan has hot summers and mild winters, sufficient shading should be provided by trees and buildings to improve thermal comfort in summer. However, since the Taiwanese have poor tolerance of cold temperature, outdoor space planning should avoid creating areas with excessive shading. Therefore, the thermal requirements of residents and characteristics of the local climate and environment must be considered when creating shaded outdoor areas.     

校园行道树对夏季室外行人热舒适的 影响研究

道路绿地作为城市绿地的重要组成部分,在缓解城市热岛和改善行人热舒适等方面起着重要作用。通过监测大学校园内7种典型行道树树荫和阳光下的空气温度(T_a)、相对湿度(RH)、风速(V_a)、黑球温度(T_g)和太阳辐射(G)等气象参数以及行道树的叶表面温度(T_(1s),运用通用热气候指数(Universal Thermal Climate Index,UTCI)分析不同行道树对道路空间热环境的影响和行人热舒适的改善效果。结论如下:1)行道树改善道路空间行人热舒适作用明显,对T_a和平均辐射温度(Mean Radiant Temperature,T_(mrt)降低能力最强的树种分别为悬铃木和银杏;2)天空可视因子(Sky View Factor,SVF)是影响道路空间行人热舒适的主要因素;3)T_(1s)与UTCI呈强线性正相关(R~2=0.8083),夏季T_(1s)越高,道路空间行人热舒适度越差。研究结果从室外热舒适评价的角度为行道树设计提供了理论基础和量化指导。