实海浸泡条件下聚氨酯涂层的失效行为

目的 在青岛市小麦岛试验站开展实海浸泡试验,探究聚氨酯涂层在实际服役过程中的失效行为。 方法 选用TS55?80聚氨酯涂层/Q235碳钢体系为试验样品,开展实海浸泡试验。从聚氨酯涂层的表面形貌、失光率、色差、涂层附着力、化学结构及涂层热稳定性等角度对聚氨酯涂层的失效行为进行研究。结果 在实海浸泡条件下,聚氨酯涂层表面会出现明显的鼓泡和裂纹等缺陷,在浸泡6个月后的涂层表面可以观察到明显的腐蚀产物。随着浸泡时间的延长,涂层的化学结构发生了明显变化,涂层的热稳定性显著降低。在浸泡12个月后,聚氨酯涂层的失光率为69.9%,属于严重失光;涂层的色差达到3.20,属于轻微变色,涂层的附着力降至0.82 MPa,涂层与金属基体的结合强度大幅下降;聚氨酯涂层的阻抗值降至2.81×10³ Ω.cm²,说明涂层的防护性能基本丧失。结论 在实海浸泡条件下,聚氨酯涂层中颜料颗粒的脱落会造成涂层表面孔隙数量的增加,这会加速海水中水和氧气等腐蚀性介质的渗透过程,使得涂层/金属界面处的电化学反应快速进行,导致涂层的防护性能快速下降。此外,聚氨酯链中氨基甲酸酯键的水解是造成聚氨酯涂层发生降解的主要原因。     

两种水性聚氨酯涂层在3种加速老化试验中的性能对比

目的 研究目前水性涂料中两种应用广泛的水性脂肪族聚氨酯涂层与水性丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层的耐候性与防腐性能的差异,探讨加速老化方法对涂层性能的影响.方法 利用3种加速老化试验(中性盐雾、紫外-冷凝以及中性盐雾-紫外冷凝循环试验)对涂层进行240 d的加速老化.通过涂层的失光率、色差以及红外吸收光谱变化,研究涂层老化情况.利用交流阻抗法判断涂层防腐性能强弱,分析两种涂层体系在不同加速老化试验中的性能变化.结果 在各加速老化试验条件下,水性脂肪族聚氨酯涂层相比于水性丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层,失光率与色差变化小,阻抗下降较少,涂层基体官能团分解程度小,说明水性脂肪族聚氨酯涂层老化程度小,防腐性能更好.3种老化加速试验对涂层阻抗影响顺序为:中性盐雾试验>循环试验>紫外-冷凝试验.对涂层色差、失光率影响顺序为:紫外-冷凝试验>循环试验、中性盐雾试验.结论 连续的盐雾渗透对涂层的防腐屏蔽性能影响最严重.紫外线对涂层官能团分解具有加速作用,是涂层老化的主要原因.水性脂肪族聚氨酯涂层比水性丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层具有更好的耐候性以及防腐性能,可以应用在强紫外线、高湿热的环境.     

BI@ZIF-8/EP涂层的制备及在深海压力下的防护性能研究

目的 制备负载苯并咪唑(BI)的BI@ZIF-8粒子,研究BI@ZIF-8/EP涂层在2种静水压力下的失效行为。方法 制备并表征BI@ZIF-8粒子。制备BI@ZIF-8/EP涂层,在常压(0.1 MPa)和模拟深海压力(6 MPa)开展浸泡实验。通过微观形貌、失光率、色差、附着力、红外光谱、电化学阻抗谱等手段进行涂层失效行为对比分析。结果 成功制备了BI@ZIF-8粒子;在相同压力条件下,BI@ZIF-8/EP涂层具有更高的附着力和阻抗值;同种涂层在6 MPa下退化更加严重,附着力和阻抗值下降速率增大;随着浸泡时间的延长,6 MPa下BI@ZIF-8/EP涂层中的BI特征峰强度明显减弱,2种涂层的主要特征峰强度均有下降。结论 ZIF-8粒子中的咪唑基,能增加环氧涂层交联密度,降低侵蚀性粒子渗透速率;高静水压能显著加速侵蚀性粒子向涂层内部的扩散,并加速有机涂层失效进程;BI分子和2-Melm分子中N原子的孤电子对与Fe原子的空轨道能在金属基体表面形成吸附膜,并且Zn²⁺和OH⁻能在金属基体表面形成沉积膜,有效减缓了金属腐蚀。此外,2种涂层的退化机制不受静水压力升高的影响。     

磷化聚苯胺固化含环氧基硅树脂涂层的制备及性能

为了改善有机硅树脂的固化条件及其涂层的防腐蚀性能,以γ-缩水甘油醚氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷（GPTMS）、硅酸乙酯（TEOS）、二甲基二乙氧基硅烷（DMDMS）为硅烷单体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了含环氧基的硅树脂（ESiR）,并以磷化聚苯胺（PANI）为固化剂制备了硅树脂防腐蚀涂层,分析了PANI固化含环氧基硅树脂的固化反应。通过测试固化时间、涂层的柔韧性和硬度、热失重曲线等考察了PANI添加量对涂层固化程度的影响;通过附着力、接触角、吸水率、电化学阻抗谱和极化曲线测试了PANI添加量对涂层性能的影响。结果表明：当PANI添加量（质量分数）为3 %时,得到的涂层固化效果较好,涂层既具有良好的柔韧性,又有较高的硬度;且涂层表现出较好的疏水性、附着力和优异的防腐蚀性能,其接触角为103.5°,吸水率为8.91%;涂层的干、湿附着力均为0级;腐蚀电流密度为7.58×10^-8 A/cm²,电化学阻抗值达到3.4×10⁶ Ω·cm²。     

空间辐照模拟环境对消杂光热控涂层性能的影响

目的 研究空间辐照环境对SCB-1消杂光热控涂层性能的影响。方法 采用剂量为5000 ESH的真空-紫外辐照、总注量为2.5×10¹⁵ p/cm²的真空-质子辐照、总注量为2.5×10¹⁶ e/cm²的真空-电子辐照以及2.0× 10²¹atoms/cm²的原子氧辐照,分别对SCB-1型消杂光热控涂层进行模拟空间环境试验,分析空间辐照试验前后涂层太阳吸收比αS与半球发射率εH的变化,并通过X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)检测涂层表面元素状态变化,从而判断SCB-1涂层耐空间各项辐照因素的稳定性。结果 经真空-紫外辐照后,SCB-1涂层全波段αS下降了0.007~0.009,400~1100 nm αS下降了0.008~0.010;经原子氧作用后,SCB-1涂层全波段与400~1100 nm αS均下降了0.006~0.009;经真空-质子辐照后,全波段αS下降了0.004~0.005,400~1100 nm αS下降了0.005;经真空-电子辐照后,吸收比无明显变化。以上辐照过程中,SCB-1涂层的半球辐射率均无明显变化。结论 经历空间模拟辐照试验,SCB-1消杂光热控涂层展现出了极佳的抗空间辐照稳定性,可以满足后续GEO、LEO等航天器的长寿命设计使用需求。     

KS-B高吸收高发射率无机热控涂层低轨环境效应

目的 研究低轨环境对KS-B高吸收高发射无机热控涂层(简称KS-B涂层)性能的影响。方法 对KS-B涂层分别进行总剂量为3.9×10²² atoms/cm²的原子氧辐照、剂量为5000 ESH的真空-紫外辐照、总注量为9.30×10¹¹ p/cm²的真空-质子及总注量为1.108×10¹⁴ e/cm²的真空-电子综合辐照试验,分析空间模拟辐照环境中KS-B涂层太阳吸收比(αS)、半球发射率(εH)、表面形貌、表面组分含量、质量损失率等性能的变化规律,研究KS-B涂层的耐空间环境稳定性。结果 原子氧暴露后,KS-B涂层太阳吸收比增加0.003,半球发射率增加0.004;原子氧辐照后,KS-B涂层表面形貌出现了一定程度的糙化,表面Si、O元素含量下降。初始暴露时,KS-B涂层质量损失率逐渐提高,最终质量损失率为0.96%。真空-紫外辐照后,KS-B涂层太阳吸收比增加0.003,半球发射率无变化。真空-质子及真空-电子辐照前后,KS-B涂层太阳吸收比增加0.001,半球发射率无变化。结论 经历原子氧、真空-紫外、真空-质子及真空-电子模拟辐照后,KS-B涂层的太阳吸收比及半球发射率变化较小,具有较好的耐空间辐照性能,可以满足空间站等低轨航天器的长寿命服役需求。     

模拟海洋大气环境下铝合金表面锌黄环氧底漆/丙烯酸聚氨酯面漆涂层体系失效过程研究

目的研究5A06型铝基材所使用的锌黄环氧底漆/丙烯酸聚氨酯面漆涂层体系的失效过程。方法设计"紫外/冷凝3 d+中性盐雾3 d+低温暴露1 d"为一个周期的实验室循环加速试验,采用交流阻抗谱法,结合光泽度、色差值、红外光谱等数据,研究涂层体系性能。结果循环加速试验进行到16周,该过程中面漆的失光率、色差值上升,达到轻微失光等级和轻微变色等级。面漆的表面形貌及涂层的低频阻抗发生明显变化,第12周时在光学显微镜下明显可见微小鼓泡,涂层0.1 Hz阻抗保持在109W·cm~2以上,但此后鼓泡数量增加,部分鼓泡破损,颜填料流出;第14周时,0.1 Hz阻抗下降到108W·cm~2,此后鼓泡数量进一步增加,部分鼓泡处面漆脱落;第16周时,0.1 Hz阻抗下降到约为107W·cm~2。结论丙烯酸聚氨酯面漆树脂基体特征官能团、聚合物链发生断裂,面漆的完整性遭到破坏,这可能与紫外线照射相关。这将加速涂层中腐蚀性介质(如水、氧和侵蚀性氯离子)渗透,促进涂层的失效。     

含氟聚氨酯防护涂层体系在模拟海洋环境下的防护性能

目的 考核评价Q345低合金钢表面“热喷锌铝基底”和“磷化膜基底”的含氟聚氨酯防护涂层体系在模拟海洋环境下的防护性能。方法 分别制备2类含氟聚氨酯防护涂层体系划痕和非划痕试样,采用实验室多因素组合循环试验方式对涂层试样进行模拟加速试验,分析涂层的外观、光泽、色差的变化情况;对比分析划痕部位涂层的耐腐蚀扩展性能,并采用金相法分析热喷锌铝层试验前后的截面变化;分别采用傅里叶变换红外光谱和电化学阻抗谱表征涂层的老化特征和电化学性能。结果 2类含氟聚氨酯防护涂层体系试验后的变色等级为1级,失光等级为2级,保护性漆膜综合老化性能等级为0级。磷化膜基底层试样划痕部位的含氟聚氨酯防护涂层出现了鼓泡、锈蚀等现象,单边腐蚀宽度为9.18 mm;热喷锌铝基底层试样划痕部位的含氟聚氨酯防护涂层未出现鼓泡现象,单边腐蚀宽度仅为2.58 mm。含氟聚氨酯防护涂层红外光谱特征峰的形状、位置、强度均未发生明显变化;磷化膜基底层试样涂层体系0.01 Hz阻抗模值(|Z|0.01 Hz)为2.3×10⁹ Ω.m²,热喷锌铝基底层试样涂层体系0.01 Hz阻抗模值(|Z|0.01 Hz)为4.6×10⁹ Ω.cm²。结论 含氟聚氨酯防护涂层具有较好的抗光老化和耐蚀性能。热喷锌铝基底层相较于磷化膜基底层,不仅可以提高涂层体系的持久耐蚀性能,而且能够有效缓解涂层破损后发生的腐蚀扩展现象。     

Nb-Hf合金表面Si-Ti-Cr硅化物涂层在大气和真空中的高温热震性能

为了提高Nb-Hf合金的高温热震性能,采用浆料烧结和高温渗透法制备了Si-Ti-Cr硅化物涂层,对比分析了Si-Ti-Cr硅化物包覆的Nb-Hf合金样品在大气和真空条件下的高温热震性能。通过模拟在热冲击过程中涂层的温度场和热应力场分布,揭示了Si-Ti-Cr涂层在大气和真空条件下的热冲击失效机理。结果表明,在1300 ℃热震循环100次条件下,涂层的真空失重小于0.8 mg/cm²;在1600 ℃热震循环200次条件下,涂层的空气增重小于3 mg/cm²。硅化物涂层在1300 ℃真空环境下和1600 ℃空气环境下具有优异的抗热震性能。     

天冬聚脲涂层体系的防腐蚀性能

制备了以天冬聚脲涂料为面漆的重防腐蚀涂层体系,开展了循环盐雾试验、氙灯老化加速试验及吸水率测试。通过形貌观察、能谱分析、电化学测试、涂层厚度及附着力测试等,研究了该涂层体系的防腐蚀性能及腐蚀老化规律。结果表明：天冬聚脲面漆配套以重防腐蚀底漆和中间漆,涂层的耐盐雾腐蚀和光老化性能优异,附着力良好,吸水率低,可有效抵御湿热盐雾大气环境影响,有效防护金属基体。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.