从表面活性剂溶液中分离有机化合物的研究进展（待续）

总结了近年来从表面活性剂溶液中分离经乳化后的有机化合物的方法,综述了表面活性剂循环利用和表面活性剂—污染物处理的研究进展。从溶液中分离有机化合物或者表面活性剂主要有3种方式,分别是有机复合相间的传质、表面活性剂胶束拆除和控制表面活性剂溶液相行为。对上述3种方式以及其进行分离应用的优点和局限性进行详细说明,并表明就目前而言,基于质量传递将有机化合物分离到二次相的方法更为实用,最后对后期研究的两个重点问题进行了展望。     

苯酚在浊点萃取中凝聚层相的增溶规律

采用分光光度法测定了苯酚在非离子表面活性剂单相胶束溶液中和在非离子表面活性剂两相浊点萃取时凝聚层相中的增溶结果.实验表明：溶质在凝聚层相的增溶与表面活性剂形成胶束的结构有关.当凝聚层相的表面活性剂形成正相胶束时,溶质在凝聚层相的增溶规律和在表面活性剂胶束溶液中的增溶规律一致;当凝聚层相的表面活性剂形成反相胶束时,溶质在凝聚层相和在溶液相的浓度关系可理解为在这两种溶剂之间的分配随着凝聚层相的含水率逐渐降低趋近于一定值,溶质的分配系数也趋近于一定值.     

表面活性剂与蛋白质相互作用的研究进展

综述了表面活性剂与蛋白质的相互作用以及该领域最新的研究方法和研究成果。从荧光技术在研究表面活性剂－蛋白质相互作用中的应用为出发点，介绍了表面活性剂与蛋白质相互作用所形成的复合物的结构及相互作用过程中蛋白质结构的变化；在阐述表面活性剂－蛋白质相同电荷混合体系及相反电荷混合体系的不同相行为特征的同时，介绍了NMR弛豫技术和冷冻蚀刻电镜在研究表面活性剂与蛋白质相互作用中的应用；表面活性剂－蛋白质混合溶液的界面吸附行为的研究以非离子表面活性剂与蛋白质的相互作用为主线，介绍了表面活性剂－蛋白质混合溶液界面吸附的2种机理，以及LB膜技术和流变学研究方法在研究表面活性剂－蛋白质相互作用中的应用。     

表面活性剂对十六烷基羟乙基纤维素溶液黏度的影响

通过流变仪研究了几种表面活性剂对十六烷基羟乙基纤维素(CHEC)溶液黏度的影响.结果表明,CHEC溶液的黏度随表面活性剂质量分数的增加先升高,达到最大值后逐渐下降;温度对表面活性剂和CHEC混合溶液黏度的影响与表面活性剂和CHEC形成的复合物有关;表面活性剂与CHEC的疏水缔合作用强弱顺序是AES>6501>CAB.     

分子模拟方法在双子表面活性剂溶液性质研究中的应用

综述了国内外应用分子模拟方法对双子表面活性剂溶液性质的研究成果,介绍了通过模拟计算得到的双子表面活性剂在溶液中的聚集过程和机理,平衡时聚集体的形态、结构和转变过程,双子表面活性剂与其他分子的协同效应以及各种因素的影响;此外,还介绍了双子表面活性剂在相界面上的性质等;最后指出了用分子模拟方法研究双子表面活性剂溶液性质的应用前景。     

表面活性剂与发用定型剂的配伍研究（Ⅱ）

使用经验配方制备测试样板，对不同的定型剂在表面活性剂影响下的外观、定型硬度、卷曲保持率等客观指标进行了测定。描述了表面活性剂与发用定型剂在共存溶液中形成溶致胶团的相行为以及由此相行为导致的发用定型剂在头发表面的附着及成膜性能的变化，进而总结出共存液相中表面活性剂对发用定型剂的性能影响的基本规律。     

表面活性剂溶液行为预测（英）

开发了Ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔ和Ｍｉｘ两个软件程序，应用该程序可以预测表面活性剂溶液行为，这些预测结果对配方师很有价值。对Ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔ和Ｍｉｘ预测的溶液行为与化妆品的表面性质、粘度、刺激性及相稳定性有很好的关联性     

用流变学方法研究铝离子存在时阴离子表面活性剂胶束的生长和结构(英文)

表面活性剂溶液的流变行为是影响表面活性剂应用的重要因素之一。用流变学方法 ,通过测定溶液在不同浓度和温度时的剪切粘度和应力研究了铝离子存在时阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基聚氧乙烯 (3)硫酸钠 (AES)胶束的生长和结构。结果表明 ,升高表面活性剂和盐的浓度或降低温度都可以促进胶束的生长 ,并且形成虫状胶束和网络结构 ;溶液的流变行为不符合Maxwell模型 ,表现为非线性粘弹性和非牛顿流体     

农药微乳液中阴/非离子复合表面活性剂作用机理

对阴/非离子复合表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钙 苯乙基酚聚氧乙烯聚丙烯醚/毒死蜱溶液,水体系相行为、电导率的研究结果表明,复合表面活性剂体系较两单纯表面活性剂乳化效果增加;在阴/非离子表面活性剂质量比为6:4时,体系可被水无限稀释,结构出现W/O型、液晶相、双连续型到O/W型结构的变化;随十二烷基苯磺酸钙含量的增加,复合表面活性剂体系的γcnc较纯苯乙基酚聚氧乙烯聚丙烯醚体系的γcnc明显下降.     

vGemini表面活性剂的聚集行为及应用的新进展

综述了已报道的几种新型Gemini表面活性剂的化学结构，并对它们在气／液、气／固界面及溶液中的聚集行为和应用做了讨论。     

Phase Behavior of Glycerol Trioleate‐Based Ionic Liquid Microemulsions

Glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions are promising biolubricant alternatives. This study presents the formation and the phase behavior of glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions. Areas of the single‐phase domain were calculated to illustrate the phase‐forming capacities of the designed systems. The effects of ionic liquid anions and cations, oxyethylene groups’ number of surfactant, mass ratio of surfactant to co‐surfactant, chain length of co‐surfactant, and temperature on the phase behavior and phase‐forming capacities of glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions were investigated using pseudo‐ternary phase diagrams. The results showed that the phase‐forming capacities of glycerol trioleate‐based ionic liquid microemulsions with different ionic liquids were Tf₂N^?‐based > PF₆^?‐based > BF₄^?‐based, OMIM⁺‐based > HMIM⁺‐based > BMIM⁺‐based > EMIM⁺‐based. The designed systems contained ionic liquid‐glycerol trioleate amphiphilic balance; thus, glycerol trioleate‐surfactant micelles achieved the maximum solubilization capacity for the ionic liquid when the surfactant had approximately five oxyethylene groups with a surfactant to co‐surfactant mass ratio of 4:1. Moreover, increasing the temperature and the aliphatic chain length of co‐surfactant from C2 to C6 enhanced the ability of glycerol trioleate and ionic liquids to form microemulsions.     

微乳轧制油拟三元相图及电导率的研究

以多组分表面活性剂的复配体系为研究对象,系统研究了表面活性剂-正丁醇-矿物油-水体系一系列拟三元相图,并用电导率法确定了微乳液结构。结果表明,表面活性剂复配比例不同对拟三元相图影响很大,随着Span80-PEG400比例逐渐增加,微乳区的面积先增大后减小,液晶区的面积逐渐减小,直到消失,相转变途径由非连续(液晶)向双连续过渡。随着表面活性剂含量的降低,有大面积的乳液区出现,电导率的变化与相变化存在一致性。     

拟三元相图在农药水乳剂配方筛选中的应用研究

以阿维菌素为例,通过拟三元相图系统研究了非离子与阴离子表面活性剂及其不同复配比例、油相中有效成分不同含量及不同水质下阿维菌素溶液/表面活性剂/水体系的相行为。研究结果表明,非离子表面活性剂与阴离子表面活性剂混用时水乳区面积比单用时面积要小,且随着非离子表面活性剂与阴离子表面活性剂比例的增加,水乳区的面积先减小后增大。而随着油相中阿维菌素的含量及水硬度的增加,水乳区面积有所增加,但影响不大。     

LAS/AEO-9/丙三醇/水拟三元体系的相行为和流变性能

用偏光显微镜和RS75控制应力流变仪研究了LAS(直链烷基苯磺酸钠)/AEO-9(脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚)/丙三醇/水的拟三元体系的相行为。发现在靠近LAS/丙三醇/水一侧整个液晶区只出现层状相液晶相,无六角相液晶相;而在靠近AEO-9/丙三醇/水一侧的相行为变化为比较典型,随着表面活性剂浓度增大,由胶束溶液逐渐向六角相液晶和层状相液晶过渡。在偏光显微镜下,观察到了层状相液晶和六角相液晶的偏光织构,并得到流变性能研究结果的印证。     

无机盐对十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）微乳液相行为的影响

微乳液通常由水、油、盐、表面活性剂及助剂组成,各组分对微乳液体系的相行为及增溶情况都有影响。本文利用Winsor相图和ε-β鱼状相图来研究无机盐种类、浓度对十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）型微乳液相行为的影响。研究发现,随着无机盐浓度或醇量增加,微乳液都会发生从WinsorⅠ→WinsorⅢ→WinsorⅡ的相转变,但具有不同阳离子或阴离子的无机盐对微乳液体系相行为的影响不同。无机盐在微乳液体系中主要与表面活性剂的反离子发生作用,对阳离子表面活性剂配成的微乳液体系,无机盐阴离子的作用比较强,且价态越高,离子半径越大,对微乳液相态的影响越大。通过对不同无机盐条件下的界面组成及增溶参数分析可知：无机盐种类的改变对鱼头、鱼尾点表面活性剂含量及醇在界面层中的分布影响较小;无机盐中阴离子改变对微乳液增溶能力影响较大,阳离子的改变对微乳液增溶能力影响较小。     

Review: Implementing the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation model when formulating detergents and other surfactant-related applications

When designing surfactant formulations using ionic and nonionic surfactants, the hydrophile lipophile balance (HLB) is a generalized surfactant characterization parameter that has shown to be useful when designing surfactant formulations, in the case of both ionic and nonionic surfactants (Davies' and Griffin's methods). Microemulsion phase behavior studies have been extensively used to optimize surfactant formulations, but these studies can cover a very wide phase space and can often encounter troublesome non-equilibrium issues such as coacervation. Detailed phase behavior studies can be time-consuming and difficult to apply beyond the specific surfactant-oil system studied. The hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) provides a method to help expedite surfactant formulation research by reducing the number of phase behavior studies required to optimize a given formulation. Detergency experiments have indicated that there is an optimal range of HLD for a given fabric surface. This appears to apply to other applications, as well, for example, surfactant formulations used in enhanced oil recovery have been optimized using the HLD method. These studies found that the HLD can reflect total oil recovery, even if the surfactants were derived from different alcohol feedstocks (e.g., HLD of 0 would describe optimum conditions regardless the type of surfactant). Also with additional parameterization, the HLD method can also be applied to non-ideal surfactant mixtures, specifically ionic/nonionic blends. Overall, the HLD framework has shown to be an effective screening tool for a wide range of surfactant-related applications when appropriate experiments, assumptions, and understanding of surfactant and oil interactions are used to generate the HLD parameters.     

The nonlinear behavior of surfactant-activated electrorheological suspensions

The nonlinear electrorheological (ER) behavior of nonionic surfactant-activated ER suspensions is investigated. The influence of three nonionic surfactants (Brij®30, GMO, and GTO) on the electrorheological (ER) response of various alumina/silicone oil suspensions shows similar behavior. The prevalent feature common to all formulations is that the yield stress, τ₀, initially increases with surfactant concentration, passes through a maximum, then decreases with surfactant concentration. The nonlinear behavior observed at large surfactant concentrations (i.e., τ₀≈Eⁿ;, where n>2) arises from field-induced phase separation of a surfactant-rich phase as opposed to field-dependent conductivity of a homogeneous continuous phase.     

LAS/AEO-9/肥皂/水拟三元体系的相行为和流变性能

用偏光显微镜和RS75控制应力流变仪研究了LAS/AEO-9/肥皂/水拟三元体系的相行为。发现在靠近LAS/水一侧整个液晶区只出现层状相液晶相,无六角相液晶相;而在靠近AEO-9/水一侧的相行为变化比较典型,随着表面活性剂浓度增大,由胶束溶液逐渐向六角相液晶和层状相液晶过渡。在偏光显微镜下,观察到了层状相液晶和六角相液晶的偏光织构,并得到流变性能研究结果的印证。     

The Phase Transformation Mechanism of Bentonite-Stabilized and Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide-Stabilized Emulsions and Application in Reversible Emulsification Oil-Based Drilling Fluids

We obtained a reversible emulsion system induced by bentonite solid particles and surfactant Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, whose critical micelle concentration (CMC) value is 9.21 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹). In this study, the zeta potential and contact angle were used to characterize surface wettability of bentonite solid particles in the process of phase transmission behavior. The adsorption amount was calculated at different CTAB concentrations, and then the adsorption isotherm of surfactant CTAB at bentonite solid particles was also studied to confirm the adsorption behavior and adsorption layer structure. The electrical conductivity and microscopic analysis were employed to characterize the phase inversion behavior of emulsion. The results show that the wettability of bentonite particles can be reversed by changing the CTAB concentration, and then the two phase transition behavior of bentonite emulsion can be induced. Additionally, the surfactant CTAB can be used in oil-based drilling fluid systems for the inversion of the emulsion type. The research on the performance of the reversible emulsion oil-based drilling fluid system shows that it has a good thermal stability and a small amount of fluid loss, and successfully reduces the damage of the traditional oil-based drilling fluids on oil well completion.     

A multi-fluid nonrandom lattice fluid model for mixtures containing nonionic surfactants

Surfactant systems show highly non-ideal phase behavior because of the inter-association and intra-association hydrogen bond. We present a lattice fluid equation of state that combines the multi-fluid nonrandom lattice fluid model with modified Veytsman statistics for intra+inter molecular association to calculate phase behavior for mixture containing surfactant systems. The literatureresults fitted to this model show good accordance for mixtures containing nonionic surfactant systems. This article is dedicated to Professor Chul Soo Lee in commemoration of his retirement from Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering of Korea University.