超声波提取-气相色谱-质谱法测定塑料食品接触材料中的乙二醇醚及其酯类

本文建立了采用超声波提取-气相色谱-质谱联用检测塑料食品接触材料中的乙二醇醚及其酯类的方法。通过以甲醇为溶剂,超声波萃取乙二醇醚及其酯类,固相硅胶小柱净化,气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定,外标法定量,该方法检测低限在20mg/kg,加标回收率在80%~95%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)不大于6%,线性范围在10mg/L~1000mg/L,相关系数(r)大于0.999。实验结果表明方法简便、可靠,能满足塑料食品包装材料中的乙二醇醚及其酯类的检测要求。     

分散固相散萃取_气相色谱法测定鱼肉中9种有机磷农药残留

建立了同时检测鱼肉中9种有机磷类农药残留的分散固相萃取-气相色谱联用方法。样品经乙腈进行提取,PSA、GCB和C18进行分散固相萃取净化,结合气相色谱法定性定量分析。添加样品的回收率为70.1%~80.4%,相对标准偏差在5.0%~10.2%,方法最低检出限为0.005~0.01 mg/kg。该法简便、准确,适用于鱼肉中9种有机磷农药残留量的检测。     

ASE-GC-NCI-MS测定食品接触塑料及纸制品中的短链氯化石蜡

目的 建立用于食品接触塑料及纸制品中短链氯化石蜡（SCCPs）含量测定的快速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-负化学电离源质谱法（ASE-GC-NCI-MS）。方法 采用加速溶剂萃取法对食品接触塑料及纸制品中的SCCPs进行处理,萃取溶剂为正己烷-二氯甲烷,萃取温度为80 ℃,静态萃取时间10 min;采用浓硫酸净化法对萃取溶液进行净化处理;采用气相色谱-质谱法在负化学电离模式、全扫描模式、离子源温度为180 ℃等条件下对样品中的SCCPs进行定性与定量测定。结果 氯的质量分数在58.7%~64.3%范围内时,SCCPs的总体响应因子与实测氯含量呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数R2为0.9765,检出限为20 mg/kg,加标回收率为86.3%~95.3%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.3%~5.2%（日内）,4.8%~8.1%（日间）。结论 该方法操作简便、准确度好、灵敏度高、检出限低,可用于食品接触塑料及纸制品中SCCPs的实际检测。     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定鸡蛋中160种农药残留

建立了串联组合柱固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法检测鸡蛋中160种农药多残留的分析方法。鸡蛋样品用乙腈均质和超声波提取,提取液采用C18和PSA串联组合柱净化,气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)分析。GC-MS采用SIM模式,外标法定量。在优化过的条件下进行测试,本法检出限(S/N≥3)为0.01~0.05 mg/kg,在加标水平为0.05 mg/kg时,方法回收率为63.2%~126%,相对标准偏差为2.3%~13%。     

QuEChERS提取-气相色谱法测定木棉花中有机磷类残留

建立同时测定木棉花中9种有机磷农药的Qu ECh ERS提取-气相色谱快速检测方法。样品经乙腈溶解,Qu ECh ERS试剂萃取,分散固相萃取净化后,气相色谱-火焰光度检测器检测,在优化条件下,结果显示:9种农药均具有良好的线性关系,相关系数不低于0.995,检出限为0.012~0.316mg/kg,加标回收率为81.6%~103.4%,相对标准偏差为1.6%~4.8%。该方法具有检测结果准确可靠、简便快速等优点。     

纸质食品包装材料中 26 种有机残留物的检测

目的建立纸质食品包装材料中7种指示性多氯联苯、7种增塑剂、7种氯酚类化合物、2种二苯酮类化合物,以及4-辛基酚、2-异丙基硫杂蒽酮和硬脂酸甲酯同时检测的分析方法。方法采用超声提取,气相色谱-串联四极杆质谱多反应监测模式分析。结果 26种有机残留物在0.02~2.0 mg/kg范围内线性关系良好(r20.997),加标浓度在0.1 mg/kg时的平均回收率为88.9%~105.5%,相对标准偏差低于12.2%;方法的检出限为0.000 90~0.0035 mg/kg,定量限为0.0031~0.012 mg/kg。应用该方法对实际样品进行了检测,发现绝大多数样品中均检测出邻苯二甲酸二苯酯类增塑剂(检出含量为0.006~7.02 mg/kg),部分样品还检测出硬脂酸甲酯(检出含量为0.069~0.43 mg/kg)。结论该方法简单、快速、准确、灵敏,可用于纸质食品包装材料及类似基质中多种有机残留物的同时检测。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定洋葱中129种农药残留

建立了组合柱固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法快速测定洋葱中129种农药残留的分析方法。样品用乙腈均质提取,盐析分配,提取液经C18和PSA组合柱固相萃取净化后供气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)分析。采用选择离子扫描方式,外标法定量。该方法简便、快速,通过优化前处理和上机条件,在最优条件下进行测试,方法的定量下限(S/N≥10)为0.01~0.1 mg/kg,在加标水平为0.1 mg/kg时,方法回收率为63.2%~113.1%,相对标准偏差为5.3%~14.4%。     

食品接触用塑料产品中19种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂GC-MS检测研究

研究建立了食品接触用塑料产品中19种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)法快速检测方法。塑料产品以正己烷为萃取溶剂,采用超声萃取法对产品中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂进行萃取,萃取液浓缩过滤后进行测定。19种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂在0.05~1mg/L、0.5~10mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限(MDL)为0.1238mg/kg~0.9714mg/kg,加标回收率为89.6%~112.9%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为2.61%~6.36%。该方法重现性好,检出限低,检测结果准确,可用于食品接触用塑料产品中19种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂含量的检测,为食品接触材料中邻苯二甲酸酯质量控制提供相应的技术支撑。     

固相萃取净化-气相色谱-质谱法测定鳗鱼中多种农药残留量

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱串联质谱法检测鳗鱼中丁烯氟虫腈、三氯杀蟎醇等20种农药残留的分析方法。试样经乙腈提取后加入适量的去离子水和正己烷除去水溶性杂质和脂溶性杂质,再经填有中性氧化铝、C18和PSA混合填料的自组装固相萃取柱净化后进行GC-MS检测分析。采用选择离子扫描方式,用内标法进行定量。本方法简便、快速,方法的检出限(S/N=3)为0.001~0.009 mg/kg,在加标水平为0.01 mg/kg时,平均回收率为70.7~120%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.9~7.2%;在加标水平为0.02 mg/kg时,平均回收率为70.3~120%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.9~6.2%。     

油墨中乙二醇醚类物质检测

目的建立食品包装用印刷油墨中乙二醇醚类及酯类物质的气相色谱/质谱测定方法。方法采用固相微萃取技术对油墨中的乙二醇醚进行富集,对萃取方式、萃取纤维、萃取温度、搅拌速率等参数进行优化。结果涂层为65μm的聚二甲基硅氧烷/二乙烯基苯萃取纤维的效率较高,优化后的搅拌速率为250 r/min,萃取温度为60℃,萃取时间为15 min,解吸温度为275℃,解吸时间为3 min。结论 7种化合物在其质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99,该方法的检出限为2.5~15.0 ng/L,加标回收率为90.1%~99.9%,相对标准偏差为5.2%~10.1%。该方法的样品前处理简便、快速,可用于食品包装用油墨中乙二醇醚及其酯类物质的检测。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...