基于脂质组学的敏感性皮肤表面脂质差异分析（英文）

建立了基于脂质组学技术的人面部皮肤表面脂质采集、检测及分析方法，用于敏感性皮肤脂质代谢紊乱的研究。首先通过乳酸刺痛实验将青年女性志愿者分为敏感性皮肤组和非敏感性皮肤组，检测其生理指标并采集面部皮肤表面脂质进行超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）分析。随后，运用正交偏最小二乘-判别分析（OPLS-DA）结合t检验筛选出差异性成分并进行精准二级质谱鉴定，共指认出29种甘油三酯类（TG）差异性脂质。与非敏感性皮肤组相比，敏感性皮肤组中这些差异性TG的水平显著降低，并对相关生物学意义进行了阐述。本研究为敏感性皮肤发生机制的探索及相关护肤品的研发提供了理论指导和技术支撑。     

女性早白发与生理性白发毛囊脂质多态性研究

运用脂质组学方法,系统分析了早白发与生理性白发女性黑白发脂质成分差异以及女性白发毛囊脂质组成和年龄的关系,为不同年龄阶段女性白发的预防以及脂质添加的发用产品研发提供新思路。实验采用UPLC-QTOF-MS(超高效液相色谱-串联飞行时间质谱)结合OPLS-DA(正交偏最小二乘判别分析)模式对不同样本毛囊脂质进行差异性分析,发现早白发中,其黑发(Y-B)与白发(Y-W)中甘油二酯(DG)和磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)含量差异显著,其中PS含量为Y-W高于Y-B,DG相反;在生理性白发中,其黑发(O-B)与白发(O-W)中PS差异最显著,其次为甘油三酯(TG),且二者含量均为O-W高于O-B;在生理性白发(O-W)与早白发(Y-W)中,PS含量差异最显著,且O-W高于Y-W。结果显示,PS含量均为白发高于黑发,且生理性白发高于早白发,推测PS增加可能与白发产生相关;DG对早白发的影响更大,而TG对生理性白发的影响更大,这一点对于研发有针对性的脂质添加发用产品具有一定的借鉴意义。     

2型糖尿病脂质代谢与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的探讨胰岛素抵抗与2型糖尿病患者肌肉组织中脂质异常沉积的相关性。方法随机选取我院门诊无血缘关系的研究对象55例,分为病例组和对照组,检测2组人群各项指标,进行统计学分析。结果病例组在各项指标上和对照组经统计学分析都有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论2型糖尿病患者具有特征性的体脂分布,肌肉组织是发生胰岛素抵抗的主要部位。     

胆固醇对非酯化脂肪酸介导的犊牛肝细胞脂质沉积影响的GC/MS分析

目的研究胆固醇(cholesterol,CHOL)在非酯化脂肪酸(non-esterified fatty acid,NEFA)介导的犊牛肝细胞脂质沉积中的作用,揭示CHOL对能量负平衡奶牛肝脂代谢的调控机制。方法体外分离培养犊牛肝细胞,添加NEFA培养12 h,模拟能量负平衡状态下的高NEFA环境构建脂肪沉积模型,依据细胞生化指标的变化特征确定添加CHOL的最适浓度及时间。在细胞更换培养基后的不同时间点添加NEFA和CHOL,将细胞分为空白组、游离脂肪酸组、胆固醇组和酸+醇组,应用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC/MS)检测,获得组间的差异代谢物,再进行生物信息学分析。结果空白组与胆固醇组相比,有包括丙氨酸、缬氨酸、甘氨酸、蛋氨酸在内的28个差异代谢物,其中有15个下调,13个上调;游离脂肪酸组和酸+醇组相比,共有包括苏氨酸、腺嘌呤、瓜氨酸在内的17个差异代谢物,其中水杨酸胆甾烷-3,5,6-三醇下调,其余16个上调,这些差异代谢物主要参与糖异生与类固醇合成的代谢通路。结论CHOL通过上调丙氨酸、缬氨酸和苏氨酸来激活糖异生途径,缓解能量负平衡时脂质代谢所产生的沉积,还通过上调羊毛甾醇来激活类固醇途径,加强细胞吸收血浆中CHOL的能力。     

芳香脂质的透皮吸收分析

介绍了芳香脂质的主要化学成分及其透皮吸收相关性,以及它们在皮肤中的代谢过程。分析了芳香疗法中所用芳疗油的分子量大小、浓度、剂型和脂质体与透皮吸收功效性之间的关系,并总结了芳疗中的吸收与一般药理学中吸收的不同之处。     

固体脂质对辅酶Q10脂质纳米囊透皮性能的影响

为提高辅酶Q10(CoQ10)的透皮吸收效果,以辛酸/癸酸甘油三酯(GTCC)为液体脂质、鲸蜡醇棕榈酸酯(CP)为固体脂质,制备了不同质量分数固体脂质(以固液脂质的总质量为基准,下同)的Co Q10-脂质纳米囊,并对其稳定性及透皮性能进行了考察。结果表明,固体脂质的添加未对CoQ10-脂质纳米囊的粒径及储藏稳定性产生影响,粒径均为52 nm左右,储藏180 d后其粒径及外观均无明显变化;FTIR结果表明,Co Q10与脂质纳米囊之间未发生化学反应且能被很好地包埋在脂质纳米囊中;通过闭合效应、体外透皮实验及激光共聚焦的观察发现,当CP的质量分数增加至70%和95%时,Co Q10-脂质纳米囊能显著减少皮肤水分的蒸发,并更好地促进Co Q10透皮吸收,使表皮层和真皮层的荧光强度明显增强。     

椰子油和大豆油的乙氧基化物对小鼠肝脏的脂质过氧化效应研究

为探讨椰子油乙氧基化物-36EO(COE-36)和大豆油乙氧基化物-42EO(SOE-42)对小鼠肝脏的脂质过氧化作用,采用腹腔注射技术,测定COE-36处理组、SOE-42处理组、氯化镉阳性对照组(小鼠单位体质量的氯化镉用量为2.5μg.g-1)和生理盐水阴性对照组小鼠肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)生成量。结果表明,氯化镉显著抑制了小鼠肝脏SOD和CAT活性,增加了MDA生成量;在所测3个指标中,COE-36和SOE-42的3个用量组(以小鼠单位体质量的用药量计)与生理盐水阴性对照组相比均无显著性差异;与氯化镉阳性对照组相比,不同用量COE-36作用下SOD和CAT活性变化、不同用量SOE-42作用下CAT活性变化以及低用量(3 mg.g-1)COE-36或SOE-42作用下MDA生成量变化均有显著性差异,说明在所试用量(3～5 mg.g-1)下,这2种表面活性剂不会引起小鼠肝细胞的脂质过氧化。     

固体脂质对辅酶Q10脂质纳米囊的稳定性及透皮性能的影响

为了提高辅酶Q10（CoQ10）的透皮吸收效果，以辛酸癸酸甘油三酯（GTCC）为液体脂质，鲸蜡醇棕榈酸酯（CP）为固体脂质，制备得到了不同浓度固体脂质的CoQ10-脂质纳米囊，并对其稳定性及透皮性能进行了研究。结果表明，固体脂质的添加未对CoQ10-脂质纳米囊的粒径及储藏稳定性产生影响，粒径均为52nm左右，储藏180d后其粒径及外观均无明显变化。FT-IR结果表明，CoQ10与脂质纳米囊之间未发生化学反应且能被很好的包埋在脂质纳米囊中。通过闭合效应、体外透皮实验及激光共聚焦的观察发现，当CP质量浓度增加至70%和95%（以固液总脂质为基准，下同）时，CoQ10-脂质纳米囊能显著减少皮肤水分的蒸发，并更好的促进CoQ10的透皮吸收，使表皮层和真皮层的荧光强度明显增强。     

药食两用植物佛手抗脂质过氧化作用研究

为了研究佛手中抗脂质过氧化活性成分,以鸡蛋卵黄脂蛋白过氧化体系为活性筛选模型,首先采用溶剂回流法对佛手粉末进行提取,比较各所得提取物对脂质过氧化的抑制作用;然后采用柱层析法和制备薄层层析法进行分离,并比较所得各样品的活性;最后确定效果较好的样品后通过颜色反应初步鉴定其结构类型。结果表明佛手中抗脂质过氧化效果较好的提取物为95%乙醇提取物,经分离纯化后活性效果较好的样品是从该提取物得到的二个黄酮类成分,并与浓度呈较好的量效关系。     

乙型肝炎疫苗纯化产物中脂质含量硫酸-香草醛测定法的建立及验证

目的建立乙型肝炎(简称乙肝)疫苗纯化产物中脂质含量的硫酸-香草醛测定法,并进行验证。方法以三油酸甘油酯为标准品,采用硫酸-香草醛法测定乙肝疫苗纯化产物的脂质含量,并对方法的线性范围、精密性、准确性进行验证,同时分析不同添加物对检测结果的影响。用该方法检测不同厂家乙肝疫苗纯化产物中的脂质含量。结果硫酸-香草醛法的线性范围为50~800μg/ml,回归方程为y=0.001 7 x+0.034 2,r=0.999 1;6次检测同批样品溶液脂质含量的变异系数(coefficient of variation,CV)为0.54%;2名操作人员检测3批样品溶液,重复测定3次的CV值为0.60%~3.26%;9份加标样品溶液的回收率为97.0%~105.4%;加入添加物Tween-20、PEG-6000、葡萄糖、甘油、Tris的样品回收率为92.4%~105.5%。不同厂家疫苗纯化产物每100μg蛋白脂质含量为53.9~309.5μg。结论本实验建立的硫酸-香草醛法具有良好的线性、精密性及准确性,可用于乙型肝炎疫苗纯化产物中脂质含量的测定。     

Lipid/surfactant compounds as a new tool to optimize skin-care properties of personal-cleansing products

Surfactants are commonly used in personal-care products to increase cleansing performance and to create pleasing foam. However, surfactants can also damage the skin by removing skin lipids and causing corneocytes to swell, resulting in increased skin roughness and transepidermal water loss. Newly established methods help to quantify these effects in controlled consumer studies. In addition, in vitro experiments with skin cell cultures show the potential inflammatory action of surfactants, which in the in vivo situation may provoke skin irritation. These detrimental effects are even enhanced by frequent treatment with surfactant-based personal-care products. Together with the use of mild surfactant combinations, the addition of surfactant-compatible lipid compounds has proved a convenient way of not only counteracting the negative side effects of surfactants but also exerting positive skin effects. In a controlled consumer study, analysis of skin lipids after skin cleansing revealed the lipid-layer strengthening efficacy of lipid/surfactant mixtures that can be solubilized in the personal-care formulation or disperses as waxy particles. As a result, skin roughness after cleansing treatment, as measured by fast optical in vivo topometry of the skin, is improved, and consumers perceive that their skin is smooth and cared for.     

Surfactants as replacements for natural lipids in bread baked from defatted wheat flour

Petroleum ether (PE) extracted 1.00% total free lipids (0.70% nonpolar and 0.30% polar) and 2-propanol (PrOH) extracted 1.36% total free and bound lipids (0.73% nonpolar and 0.63% polar) from wheat flour; the lipid fractions were characterized by thin layer chromatography. PE- or PrOH-defatted flours were baked after reconstitution with total, nonpolar, or polar wheat flour lipids; or with equivalent amounts of nonionic sucrose monopalmitate (SMP), ethoxylated monoglycerides (EMG) — each with a hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of 14.0 or anionic sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL) — with an HLB value of 9.0. Defatted flours supplemented with surfactants alone or in combination with wheat flour lipids were used in bread with no-shortening and with 3%-shortening. The importance of the polar flour lipids in breadmaking was verified. The lipids in wheat flour were essential for maximizing the beneficial effects of shortening on breadmaking quality. Nonionic SMP or EMG completely replaced both PE-extractable wheat flour free total lipids ( or their non-polar or polar fractions) and 3% shortening; nonionic surfactants with high HLB were better than the anionic SSL for replacing free flour lipids. No surfactant completely replaced unfractionated PrOH-extracted lipids (free + bound) and shortening or total polar flour lipids (free + bound). All surfactants, especially anionic SSL, added with PrOH-extracted polar lipids improved the overall bread-making properties of the PrOH-defatted flour both in the absence and in the presence of shortening. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, New York, May 1977     

Separation and Determination of Functional Complex Lipids from Chicken Skin

Complex lipids including sphingolipid and plasmalogens were expected to be used as functional supplement, although their physiological activities have not been fully demonstrated. Although these complex lipids exist voluminously in brain and nervous tissues, hardly any animal resources of these lipids have been used since the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Thus, the chemical composition and concentration method of complex lipids from the skin of mature laying hens, a huge amount of which is wasted every year, has been investigated. Total lipid yield (32 g/100 g) prepared from chicken skin contained 2% complex lipids. Total lipids predominantly consisted of triacylglycerol (TAG), with phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin (SM) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) generally predominant as complex lipids. PE was primarily plasmalogens (62 mol%), of which arachidonic acid (47.6 mol%) and docosahexaenoic acid (11.2 mol%) were the predominant fatty acids. The component sphingoid base of sphingomyelin was almost totally 4-trans sphingenine (sphingosine). The complex lipids were able to be separated from an ethanol extract of minced skin in good yield by solvent fractionation with a hexane/ethanol system. Moreover, highly purified SM (>95 wt%) was prepared by a combination of solvent fractionation and alkaline/acidic hydrolysis from the ethanol extract. Thus, it was shown that culled chicken skin could be a potential resource of the antioxidant phospholipid plasmalogens and human-type sphingolipid.     

男性皮肤与男性护肤品

从皮肤的外观及生理上论述了男性皮肤与女性皮肤的差异及特性。在为一个全球化的市场配制护肤品时,人种、肤色、年龄、性别以及皮肤敏感性等各种因素都必须考虑在内。男士护肤品市场需求面临的挑战必须集中在男性皮肤的3大特点上,即皮肤厚度的增加、睾酮的影响以及毛发生长的问题,这些差异是显而易见的,但需要进一步的科学论证。     

Interaction of a model skin surface lipid with a modified triglyceride

A study of the interaction between a model skin surface lipid (SSL) and an oil base skin softener (G2) was made by comparing the phase behavior of these substances in combination with the water/triethanolamine: oleic acid (1:1 wt ratio) system. A principle feature of the water/G2/triethanolamine:oleic acid (TEA:OL) system was the formation of a lamellar liquid crystal region that incorporated an average of 40% G2 over the 10–45% water range. The phase behavior of the water/SSL/TEA:OL system demonstrated only over a 4–9% water range. At greater than 5% SSL, there is the complete absence of single phase regions above 10’% water. From comparison of the phase regions and the small angle X-ray diffraction results, it is found that for G2/SSL mixtures the phase behavior of the lamellar liquid crystal is dominated by the SSL and the interlayer spacing of the lamellar liquid crystal is dominated by G2.     

Skin lipids in health and disease

Lipids are important for normal skin function. They are generated from two main sources – the epithelial cells and the sebum which is secreted onto the surface. Important functions of the lipids are to contribute to an effective barrier towards water loss, to protect from radiation and to prevent entry of harmful chemicals and microbes. There is also an increasing interest in the inflammatory characteristics of lipid signalling molecules which have important consequences for many common skin complaints. In many cases, these bioactive lipids can be regulated through dietary intervention or by topical and other therapies.     

Lipid Based Nanocarriers: Promising Drug Delivery System for Topical Application

Lipid based delivery system is gaining significant attention of researchers working on the development of novel formulations for improved therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs. Topical drug delivery is needed in treatment of skin, eyes, rectum, vagina disorders and systemic disorders having skin manifestations. Lipid nanocarriers have widespread application in the topical drug delivery due to the biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic and nonirritating nature of the lipid. Microemulsion and nanoemulsion contain lipids in the nanosize range which can lead to penetration of drug to the deeper skin layers. Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanolipid carriers act by forming an occlusive layer on the skin leading to increased hydration and penetration of the drug. Vesicular carriers such as liposomes, niosomes, ultradeformable vesicles, cubosomes etc. are also reported to enhance the penetration of the entrapped drugs in deeper layers of skin. These carrier systems are mainly composed of lipids, surfactants, and co-surfactants which are safe and quite acceptable by regulatory authorities. The present review article focuses on different types of lipid nanocarriers used in topical drug delivery, their advantages and limitations, mechanism of enhanced penetration, work reported in the related literature, characterization tests and their safety and toxicity concerns.     

Sex recognition in the leopard gecko,Eublepharis macularius (Sauria: Gekkonidae) Possible mediation by skin-derived semiochemicals

Male leopard geckoes,Eublepharis macularius, rely on skin-derived semiochemicals to determine the sex of conspecifics. Males respond to other males with agonistic behavior while females elicit courtship behavior from males. While females were shedding, males responded to them with agonistic behavior. The same females were courted both before and after shedding. An initial survey of hexane-extracted skin lipids from male and female geckoes revealed fatty acids common to both sexes. Several steroid analogs of cholesterol were unique to males while long-chain methyl ketones were unique to females. Results are discussed in the context of skin lipids serving as pheromones in reptiles.     

An investigation into the variability of skin colour measurements

This study aimed to investigate the variability of skin colour measurements for two kinds of extensively used instruments, telespectroradiometers (TSR) and spectrophotometers. A Konica Minolta CM700d spectrophotometer and a PhotoResearch PR650 telespectroradiometer were used to measure the forehead and the cheekbone of 11 subjects. The variability was evaluated using different measurement parameters including measurement aperture size and pressure on the facial locations for the spectrophotometer, and measurement distance for the telespectroradiometer. The mean colour difference from the mean was used to define the short‐term repeatability; the CIELAB colour difference and colour appearance changes in each perceptual CIELAB attribute between each of two instrument settings were used to evaluate the inter‐instrument agreement. The results show that, for the TSR, different measurement distances have identical repeatability but the colour shifts were significant; for the spectrophotometer, the large aperture size of the target masks gave the most repeatable results and the aperture size had more influence on the colour shifts than the measurement pressure. In addition, to investigate the effect of ethnicity and body location on measurement variability, skin colours from additional 151 subjects were measured. The differences between the measurements for different body locations were, in general, larger than the instrument repeatability and the inter‐instrument agreement.