Lactobacillus fermentum ACA-DC 179 displays probiotic potential in vitro and protects against trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis and Salmonella infection in murine models

Lactobacillus fermentum ACA-DC 179, Lactobacillus plantarum ACA-DC 287 and Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198 were studied for their probiotic potential. Firstly, strains were screened for antimicrobial activity towards a broad range of target strains, including lactic acid bacteria, food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. L. fermentum ACA-DC 179 was active against five streptococci, including the two pathogenic strains Streptococcus oralis LMG 14532T and Streptococcus pneumoniae LMG 14545T. S. macedonicus ACA-DC 198 was active against the majority of the strains tested, including not only lactic acid bacteria but also many food spoilage or pathogenic species. The three potential probiotic strains were found to survive variably at pH 2.5 and were unaffected by bile salts. Only S. macedonicus ACA-DC 198 exhibited bile salt hydrolase activity, while none of the strains was haemolytic. Moreover, strains exhibited variable susceptibility towards commonly used antibiotics. L. plantarum ACA-DC 287 and S. macedonicus ACA-DC 198 induced the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Also elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 were observed with L. fermentum ACA-DC 179. This strain consequently was found to significantly reduce colitis in a TNBS-induced colitis mouse model. Furthermore, L. fermentum ACA-DC 179 was successfully applied in an experimental Salmonella-infection mouse model. To conclude, strain L. fermentum ACA-DC 179 possesses desirable probiotic properties, such as antimicrobial activity and immunomodulation in vitro, which were confirmed in vivo by the use of animal models.     

3株益生菌体外降胆固醇能力及体内降血脂效果评价

为探讨动物双歧杆菌LPL-RH、长双歧杆菌TTF及植物乳杆菌LPL-1作为降血脂益生菌的潜力,测定3株益生菌的体外胆固醇脱除率和胆盐水解酶活力,同时以益生菌灌胃高脂饮食大鼠6周后测定大鼠血脂含量变化。研究结果表明:菌株LPL-RH、TTF、LPL-1的体外胆固醇脱除率分别为23.8%、24.5%、20.9%,无显著差异(P0.05);且3株菌均有胆盐水解酶活性。菌株LPL-RH、TTF、LPL-1干预分别使高脂大鼠血清胆固醇含量分别降低17.3%、11.4%、10.1%;血清甘油三酯含量降低19.1%、16.8%、11.5%;血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量降低24.0%、20.0%、10.0%;血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量升高10.3%、5.2%和1.7%。综合而言,3株益生菌在体内对高脂饮食大鼠血脂有调节作用,均有开发为降血脂益生菌的潜力,其中动物双歧杆菌LPL-RH的体内降脂能力最为突出。     

青藏高原牦牛酸奶中具有抗氧化活性乳酸菌的体内外益生特性

目的:筛选出性状优良的具有抗氧化性的益生乳酸菌并研究其对D-半乳糖致衰老模型大鼠的抗氧化作用。方法:以从青藏高原牦牛酸奶中初步筛选的3株具高抗氧化活性乳酸菌为研究对象,通过耐受模拟胃肠道、耐胆盐和疏水能力实验评价3株乳酸菌的体外益生特性,并将体外益生特性优良的菌株饲喂D-半乳糖致衰老模型大鼠。通过检测各处理组大鼠的脏器指数,肝脏、脑组织和血清中的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathion peroxidase,GSH-Px)、总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase,T-SoD)活力、总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AoC)以及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量来评价乳酸菌的体内抗氧化益生特性。结果:植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)XM5具有较强的耐模拟胃肠液和耐胆盐能力,同时具有较强的疏水能力。植物乳杆菌XM5的摄入能有效缓解D-半乳糖对大鼠脑组织的氧化损伤;使衰老模型大鼠肝脏中的GSH-Px活力,血清中的GSHPx、T-SoD活力和T-AoC显著提高(P0.05);同时使肝脏、脑组织和血清中的MDA含量显著降低(P0.05)。结论:植物乳杆菌XM5是一株性能优良的抗氧化益生乳酸菌,具有潜在的应用价值。     

酸菜中降胆固醇功能植物乳杆菌的体外筛选

以分离自东北家庭自制酸菜中的9株植物乳杆菌为研究对象,采用邻苯二甲醛法筛选具有降胆固醇功能的乳杆菌,并通过耐酸、耐胆盐及抗生素敏感性实验,分析菌株的益生特性。结果表明,多株植物乳杆菌具有良好的降胆固醇功能,其中菌株S56的脱除胆固醇的量最高,达到22.40μg/mL。实验菌株均能耐受pH 3.0的酸度和10 g/L的牛胆盐。其中菌株S2-6、S2-5、S4-1和S56在pH 2.0的环境中能保持生长1 h,具有较强的耐酸性。     

降胆固醇乳酸菌的体外筛选及其降胆固醇机理探讨

目的：从开菲尔粒和陈年泡菜水中分离出具有降胆固醇能力的乳酸杆菌,探讨其降解小鼠血清胆固醇的机理。方法：以耐酸性、胆盐耐受性、疏水性、胆盐水解酶活性以及降胆固醇特性筛选出1株性状优良的植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus?plantarum?DMDL?9010）。将50?只8?周龄的Sprague?Dawley大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、阳性组、9010高组、9010低组,分别饲喂28?d和70?d采血,测定总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C）的含量,70 d取肝组织细胞实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应检测胆固醇合成限速酶3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶（3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reducase,HMGCR）的相对表达量。结果：筛选得到1株具有降胆固醇能力的L.?plantarum DMDL 9010,胆固醇去除率为37.58%,胆盐耐受性为35.48%,疏水性高达40%,具有较好的耐酸性。饲喂第28天,成功建出高脂模型大鼠,饲喂第70天,9010高组能显著降低高脂大鼠血清TC（23.03%）和LDL-C（28.00%）,9010低组和阳性组无明显差异。阳性组和9010高组分别下调肝脏中HMG-CoA基因mRNA的表达（79.92%和62.86%）（P＜0.05）。结论：实验获得了1?株在体内外均具有高效降胆固醇能力的L.?plantarum?DMDL?9010,可进一步开发为功能性微生态制剂。     

一株具降胆固醇功能的海洋源植物乳杆菌的筛选及其益生性能分析

本文采用邻苯二甲醛法从喙鲸内脏中筛选分离出一株高效降胆固醇能力的乳酸菌HJ-S2,考察并研究了乳酸菌HJ-S2的体外益生性能。通过耐酸、耐胆盐测定菌株的益生作用,研究了其对致病菌的抑菌作用及对人结肠癌细胞HT-29的粘附能力,利用形态学、API50CH和16S rDNA对菌株进行鉴定。乳酸菌HJ-S2体外降胆固醇能力达到48.82%,在p H值3的酸性环境中培养3h耐受率达到82.73%,在含0.3%的胆盐环境中培养3 h耐受率达80.62%。菌株代谢物对致病菌大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌均有一定的抑菌作用,且菌株对人结肠癌细胞HT-29很强的粘附能力,粘附细菌数为132.52,经鉴定为植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum,并命名为HJ-S2(CGMCCNO:17720)。筛选得到的植物乳杆菌HJ-S2体外具有高效降胆固醇能力,可进一步开发为功能性微生态制剂。     

发酵酸菜来源乳酸菌的益生特性及其在发酵乳中的应用

通过pH值、胆盐耐受性实验从发酵酸菜中筛选性能优良的益生乳酸菌株,经16S rRNA序列分析鉴定得4 株植物乳杆菌A44、B51、B54、C53和2 株戊糖乳杆菌A16、B72。经疏水、黏附、自凝聚和溶血能力实验评价6 株乳酸菌的益生特性,其中植物乳杆菌A44对氯仿和二甲苯的疏水性均大于80%,对Caco-2细胞的黏附率为13.57%,放置5 h的自凝聚率超过60%,与其他菌株相比具有更好的益生特性且无溶血活性。因此选用植物乳杆菌A44进一步研究其在发酵乳中的功能特性,结果表明：植物乳杆菌A44作为辅助发酵剂添加后对4 ℃贮藏7 d期间发酵乳pH值、滴定酸度和持水性均无显著影响（P＞0.05）,但是可以显著提高发酵乳的活菌数和黏度（P＜0.05）,活菌数达到8.45（lg（CFU/mL））。本研究筛选得到的植物乳杆菌A44是一株性能优良的益生乳酸菌,具有作为发酵乳益生菌辅助发酵剂的潜在应用前景。     

添加植物乳杆菌的低脂干酪降胆固醇作用

为研究益生菌在干酪中应用的降胆固醇活性,以菌株胆固醇降解率、胆盐水解酶活力及模拟胃肠道耐受性为评价指标,筛选出具有降胆固醇活性的益生菌,并添加到低脂干酪(脂肪含量为1.0%)中,灌胃小鼠35 d,测定小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量、动脉硬化指数(AI)及肝脏、粪便中TC、TG含量。结果表明,植物乳杆菌KLDS 1.0320降胆固醇特性优于其他菌株,胆固醇降解率达到63.72%,模拟胃肠道消化后存活率为82.21%,胆盐水解酶活力为0.71 U/mL。与高脂模型组相比,灌胃添加植物乳杆菌KLDS 1.0320干酪小鼠的TC、TG、LDL-C及AI分别下降21.23%、19.30%、31.73%和35.05%,肝脏中TC、TG显著降低,粪便中TC、TG显著升高(p<0.05)。实验获得了1株具有降胆固醇能力的植物乳杆菌KLDS 1.0320,以干酪为载体在动物体内仍具有降低血清胆固醇的作用,说明其具有应用于干酪发挥降胆固醇活性的潜力。     

东北传统发酵食品中降胆固醇乳酸菌的筛选及其降解机制

从中国东北传统发酵食品黏面子、辣白菜、辣酱中筛选具有高效降解胆固醇作用的乳酸菌,并探讨其主要的降解机制。采用体外实验筛选出高效降胆固醇的乳酸菌菌株,进一步研究了其降胆固醇的作用机制,包括细胞膜的吸附、胆汁盐水解酶基因表达及酶活性、胆汁酸共沉淀胆固醇以及抑制胆固醇胶束形成等。筛选得到6 株高胆固醇清除能力的菌株C1、C2、H6、H9、L22和L30,清除率均在85%以上。受试菌株均可以通过膜吸附、共沉淀、胆汁盐水解酶作用和抑制胆固醇胶束等机制发挥作用,其中以胆汁盐水解酶的作用为主要机制。     

Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Italian Bella di Cerignola table olives: selection of potential multifunctional starter cultures

Lactic acid bacteria (19 isolates) from Bella di Cerignola Italian table olives were investigated for their technological and probiotic properties for the selection of multifunctional starter cultures for table olives. The bacteria were first identified by phenotyping and genotyping, then characterized for the production of biogenic amines, growth at different pH, NaCl concentrations, and temperatures. The potentiality of the bacteria to have some probiotic properties (antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens, survival in low pH and in the presence of bile salts, ability to adhere to the mammalian cells model IPEC-J2) was also investigated. Eighteen of the studied isolates were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum and one as Enterococcus faecalis. All bacteria were able to grow at a range of pH between 4.0 and 10.0 as well as in media supplemented with 2.5 to 7.5% of NaCl and 0.3% bile salts and survived in MRS broth acidified at pH 2.5; moreover, they inhibited significantly Escherichia coli O157:H7. The adhesion to IPEC-J2 cells was in general low to moderate (5.3 to 8.3%); however, 2 isolates of L. plantarum (c16 and c19) showed interesting higher adhesion values (up to 16%). Our results suggest that at least 3 isolates could be possible multifunctional starters for Bella di Cerignola olives: L. plantarum 16 and 19 for mainly their probiotic properties and L. plantarum 10 for mainly its technological characteristics. Practical Application: A functional starter is a microorganism exerting benefits on human health (probiotic) and able to guide a fermentation (starter). The main goal of this article was to select a functional starter for table olives.     

分离自Kefir的植物乳杆菌体外降胆固醇作用的研究

对分离Kefir中的植物乳杆菌体外降胆固醇作用进行了研究。结果表明，植物乳杆菌在含胆盐的培养基中具有良好的降胆固醇能力，24h后培养基中的胆固醇可降低60％(0．18g／L)；该菌体外降胆固醇作用的机理主要是其产生的胆盐水解酶水解胆盐变为游离态的胆酸，与胆固醇形成复合物，在酸性pH值条件下发生共沉淀。同时，也发现该菌产生的胆盐水解酶对反应底物(各种胆盐)的特异性不同，以脱氧牛磺胆酸最佳。     

耐酸耐胆盐乳酸菌的鉴定及筛选

从自然发酵的酸奶中分离出2 株细菌,经16S rDNA分子鉴定为Lactobacillus plantarum SN1和Lactobacillusrhamnosus SN6,并对其生长曲线、产酸速率、耐酸耐胆盐能力进行了研究。L. plantarum SN1和L. rhamnosus SN6在2 h后进入对数期,16 h后达到稳定期,其OD600 nm值分别为8.47、7.43。L. plantarum SN1和L. rhamnosus SN6的产酸速率较快,pH值在8 h后就降到了4.2以下,48 h后降到3.3左右。L. plantarum SN1和L. rhamnosus SN6在pH 4的培养基培养16 h后,其相对OD600 nm值分别为49.29%、47.14%,具有较强的耐酸能力。L. plantarum SN1和L. rhamnosus SN6在0.3 g/L胆盐质量浓度下培养16 h后,相对OD600 nm值分别为57.7%、69.48%;在0.6 g/L胆盐质量浓度下的相对OD600 nm值分别为48.22%、29.56%,具有较强的耐胆盐能力。结果表明：L. plantarum SN1和L. rhamnosus SN6是生长性能好、产酸能力强、耐酸耐胆盐的益生菌株。     

Effect of Various Encapsulating Materials on the Stability of Probiotic Bacteria

ABSTRACT:  Ten probiotic bacteria, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus , Bifidobacterium longum , L. salivarius , L. plantarum , L. acidophilus , L. paracasei , B. lactis type Bl-04, B. lactis type Bi-07, HOWARU L. rhamnosus , and HOWARU B. bifidum , were encapsulated in various coating materials, namely alginate, guar gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, and carrageenan gum. The various encapsulated probiotic bacteria were studied for their acid and bile tolerance. Free probiotic organisms were used as a control. The acid tolerance of probiotic organisms was tested at pH 2 over a 2-h incubation period. Bile tolerance was tested with taurocholic acid over an 8-h incubation period. The permeability of the capsules was also examined using a water-soluble dye, 6-carboxyflourescin (6-CF). The permeability was monitored by measuring the amount of 6-CF released from the capsules during a 2-w storage period. Results indicated that probiotic bacteria encapsulated in alginate, xanthan gum, and carrageenan gum survived better ( P < 0.05) than free probiotic bacteria, under acidic conditions. When free probiotic bacteria were exposed to taurocholic acid, viability was reduced by 6.36 log CFU/mL, whereas only 3.63, 3.27, and 4.12 log CFU/mL was lost in probiotic organisms encapsulated in alginate, xanthan gum, and carrageenan gum, respectively. All encapsulating materials tested released small amounts of 6-CF; however, alginate and xanthan gum retained 22.1% and 18.6% more fluorescent dye than guar gum. In general, microcapsules made of alginate, xanthan gum, and carrageenan gum greatly improved the survival of probiotic bacteria when exposed to acidic conditions and bile salts.     

响应面法优化植物乳杆菌发酵产胆盐水解酶的培养基成分

以胆盐水解酶的活性为响应值,采用响应面设计分析法对植物乳杆菌发酵产胆盐水解酶培养基的成分进行优化.获得最佳培养基组成(g/L):葡萄糖19.40、蛋白胨17.05、大豆蛋白胨14.00、乙酸钠1.82、K2HPO4 2.00、酵母浸粉6.00、柠檬酸氢二铵1.00、MgSO40.87、MnSO40.45、L-半胱氨酸0.5、吐温-80 2.2mL/L.在该优化条件下,胆盐水解酶产量为(7.02±0.28) U/mL,较单因素优化前提高了6.44倍.所得数学模型的预测值与实验观察值相符,能够预测不同培养条件下植物乳杆菌发酵产胆盐水解酶产量的变化.     

Acid, bile, and heat tolerance of free and microencapsulated probiotic bacteria

ABSTRACT:  Eight strains of probiotic bacteria, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus , Bifidobacterium longum, L. salivarius, L. plantarum , L. acidophilus , L. paracasei , B. lactis type Bl-O4, and B. lactis type Bi-07, were studied for their acid, bile, and heat tolerance. Microencapsulation in alginate matrix was used to enhance survival of the bacteria in acid and bile as well as a brief exposure to heat. Free probiotic organisms were used as a control. The acid tolerance of probiotic organisms was tested using HCl in MRS broth over a 2-h incubation period. Bile tolerance was tested using 2 types of bile salts, oxgall and taurocholic acid, over an 8-h incubation period. Heat tolerance was tested by exposing the probiotic organisms to 65 °C for up to 1 h. Results indicated microencapsulated probiotic bacteria survived better ( P < 0.05) than free probiotic bacteria in MRS containing HCl. When free probiotic bacteria were exposed to oxgall, viability was reduced by 6.51-log CFU/mL, whereas only 3.36-log CFU/mL was lost in microencapsulated strains. At 30 min of heat treatment, microencapsulated probiotic bacteria survived with an average loss of only 4.17-log CFU/mL, compared to 6.74-log CFU/mL loss with free probiotic bacteria. However, after 1 h of heating both free and microencapsulated probiotic strains showed similar losses in viability. Overall microencapsulation improved the survival of probiotic bacteria when exposed to acidic conditions, bile salts, and mild heat treatment.     

胆盐水解酶降胆固醇的研究进展

体内胆固醇水平失衡会引起多种疾病,威胁人体健康。因此,控制体内胆固醇水平是目前普遍关注的问题。除常见的他汀和依齐麦布药物外,植物乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌等乳酸菌也已被证实可有效降低体内的胆固醇水平。大量研究发现,促使乳酸菌起到降胆固醇作用的主要物质与其在生长过程中产生的一类代谢产物胆盐水解酶（Bile salt hydrolase,BSH）相关。该研究通过对胆盐水解酶特性、功能介绍,总结分析了胆盐水解酶降胆固醇机制,以期为降胆固醇的深入研究提供理论基础,并为益生菌开发应用提供理论依据与指导。     

泡菜中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及抗性筛选

该研究从泡菜中分离乳酸菌,通过形态观察及分子生物学技术对其进行鉴定,并对其进行人工胃液和胆盐耐受性试验,以期筛选性能优良乳酸菌。结果表明,从泡菜中共分离出71株乳酸菌,经鉴定分别为消化乳杆菌（Lactobacillus alimentarius）32株、植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）27株、发酵乳杆菌（Lactobacillus fermentium）1株、棒状乳杆菌（Lactobacillus coryniformis）2株、有害片球菌（Pediococcus damnosus）9株。其中,植物乳杆菌和发酵乳杆菌可用于食品,且植物乳杆菌S74和S78具有较高的抗人工胃液能力,存活率分别为（94.73±4.56）%、（108.73±7.16）%;菌株S74在0.3%的胆盐中的生长效率[（7.41±3.28）%]低于菌株S78[（10.04±4.90）%]。说明植物乳杆菌S78在pH 3.0的人工胃液和0.3%的胆盐环境均具有良好的耐受能力,在功能性泡菜及益生菌产品方面具有一定的开发潜力。     

1 株牦牛源产细菌素植物乳杆菌的益生特性分析

为研究1 株从牦牛体内分离筛选出的高产细菌素的植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）SWUN5815的益生特性,本研究通过测定其抗菌活性、耐酸耐胆盐能力、黏附能力及对小鼠体质量和肠黏膜免疫影响评价其益生能力。结果表明：该菌株对牦牛源食源性致病微生物具有很强的广谱抑菌活性;在pH?2和pH?3时存活率分别为58.2%和86.9%,胆盐质量分数0.3%时存活率为66.8%,具有良好的耐酸耐胆盐能力;对Caco-2细胞黏附率为42%;对常用的抗生素敏感,不具有耐药性。短期喂服植物乳杆菌SWUN5815可以显著提高小鼠体质量（P＜0.01）,同时还可提升小鼠肠道SIgA的表达水平（P＜0.01）。综上所述,本研究分离得到的植物乳杆菌SWUN5815能很好地适应胃肠环境压力,有效提高小鼠的体质量和免疫功能,可作为候选益生性菌株。     

All 4 bile salt hydrolase proteins are responsible for the hydrolysis activity in Lactobacillus plantarum ST-III

In vertebrates, bile salt hydrolysis plays an essential role in fat metabolism. Bile salts are synthesized in the liver. And in the small intestine glycine and taurine are de-conjugated from bile salts by the enzyme bile salt hydrolase (BSH) from intestinal microbes. However, the mechanism of bile salt hydrolysis in Lactobacillus plantarum is still ambiguous. Four predicted bile salt hydrolase (bsh) genes from L. plantarum ST-III were cloned into Escherichia coli. The function of these genes was explored by overexpression. All 4 proteins that were studied showed activity against glycine- or taurine-conjugated bile salts. Substrate preference was also observed in BSH proteins, especially for the enzyme BSH1, which had high hydrolysis activity for glycodeoxycholic acid. These results suggest that all 4 bile salt hydrolases may be responsible for the bile salt hydrolysis activity in L. plantarum ST-III. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Hypercholesterolemia is considered one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease. More interest has focused on intestinal microbes because of their role in the decrease of serum cholesterol. BSH proteins play an important role in the reduction of cholesterol. This paper adds to a better understanding of BSH proteins of intestinal microbes. It gives a great hint that probiotics can be used to solve hypercholesterolemia one day.     

植物乳杆菌中胆盐水解酶的研究现状及展望

益生菌的降胆固醇作用与它们所产的胆盐水解酶(bile salt hydrolase,BSH)有关,这使得胆盐水解酶成为近年来研究的热点之一。文中主要对植物乳杆菌中胆盐水解酶的克隆表达、生化特性以及降胆固醇作用等方面的研究现状进行了综述,并展望了它未来的发展方向。以期对植物乳杆菌胆盐水解酶的研究及其相关制品的开发利用提供一定的指导意义。