Enhanced Dissolution of Platinum Group Metals Using Electroless Iron Deposition Pretreatment

In order to develop a new method for efficiently recovering platinum group metals (PGMs) from catalyst scraps, the authors investigated an efficient dissolution process where the material was pretreated by electroless Fe deposition. When Rh-loaded alumina powder was kept in aqua regia at 313 K (40 °C) for 30 to 60 minutes, the Rh hardly dissolved. Meanwhile, after electroless Fe plating using a bath containing sodium borohydride and potassium sodium tartrate as the reducing and complexing agents, respectively, approximately 60 pct of Rh was extracted by aqua regia at 313 K (40 °C) after 30 minutes. Furthermore, when heat treatment was performed at 1200 K (927 °C) for 60 minutes in vacuum after electroless plating, the extraction of Rh approached 100 pct for the same leaching conditions. The authors also confirmed that the Fe deposition pretreatment enhanced the dissolution of Pt and Pd. These results indicate that an effective and environmentally friendly process for the separation and extraction of PGMs from catalyst scraps can be developed utilizing this Fe deposition pretreatment.     

水溶液氯化法高效溶解铂铑合金

我国工业上主要采用湿法工艺中的王水溶解法回收铂族金属,但由于其具有溶解时间较长、溶解温度较高的缺点,需要对该工艺进一步优化。以铂铑合金粉末(约含铑10%,铂90%)为原料,通过在自制反应釜中向传统王水溶解体系通入氯气来提高王水氧化铂铑合金的能力,并通过加入铁基离子液体富集反应产物PtCl_6~(2-)和RhCl_6~(3-),从而实现铂铑合金的低温快速溶解。考察了盐酸/硝酸体积比、液固比、液氯用量、反应温度、离子液体用量对铂铑合金溶解速率的影响。结果表明,在最佳反应条件下,铂铑合金全溶时间缩短至1.52h;通过对铂铑合金溶解液进行分离提纯后,得到纯度大于99.95%的铂、铑单质,回收率分别为99.2%和98.6%。对传统王水溶解工艺改进后,溶解效率提升了约78.29%,本方法在工业上应用具有很大潜力。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定车用金属催化剂中铂钯铑

车用金属催化剂经盐酸溶解,过滤滤渣经灰化研磨为试验样品。将样品碱熔融后采用碲共沉淀分离富集其中的Pt、Pd和Rh,建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定样品中Pt、Pd和Rh的方法。设计正交试验L₉(3⁴)对过氧化钠用量、熔融温度、盐酸体积、碲沉淀时间等溶解条件进行了研究。通过选择合适的测定同位素消除了可能存在的质谱干扰;选用In作为 Pd和Rh的内标,Tl作为Pt的内标消除了信号漂移的影响。方法应用于车用金属载体催化剂企业标准样品KTA038中Pt、Pd和Rh的测定,测定值与参考值一致,相对标准偏差在3.1%～4.9%之间,回收率在98%～102%之间。     

废催化剂中铂族金属回收现状与研究进展

我国铂族金属（Platinum group metals, PGMs）储量少,消费量大,对外依存度高,PGMs二次资源的回收利用是缓解我国PGMs短缺最重要的途径。废催化剂是PGMs最主要的来源,其回收成为研究的热点。本文详细介绍了PGMs消费结构与回收现状,全球PGMs回收量约占原矿产量的20%～30%,且将保持持续增长的趋势。样品的精准分析对PGMs回收有至关重要的作用,同时还原、焙烧、机械球磨等预处理能提高PGMs回收率。相对于传统氰化法和王水溶解,近年来开发出氯化浸出法、超临界萃取法、载体溶解法等较环保的浸出工艺。尽管部分湿法浸出工艺已经产业化应用,但存在废水量大、产生有毒气体及回收率低（特别是Rh）的问题。火法富集是以铅、铜、铁、镍锍为捕集剂,与PGMs形成合金富集,载体熔化造渣。本文对上述富集方法进行了综述并总结了优缺点,基于现有技术存在的污染严重、PGMs回收率不高等问题,展望了PGMs绿色高效回收技术,如活化预处理、协同提取有价金属和载体利用、贱金属协同冶炼和铁捕集–电解等,为从事该领域的科研工作者提供了良好的参考。      

共沉淀富集分离-ICP—MS法测定地球化学勘探样品中的超痕量金、铂、钯

建立了碲作为共沉淀剂分离富集,采用ICP—MS测定地球化学勘探样品中超痕量金、铂、钯的方法,并研究了共沉淀时各种因素的影响;确定了采用盐酸和氯酸钾分解试样,以2mg碲对金、铂、钯进行共沉淀分离富集,抽滤,残渣用王水溶解,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定的条件。该方法检出限分别为：Au0．062ng／g、Pt0．041ng／g、Pd0．043ng／g,相对标准偏差（n=12）：Au4．81％、R5．46％、Pd3．50％。采用该方法测定了国家一级地球化学标准物质中的痕量Au,Pt,Pd,测定值与标准值相符合。     

锍镍试金-微波消解-高分辨率连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定岩石矿物中超痕量铂钯钌铑铱

Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh和Ir属于铂族元素,它们物理化学性质接近,是一组重要的地球化学和环境化学元素。然而,铂族元素在自然界矿石中丰度很低且分布不均匀,具有块金效应,准确测定其含量一直是分析化学中的难题。实验采用锍镍试金法对样品中Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh和Ir进行分离和富集,用微波消解法处理Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh和Ir这些金属的硫化物沉淀以及滤纸,用高分辨率连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(HRCS-GFAAS)对样品溶液中这些元素进行测定,建立了岩石矿物中超痕量Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh和Ir的测定方法。实验表明:运用传统的锍镍试金富集岩石矿物中Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh和Ir时,用实验制备提纯的NiCO₃代替商品试剂NiO作为捕集剂,可大幅度降低锍镍试金流程中待测元素Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh和Ir的空白值,且空白值非常稳定;采用微波消解仪在优化的加热消解程序下以10mL王水(1+1)溶解Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh和Ir这些金属的硫化物沉淀以及滤纸,Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh和Ir可被完全溶解在溶液中,Ru不会形成RuO₄挥发;采用连续光源原子吸收光谱仪的高分辨率分...     

王水分金渣氨水浸出回收金银试验研究

黄金提纯过程使用王水分金产生的分金渣中会有少量未被溶解且被氯化银包覆的金,为更好地回收有价金属,提高资源利用率,进行了氨水浸出氯化银、葡萄糖还原银、王水溶金等试验研究。其结果表明:每100 g烘干王水分金渣,在加入450 mL氨水、反应时间45 min、固液比为6的条件下,Ag浸出率可达72.5%;氨水浸出渣再采用王水溶金,金浸出率约77.29%;银总回收率71.05%,指标较好。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定金属载体催化剂中铂、钯、铑

建立了火焰原子吸收光谱法测定尾气净化金属载体催化剂中Pt、Pd、Rh含量的新方法。研究了试样分解方法、共沉淀条件、测定干扰因素及消除方法。采用盐酸 超声波处理尾气净化金属载体催化剂,过滤,不溶物用过氧化钠分解,盐酸酸化后全部转化为样品溶液。在含2～3 mol/L盐酸的样品溶液中,加入10 mg氧化碲和10 mL 200 g/L 氯化亚锡溶液共沉淀富集样品溶液中的Pt、Pd、Rh,与基体元素Fe、Ni、Al、Cr、Na等完全分离,共沉淀物用王水溶解后,采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定Pt、Pd、Rh。方法的检出限分别为：Pt 472 μg/g,Pd 113 μg/g,Rh 106 μg/g。将本方法用于实际样品分析,结果与电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定值一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)分别为： 30%（Pt）,19%（Pd）,42%（Rh）。     

Precious metal-support interaction in automotive exhaust catalysts

Precious metal-support interaction plays an important role in thermal stability and catalytic performance of the automotive exhaust catalysts. The support is not only a cartier for active compotmds in catalysts but also can improve the dispersion of precious metals and suppress the sintering of precious metals at high temperature; meanwhile, noble metals can also enhance the redox performance and oxygen storage capacity of support. The mechanism of metal-support interactions mainly includes electronic interaction, formation of alloy and inward diffusion of metal into the support or covered by support. The form and degree of precious metal-sup- port interaction depend on many factors, including the content of precious metal, the species of support and metal, and preparation methods. The research results about strong metal-support interaction （SMSI） gave a theory support for developing a kind of new cata- lyst with excellent performance. This paper reviewed the interaction phenomenon and mechanism of precious metals （Pt, Pd, Rh） and support such as A1203, CeO2, and CeO2-based oxides in automotive exhaust catalysts. The factors that affect SMSI and the catalysts developed by SMSI were also discussed.     

多元光谱拟合校正-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铱化合物中19种杂质元素

铱化合物产品中杂质元素的准确测定,是判定产品级别的重要指标,以往常采用摄谱法进行测定,但Ca、Si、Mg、Fe、Na测定结果准确性差,周期较长。根据铱化合物易溶于水及酸的性质,采用盐酸溶解样品,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了三氯化铱、四氯化铱、氯铱酸、氯铱酸铵等铱化合物中Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh、Ag、Au、Cu、Fe、Zn、Ni、Mn、Mg、Al、Ca、Sn、Na、Si、Pb、K等19种杂质元素。基体Ir对Pt、Sn产生的光谱干扰采用多元光谱拟合(MSF)方法校正,杂质元素间没有干扰。方法的检出限(μg/mL)为0.078(Pt)、0.0080(Pd)、0.014(Ru)、0.031(Rh)、0.0029(Ag)、0.016(Au)、0.0035(Cu)、0.012(Fe)、0.014(Zn)、0.0098(Ni)、0.0010(Mn)、0.0022(Mg)、0.0016(Al)、0.021(Ca)、0.057(Sn)、0.020(Na)、0.11(Si)、0.014(Pb)和0.0083(K)。按照实验方法测定三氯化铱中Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh、Ag、Au、Cu、Fe、Zn、Ni、Mn、Mg、Al、Ca、Sn、Na、Si、Pb、K等19种元素,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=9)为1.2%~7.4%;加标回收率在89%~114%之间。     

Recycling of Magnesium Alloy Employing Refining and Solid Oxide Membrane (SOM) Electrolysis

Pure magnesium was recycled from partially oxidized 50.5 wt pct Mg-Al scrap alloy and AZ91 Mg alloy (9 wt pct Al, 1 wt pct Zn). Refining experiments were performed using a eutectic mixture of MgF₂-CaF₂ molten salt (flux). During the experiments, potentiodynamic scans were performed to determine the electrorefining potentials for magnesium dissolution and magnesium bubble nucleation in the flux. The measured electrorefining potential for magnesium bubble nucleation increased over time as the magnesium content inside the magnesium alloy decreased. Potentiostatic holds and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were employed to measure the electronic and ionic resistances of the flux. The electronic resistivity of the flux varied inversely with the magnesium solubility. Up to 100 pct of the magnesium was refined from the Mg-Al scrap alloy by dissolving magnesium and its oxide into the flux followed by argon-assisted evaporation of dissolved magnesium and subsequently condensing the magnesium vapor. Solid oxide membrane electrolysis was also employed in the system to enable additional magnesium recovery from magnesium oxide in the partially oxidized Mg-Al scrap. In an experiment employing AZ91 Mg alloy, only the refining step was carried out. The calculated refining yield of magnesium from the AZ91 alloy was near 100 pct.     

锍镍试金-高分辨率连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定铬铁矿中铂族元素

针对难融铬铁矿样品中铂族元素的分析,提出了过氧化钠和氧化钙预烧结样品再进行锍镍试金富集的新方法,实验方法可完全分解铬铁矿,后续采用微波消解仪在优化的加热消解程序下以10mL王水(1+1)溶解Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh、Ir的硫化物沉淀连同滤纸,在微波消解密闭高温高压条件下,被测元素被完全溶解,然后应用高分辨率连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(HRCS-GFAAS)测定。实验优化了Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh和Ir的灰化和原子化温度、原子化读数时间和电感耦合器件(CCD)检测器有效像素点。在优化的实验条件下,Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh和Ir的吸光度与其对应的质量浓度运用二次方程最小二乘法拟合校准曲线,曲线拟合良好,校准曲线决定系数均不小于0.999 4;特征浓度分别为1.56、1.98、0.45、1.27、3.06ng/mL。将实验方法应用于标准物质中5种铂族元素的测试,测定值与标准值吻合良好,5次平行分析实际铬铁矿样品中结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)介于5.0%～14%之间。所建立的方法满足铬铁矿样品中痕量、超痕量Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh和Ir的测定要求。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定硫化矿中金

选取60 mL逆王水和60 mL王水溶解5～10 g样品,在基体浓度不大于5.0 mg/mL时,以1%王水做为测定介质、Rh为内标,建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定硫化矿中金的方法。试样中基体共存元素和试样分解所引入的酸以及载气等形成的复合离子对测定无干扰。方法检出限为0.007 5 ng/mL,测定下限为0.025 ng/mL,回收率为98%~104%。方法应用于硫化矿实际样品分析,测得结果与电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=8)在0.78%~3.2%之间。     

提高废三元催化剂铂族金属回收率工艺研究

首次采用NaHB4预还原,NaClO2-HCl-NaCl为浸出剂,氯化浸出法提取废三元催化剂中铂族金属,经分离提纯,铂回收率达到95.9%,钯回收率达到96.2%,铑回收率达到87%。此方法也适合用回收其他废催化剂中铂族金属。     

A Study on the Utilization of Magnetite for the Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Chloride Solution

The recovery of platinum group metals (PGMs) from chloride solution using magnetite was investigated. The adsorption of platinum, palladium, and rhodium in chloride medium onto synthetic magnetite powders were studied at different pH conditions, contact time, sodium chloride concentrations, and initial Pt, Rh, and Pd concentrations. Platinum and palladium uptake by magnetite was at a maximum at pH 6–7, and pH 3–4 for rhodium after 24 h with 0.1 mol/dm³ sodium chloride at an initial PGM concentration of 0.05 mol/m³. A sorption mechanism for PGMs was discussed based on the results.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定辛酸铑催化剂中铂钯铅铁铜铝镍

准确测定辛酸铑催化剂中杂质元素含量,是判定产品是否合格的重要指标之一。以往常采用直流电弧发射光谱法(摄谱法)进行检测,但测定周期长,且重复性较差。用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定辛酸铑催化剂中微量杂质元素时,辛酸铑催化剂样品中含有的大量有机组分和铑基体会对测定有严重干扰。实验采用反复滴加硝酸消解样品中有机组分,再用王水溶解盐类,选用合适背景点扣除的方式消除铑基体的干扰,建立了使用ICP-AES测定辛酸铑催化剂中0.001%~0.1%(质量分数)Pt、Pd、Pb、Fe、Cu、Al、Ni等7种微量杂质元素的方法。各元素在0.10~10.00μg/mL范围内与其发射强度呈线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9999;方法检出限(μg/mL)为0.075(Pt)、0.0033(Pd)、0.015(Pb)、0.0036(Fe)、0.010(Cu)、0.001(Al)、0.012(Ni)。实验方法用于测定辛酸铑催化剂样品中Pt、Pd、Pb、Fe、Cu、Al、Ni,结果的相对标准偏差为(RSD,n=7)为1.4%~9.6%。按照实验方法测定辛酸铑催化剂中Pt、Pd、Pb、Fe、Cu、Al、Ni,并与直流电弧发射光谱法的测定结果进行比对,结果相一致。     

Enrichment of platinum group metals (PGMs) by two-stage selective pressure leaching cementation from low-grade Pt-Pd sulfide concentrates

A hydrometallurgical process was developed for producing Pt-Pd enriched concentrates from low-grade sulfide concentrates on-site at Jinbaoshan mine in an isolated area in China. The developed process (pressure acidic leaching-pressure cyanidation leaching) includes the following two steps. (1) The flotation concentrates are treated by acidic pressure leaching to selectively dissolve all the base metals (Cu, Ni, Co) while leaving most (85 to 94 pct) of the precious metals in the iron residues. The leaching solution is then processed by copper cementation and solvent extraction (SX) to recover PGMs and CuNiCo, respectively. (2) The iron residues are treated by pressure cyanidation leaching to selectively dissolve precious metals. The cyanidation solution is then cemented by zinc power reduction to produce Pt-Pd concentrates. Testing results from both lab and pilot (5 kg/batch, 50 L autoclave) scale tests show that Pt+Pd content has been increased from 86 g/t (flotation concentrate) to 56 to 59 wt pct (zinc cementation residue) with an extraction recovery of 95.8 pct. The Pt-Pd enriched cementation residues can be sold as Platinum Group Metal (PGM) concentrates to refineries for further refining.     

铅试金富集-高分辨率连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定地球化学样品中痕量金铂钯

Au、Pt和Pd在自然界矿石中丰度很低且分布不均匀,具有块金效应,准确测定其含量一直是地球化学样品分析中的难题。采用铅试金法对样品中的Au、Pt和Pd进行分离并富集于合粒中,合粒经王水处理溶解,用高分辨率连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(HRCS-GFAAS)进行测定,建立了地球化学样品中痕量Au、Pt和Pd的测定方法。实验表明:采用实验制备提纯的碱式碳酸铅替代商品试剂氧化铅作为捕集剂,可大幅度降低铅试金流程中待测元素Au、Pt和Pd的空白值,且空白值非常稳定;处理合粒时,先用硝酸溶解合粒中银,再加入盐酸形成王水将Au、Pt和Pd完全溶解,滴加NaCl溶液,使Au、Pt和Pd以稳定的卤络酸钠盐形式存在于溶液中;采用连续光源原子吸收光谱仪的高分辨率分光系统,待测元素的连续光源原子吸收光谱分辨率均不大于0.001 49 nm/pixel,可将Au、Pt和Pd的原子吸收谱线与干扰谱线完全分开,故样品中共存元素对Au、Pt和Pd所测谱线的干扰可忽略。在选定的实验条件下,Au、Pt和Pd的吸光度与其对应的质量浓度运用二次方程最小二乘法拟合校准曲线,各元素校准曲线的决定系数(R²)分别为0.999 6、0.999 9和0.999 9;特征浓度分别为0.341、2.964和0.630 (ng/mL)/1%A。将实验方法应用于地球化学样品(土壤基质)中Au、Pt和Pd的测定,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)介于6.2%～9.6%之间。将实验方法应用于土壤和岩石(橄榄岩、辉石)等标准物质中Au、Pt和Pd的分析,测定值与标准值吻合良好。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定废钯炭催化剂中钯

在聚四氟乙烯内衬压力消解罐中,180 ℃的温度下,采用王水消解烘干的废钯炭催化剂样品,建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定废钯炭催化剂中钯的方法。考察溶样方法、消解时间、消解温度和干扰离子对测定的影响。结果表明:废钯炭催化剂先做烘干处理,在180 ℃温度下消解6 h,效果最佳;废钯炭催化剂中存在的Si、Al、Fe、Mg、Ca等元素对钯的测定无影响;钯浓度在0～250 mg/L范围内与强度呈线性关系,加标回收率为99.6%～100.5%,相对标准偏差小于1%。用实验方法与原子吸收光谱法测定同一个废钯炭催化剂样品,两者测定结果基本相符,方法适合废钯炭催化剂中钯的测定。     

锍试金富集-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中铂钯铑铱

建立了锍试金富集电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定地质样品中铂、钯、铑、铱的新方法。样品用硫化镍富集,酸处理除去碱金属硫化物,过滤,残渣用盐酸和过氧化氢溶解,ICP-MS法测定。研究了富集时各种因素的影响。方法检出限:Pt为0.11ng/g,Pd为0.038ng/g,Rh为0.016ng/g,Ir为0.040ng/g;相对标准偏差(n=12):Pt为4.09%,Pd为4.75%,Rh为4.53%,Ir为4.78%。测定了国家一级地球化学标准物质中痕量Pt,Pd,Rh,Ir,结果与认定值相吻合。