Developing a method and producing a batch of experimental corundum insulating brick

Conclusions A rational technology was developed for making corundum insulating material for service in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres at 1500–1550°C. Prolonged operation of the corundum lightweight lining of a test furnace used to anneal transformer steel in a dry hydrogen atmosphere at the Novolipets Metallurgical Factory showed that the use of such refractories substantially improves the quality of the steel.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 6, pp. 3–6, June, 1969.     

Use of magnesian-dolomite mixtures in steel-melting furnace hearths and the mechanism of their wear in service. 1. Study of Ankerharth refractories

The results of mineralogical-petrographic analysis of Ankerharth magnesian-dolomite refractory mixtures used in the hearths of steel-melting furnaces are described. The regularities of changes in their phase and chemical compositions are identified and the mechanism of their wear in service at the Omutninskii Metallurgical Works is considered. __________ Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 10, pp. 45–54, October, 2006.     

Development of technology for preparing blowing partitions for intermediate ladles

The construction of a multislotted insert is developed for an intermediate ladle partition. Model tests of blowing inserts are performed and their optimum construction is determined. Blowing partitions are prepared and industrial testing is successful under the acid-converter shop working conditions at OAO Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine. Blowing partitions with inserts having four rows of channels are recommended for industrial application from the test results. Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 8, pp. 16–17, August 2008.     

SH2010型内热式干馏炉在褐煤干馏中的应用

为了综合高效利用褐煤,陕西冶金设计研究院有限公司开发了褐煤干燥-干馏联产工艺。介绍了该工艺的核心设备立式干燥炉和SH2010型内热式干馏炉的工艺流程、工作原理以及褐煤干馏煤气净化与煤焦油回收工艺。结果表明:为了降低褐煤与高温含氧烟气在立式干燥炉中爆炸的可能,需要在干燥炉顶部设防爆板且进料粒度不能大于150 mm。SH2010型内热式干馏炉使褐煤基本干馏完全,提高了褐煤发热量,后续的配套净化工段回收了大部分的煤焦油与煤气。     

Polarographic determination of the competitive adsorption of U(VI), Pb(II), and Cd(II) ions on poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐g‐citric acid) hydrogels

Poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐g‐citric acid) [P(VP‐g‐CA)] hydrogels were prepared for the removal of U(VI), Pb(II), and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions containing different amounts of these ions (2.5–10 mg/L). Different pHs (1–13), temperatures (20–40°C), and ionic strengths (0.5M) were also tried for the adsorption behavior of these ions. The competitive adsorption values of U(VI), Pb(II), and Cd(II) ions on pure poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) were low [0.71–2.03 mg of U(VI)/g of dry gel, 0.15–1.58 mg of Pb(II)/g of dry gel, and 0.10–0.68 mg of Cd(II)/g of dry gel]. The incorporation of citric acid significantly increased the adsorption of these ions [0.67–2.12 mg of U(VI)/g of dry gel, 0.44–1.88 mg of Pb(II)/g of dry gel, and 0.04–0.92 mg of Cd(II)/g of dry gel for P(VP‐g‐CA)‐1; 0.71–2.36 mg of U(VI)/g of dry gel, 0.60–2.16 mg of Pb(II)/g of dry gel, and 0.14–0.80 mg of Cd(II)/g of dry gel for P(VP‐g‐CA)‐2; and 0.79–2.47 mg of U(VI)/g of dry gel, 0.70–2.30 mg of Pb(II)/g of dry gel, and 0.20–0.86 mg of Cd(II)/g of dry gel for P(VP‐g‐CA)‐3]. The observed affinity order of adsorption was U(VI) > Pb(II) > Cd(II) for competitive conditions. The optimal pH range for the removal of these ions was 5–9. Competitive adsorption studies showed that other stimuli, such as the temperature and ionic strength of the solution, also influenced the U(VI), Pb(II), and Cd(II) adsorption capacity of P(VP‐g‐CA) hydrogels. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2019–2024, 2003     

Adsorption of hexavalent chromium on cationic starches with different degree of crosslinking

The influence of the degree of crosslinking in the association with the degree of cationization on the adsorption of Cr(VI) by crosslinked cationic starches (CCS) was examined. The amount of adsorbed Cr(VI) depends on the preparation of CCS before adsorption experiments (dry or preswollen CCS) and has a higher value when dry CCS are used. The amount of crosslinks in CCS needed to reach the maximum effectiveness of the cationic groups of CCS in the binding of Cr(VI) depends also on the form in which CCS are used. The adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) decreases both with dry and preswollen CCS when the adsorption temperature increases. The thermodynamic parameters are calculated. The negative values of ΔG° and ΔH° indicated that the adsorption process in both cases was spontaneous and exothermic. If preswollen CCS is used, the entropy change has a positive value and indicates that the randomness of the system increases, whereas the negative value of entropy change when Cr(VI) species are adsorbed by dry CCS shows that in this case the order of the system increases like in the classical adsorption process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Domestic experience of producing blow units for non-furnace steel treatment

The Terg-K Research-and-production company has developed blow units with ring contours and vertical slot channels, as well as a method for fastening the blow unit in a pocket block. Testing of the prototype blow units at the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Works (MMW) have made it possible to estimate the specifics of the wear of domestic blow units compared to imported units and the reliability of the proposed blow lance designs. The testing has proved the possibility of steady operation of domestic slot-shaped blow units during 50 and more blowdown campaigns __________ Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 12, pp. 3–6, December, 2006. Report of the Faich-Radex company at the seminar at the Metallurgprom, Moscow, on February 25–26, 1997.     

Rheology of poly(vinyl chloride) dry blends. II. Mathematical modeling for physical changes in processing

The effects of physical processing changes on Plasticorder behavior of a typical PVC dry blend are mathematically quantified using the random particulate transition model developed in Part I. The physical processing changes studied are Plasticorder bowl temperature, dry blend charge mass, rotor rpm and resin molecular weight. By quantifying the amount of change observed in the transition parameters (mean time for transition for i to occur, t_i and standard deviation of the time required for transition i to occur, t _i) as a result of the physical process changes, a two-fold benefit results. First, a mathematical means of altering only desired fusion characteristics by a precisely predetermined amount is now possible. Second, the sensitivity of different changes, provides insights into the more fundamental aspects of the fusion process itself. The extension of this technique to chemical changes in the dry blend formulation, which is the subject of Part III, is briefly discussed.     

Nanosize Effect on the Deliquescence and the Efflorescence of Sodium Chloride Particles

The deliquescence and efflorescence relative humidity values of 6- to 60-nm NaCl particles were measured using a tandem nano-Differential Mobility Analyzer. The deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) increased when the dry particle mobility diameter decreased below approximately 40 nm. The efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) similarly increased. For example, the DRH and ERH of 6-nm particles were 87% and 53%, respectively, compared to 75% and 45% for particles larger than 40 nm. Power law fits describing the nanosize effect are: DRH(d _m) = 213 d _m ^?1.6+ 76 and ERH(d _m) = 213 d _m ^?1.65+ 44, which are calibrated for 6 < d _m < 60 nm with less than 1% RH uncertainty and where d _m is the dry particle mobility diameter (nm). Two independent methods were used to generate the aerosol particles, namely by vaporizing and condensing granular sodium chloride and by electrospraying a high-purity sodium chloride aqueous solution, to investigate possible effects of impurities on the results. The DRH and ERH values were the same within experimental uncertainty for the particles generated by the two methods. The physical explanation for the nanosize effect of increasing DRH and ERH for decreasing dry particle mobility diameter is that the free energy balance of NaCl increasingly favors smaller particles (i.e., those without water) because the surface areas and hence surface free energies per particle are less for small, anhydrous particles than for bloated, aqueous particles. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Aerosol Science and Technology for the following free supplemental resources: Graphs and data of the size distribution measurements of the deliquescence- and the efflorescence-mode experiments of the 6-, 8-, 15-, 20-, 30-, and 60-nm dry mobility diameter particles.]     

Belowground competition for nutrients in shrub-encroached Mediterranean dehesas

Managing multilayered silvopastoral systems such as Mediterranean dehesas requires the study of nutrient resource partitioning among coexisting species and determination to what extent soil nutrients are limiting plant growth. We determined the effects of NPK fertilisation maintained over two consecutive years on dry matter production and nutritional status of pasture (herbaceous) species, two shrub species and Quercus ilex L. in two silvopastoral sites with different shrub-layer species. We selected two prominent Mediterranean shrub species that vary in their specific ecological strategies: a N₂-fixing and sparse deep-rooting shrub (Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss, Retama site), and a dense shallow-rooting shrub (Cistus ladanifer L., Cistus site). Fertilisation significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased pasture dry mass by 460% and 1,090% in the Retama and Cistus sites, respectively. Nitrogen uptake by pasture species was most stimulated in both sites, and was the major limiting nutrient for this group. At the Cistus site, fertilisation significantly increased leaf dry mass of Q. ilex by 53%, but no significant effect was found at the Retama site. There were no significant effects of fertilisation treatments on dry mass and nutrient status of Retama cladodes and Cistus leaves. Vector analysis revealed that the magnitude of relative changes in nutrient uptake and dry matter production of pasture in response to fertilisation was markedly higher than that of Q. ilex, R. sphaerocarpa and C. ladanifer, suggesting high competitive ability of pasture species for soil nutrients. Results suggest that patterns of soil nutrient partitioning are site-specific and, thus, likely depend on the dominant species in the shrub layer.     

Enthalpy recovery and physical aging of polymer-diluent binary systems: A network epoxy and water

Physical aging of a network epoxy resin in both the dry and water plasticized state has been investigated using calorimetric methods. Enthalpic retardation (recovery) towards equilibrium below the glass transition temperature (TK) has been qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated over a wide temperature range by following the enthalpy recovered (Er) on re-heating through to and beyond the glass transition. Results indicate that water, acting as a plasticizer, accelerates aging at any given temperature. However, by using the respective Tg as a point of reference, a simple comparison of the kinetics of aging in the dry and plasticized state suggests that in the temperature range studied there are no significant differences. These observations, together with observed dilational and relaxational effects of water which appears to erase all accumulated aging effects in dry aged material, are commented upon and their importance in the' context of transport-phenomena and moisture sorption-desorption cycles are discussed.     

Production and use of vibrocast products from the company “Promresurs”<Superscript>1</Superscript>

An assortment of products made by the young company “Promresurs” for casting steel is presented. It is noted that the products are made with high-quality raw materials, modern technologies, and high-quality equipment. Results are presented from tests of the products at the Nizhniy Tagil Metallurgical Combine.     

Quantitative determination of tocopherols in single seeds of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to determine tocopherols in single seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Single seeds were extracted with isooctane, centrifuged, and the overlayer extract injected into the HPLC instrument without further purification. Separation was performed on a diol-column (250 mm × 3 mm I.D.) using a mobile phase consisting of 94% isooctane and 6% tert-butyl methyl ether. Quantification of individual tocopherols was done by fluorescence detection and with β-tocopherol as internal standard. The standard error (SE) of the present method for total tocopherol content, as determined with 30 ground samples of Samourai (mean = 304 mg kg ^-1 dry seed) and 20 ground samples of Lirabon (mean = 350 mg kg ^-1 dry seed), was 9.5 mg tocopherol/kg dry seed. The SEs of the method for the determination of α- and γ-tocopherol percentages were 1.2% and 1.3%, respectively. The low SE values indicate that the method can be effectively used to detect small differences for tocopherol content and composition in studies requiring the analysis of reduced amounts of plant material. In particular, the comparison between the SE of the method and the SD of single seeds within individual plants of Samourai (36.8 mg kg ^-1 dry seed) and Lirabon (37.6 mg kg ^-1 dry seed) shows the potential of the present method for the detection of the tocopherol content within plant differences.     

Tests of refractory products of the magnohrom company at the novolipetsk metallurgical works JSC

The largest Yugoslavian producer of refractory materials Magnohrom — Kraljevo Company developed a program for manufacturing periclase-carbon products with an additive of molten periclase, corundum, and antioxidants in the early 1990s. Full-scale tests at the NLMK JSC (Novolipetsk Metallurgical Works) and the Izhorskie Zavody JSC have shown that the endurance of refractory products of Magnohrom — Kraljevo Company are at the level provided by the leader of European refractory production RADEX.     

聚氨酯/咖啡渣泡沫的发泡行为和慢回弹性能研究

利用废弃生物质咖啡渣（CFG）填充反应改性制备具有慢回弹特性的聚氨酯泡沫,对其发泡行为,泡沫的回弹特性、力学性能和隔热性能进行研究。结果表明,CFG参与聚氨酯聚合的链增长反应,同时减少二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)与水反应产生的发泡气体量。此外,CFG含量对泡孔结构和泡沫性能具有影响作用。在40 %（质量分数,下同）的CFG填加量时,聚氨酯泡沫的开孔率从57 %降低至15 %;其拉伸强度和模量分别提高至0.15 MPa和33.5 MPa,热导率降低至0.050 W/（m·K）;在37 ℃下,其回弹时间大于3 s,具有良好的慢回弹特性;CFG填充改性具有对慢回弹聚氨酯泡沫泡孔结构和性能的调控效应。     

Fruit oil composition and characteristics of two spurge species of Turkish origin

Content and characteristics of the triglyceride fruit oils of two spurge (Euphorbia L.) subspecies, namelyE. glaerosa Pallas ex Bieb. (var.lasiocarpa Boiss.) andE. niciciana Borbas ex Novak, were investigated. For both taxa, oil content of the capsules enclosing the seeds ranged between 15.7 and 16.4% on dry basis, while the decapsulated seeds contained 33.0–34.0% oil, also on dry basis. The average saponification, iodine and acid values were 192, 190 and 6.0, respectively; linolenic acid was detected as the major constituent fatty acid. Consequently, these seed oils are characterized as typical drying oils.     

Detoxification of cyanide by immobilised fungi

Cyanide detoxification was studied by immobilisation of fungal mycelia that had been induced to form cyanide hydratase (formamide hydrolyase) which is able to hydrolyse cyanide to formamide. The fungal pathogens of cyanogenic plants, Stemphylium loti, Gloeocercospora sorghi and Fusarium moniliforme were immobilised using polyelectrolyte flocculating agents. The effect of immobilisation on the enzymic properties of S. loti and G. sorghi were investigated. The apparent K_m values increased from 21.0 mmol and 25.5 mmol KCN to 43.5 mmol and 71.0 mmol KCN, respectively. The pH profile for the two enzymes widened on immobilisation. The stoichiometry of 1:1 cyanide utilisation to formamide formation was retained on immobilisation, with complete conversion of 70 mmol KCN in 120 min by 0.12 g dry wt of S. loti and in 6 min by 0.13 g dry wt of G. sorghi. When the two fungi were stabilised by immobilisation, and tested in column reactors containing 1.2 g dry wt of S. loti and 1.3 g dry wt of G. sorghi, they completely converted cyanide (70 mmol; added continuously at 7.5 ml h^?1) into formamide for 2 days and 30 days, respectively. Stability was enhanced by inclusion of 1.0 mmol glucose in the 70 mmol KCN solution, by a further 10 h for S. loti and an extra 10 days for G. sorghi. Operational stabilities of immobilised G. sorghi (1.3 g dry wt) and F. moniliforme (1.0 g wet wt) in column reactors, with 100 % cyanide conversion, at varying flow rates was investigated. G. sorghi was stable for 15, 10 and 2 days whereas F. moniliforme was only stable for 48, 20 and 10 h at 30, 60 and 120 ml h^?1 flow rates respectively.     

Synthesis and properties of the copolymer of acrylamide with 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid

A cross‐linked copolymer of acrylamide (AM) with 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) was prepared by solution polymerization. In this reaction, potassium persulfate (PPS) and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA) were used as initiator and cross‐linker, respectively. This copolymer, poly(acrylamide‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid) (PAMA), can absorb up to 1749 g/g of dry polymer in distilled water and 87 g/g of dry polymer in 0.9 wt % NaCl aqueous solution at room temperature. The PAMA also has excellent performance in absorbing pure alcohols. Its absorbencies in methanol and glycol are about 310 g/g and 660 g/g, respectively. The effects of various salt solutions on the swelling properties were studied systematically, and the relationship between the absorbency and the concentrations of the different salt solutions can be expressed as Q = kcⁿ. Experimental results indicate that the absorbencies were stable at different water temperatures. The swelling rates of the copolymer in distilled water and a water/ethanol mixture (V_water:V_alcohol = 1:1) were also investigated, and the results showed that PAMA could absorb 992 g of distilled water per gram of dry polymer and 739 g of water/ethanol mixture per gram of dry polymer in five minutes. The PAMA has such good water retention at higher temperatures that the swollen gel can retain 71.6 and 49.5% of the maximum absorbency after being heated for 9 hours at 60 and 80 °C, respectively. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3481–3487, 2003     

Corundum crucibles for vaporizing aluminum in vacuo

Conclusions Corundum-based materials are suitable for the large crucibles used in industrial equipment for aluminum-plating rolled strips in vacuo. The durability in the plating process of crucibles fabricated from corundum with high-alumina cement as binder is good (several hours) and they can be recommended for industrialscale testing.Translated from Metallurgical Machinery. Translated from Ogneupory, No. 7, pp. 46–50, July, 1976.