蓝宝石光纤高温光学特性研究

实验研究了蓝宝石光纤在高温环境下(大于1000℃)的光学稳定性,以及光纤的自辐射、塑性弯曲对出射光信号的影响,结果表明蓝宝石光纤在高温下的光学传输损耗随时间增加,温度测量精度由信号的稳定性和光纤自辐射决定,而蓝宝石光纤的塑性弯曲引起的信号额外损耗比较小,在900nm处小于0.1 dB.光纤表面在高温下的永久损伤是产生这些性能劣变的主要原因,损伤的主要机制为外部杂质在高温下与光纤表面的相互作用.

Abstract：

The performance stability,self-radiation and plastically bend of sapphire fiber under high temperature are studied.Experimental results show the optical transmitter loss increases with time when sapphire fiber under high temperature environment.Temperature measurement precision depends on the stability of signal and the self-radiation of fiber.The additional loss caused by a single plastically bend is less than 0.1 dB at 900 nm,less than the loss.before bend.The permanent injury of the sapphire fiber surface is the main reason for deterioration.It is found that the surface injury is mainly attributed to the pollution of the fiber surface and the mutual reaction between the sapphire fiber and the polluted substance in the ambient environment.     

蓝宝石光纤光栅高温传感器研究进展与发展趋势(特邀)

在高速飞行器、航空发动机、核反应堆等国防安全和国民经济的重要领域,需要实现1800 ℃以上的高温原位测量。常规石英光纤传感器受限于材料特性,无法在1000 ℃以上高温环境中长期稳定使用。单晶蓝宝石光纤具有极高的熔点（2053 ℃）和较低的传输损耗,是一种良好的高温传感材料。在单晶蓝宝石光纤内部刻写布拉格光栅,可以研制出蓝宝石光纤光栅传感器,具有耐温性能好、测量精度高、便于多点测量等优点,是当前最具发展前景的新型高温传感器件。首先介绍了蓝宝石光纤光栅高温传感器的工作原理和理论模型,接着介绍了利用飞秒激光制备蓝宝石光纤光栅的三种主流技术,包括相位掩模板扫描法、双光束干涉法、直写法,并从制备效率、光谱质量等方面比较了三种技术的优劣,指出飞秒激光直写法是制备蓝宝石光纤光栅高温传感器的最佳手段;然后介绍了蓝宝石光纤光栅的光谱优化方法,包括如何减小光栅光谱带宽和如何降低光谱噪声;进一步介绍了蓝宝石光纤光栅的高温传感特性、封装工艺及高温温度、应变传感应用;最后展望了蓝宝石光纤光栅传感器的未来发展趋势。蓝宝石光纤光栅高温传感器的快速发展和大规模推广应用,必将有助于解决当前我国航空航天、核电等领域重大装备结构健康监测的卡脖子难题。     

蓝宝石单晶光纤高温仪的研制

报道了双波长蓝宝石单晶光纤高温仪的研制工作．对蓝宝石单晶光纤高温传感头的热辐射特性进行了理论分析和实验研究，并在此基础上研制了双波长蓝宝石单晶光纤高温仪，仪器的测温范围为８００～１７００℃，测温精度可望达到０．２％（１０００℃时），分辨率为１℃，可应用于科研和工业生产中某些特殊环境下的温度测量．     

塑性弯曲蓝宝石单晶光纤的光学特性研究

为满足医用激光传能要求,使用CO2激光对直径分别为550um和750um的两组蓝宝石单晶光纤进行了塑性弯曲,平均弯曲半径为3.0mm,由单个弯曲引起的额外损耗在900nm处小于0.1dB,对脉冲Nd:YAG激光能量传输的损伤阈值高于30MW/cm^2。实验结果表明,塑性弯曲蓝宝石光纤完全可满足医用激光传能的要求,并可减小输出端弯曲光纤头的体积,增大光纤激光传输应用系统的灵活性。     

用于红外激光传输及光纤传感应用的矩形Y_2O_3-ZrO_2单晶光波导

通过精确的切割和良好的抛光 ,从Y2 O3 稳定的ZrO2 块状单晶制得可用于红外激光传输及光纤高温传感的高品质Y2 O3 ZrO2 单晶矩形光波导 .获得的矩形波导截面大于 1mm× 1mm ,长度在 4 5mm～ 6 5mm之间 .波导的光学性能比用常规LHPG系统生长的Y2 O3 ZrO2 单晶光纤优越得多 ,在 90 0nm波长处的光学损耗小于 0 .0 3dB cm ,对 1.0 6 μmNd :YAG激光脉冲的损伤阈值为 0 .98MW cm2 ,并且能耐受 2 30 0℃的高温 .实验结果表明 ,这些波导有望在红外激光传输和 2 0 0 0℃以上的高温光纤传感等领域得到应用 .     

蓝宝石光纤法布里-珀罗高温传感的实验研究

进行了基于蓝宝石光纤及晶片的光纤法布里- 珀罗(F-P)高温传感器研究。理论仿真分析了传感器温度传感灵敏度及干涉光谱信号质量 随蓝宝石晶片厚度 变化趋势。结果表明,在信噪比(SNR)为30〖J P ＋2〗dB、晶片厚为75μm时,可避免干涉光谱信号波峰干涉级次跳 变问题, 同时获得3.114nm/℃(1080℃)的温度传感 灵敏度。建立了高温传感器系统,并基于干涉光谱相位分析算法 进行解调,实现了130～1080℃测温范围,测 温误差小于±2.45℃, 1080℃下温度传感灵敏度测试值为2. 973nm/℃,与理论温度传感灵敏度基本吻合。     

蓝宝石光纤高温Fabry-Perot传感器综述

蓝宝石为晶体材料,其熔点为2045℃,具有高强度、高耐热性、高抗腐蚀性等良好的高温物理化学性能。单晶蓝宝石光纤可以在高于1000℃的超高温下传输光信号,基于其制作的蓝宝石光纤法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Perot,F-P)传感器耐超高温、本征安全,适用于危险、恶劣的环境中,近年来,得到广泛研究,已研制出用于超高温环境的蓝宝石光纤温度、压力、振动传感器。文章综述了蓝宝石光纤F-P传感器的研究进展,介绍了课题组在蓝宝石光纤传感技术方面的研究成果,最后对传感器的研制提出了改进建议。     

传感与传能用蓝宝石单晶光纤的生长与光学特性

用激光加热小基座法生长了直径为２００～１０００μｍ，长度达５０ｃｍ的蓝宝石单晶光纤．对蓝宝石单晶光纤的光学传输特性进行了分析和测试，结果表明蓝宝石单晶光纤在可见到近红外波段具有良好的光学传输特性，可应用于高温传感和医用近红外激光传输．     

光电话耦合夹钳的优化光路结构设计

光电话耦合夹钳是一种在裸光纤间提供光纤无损伤光信号双向耦合的光纤无源器件,文章用光纤弯曲损耗和几何光学原理分析了它的光路结构与光纤弯曲损耗及耦合效率的关系,并在自聚焦透镜的基础上提出了一种优化光路结构设计方法.     

弯曲损耗优化辅孔光纤的特性

叙述了一种辅孔光纤（HAF）的传榆特性，该光纤有一个被几个气孔包围的普通掺锗纤芯。日本NTT公司接入网业务系统实验室的科研人员报导了HAF在弯曲损耗和模场直径特性方面的设计原理。还从数字和试验两方面讨论了弯曲损耗优化HAF与普通1．3μm零色散单模光纤接续时的连接特性。此外，还阐述了基于HAF的光学软线在数字和模拟传输系统中的传输性能。这些结果表明，弯曲损耗优化HAF有助于构建灵活的光学网络。     

红外窗口气动热辐射效应评估方法

气动热辐射效应导致红外探测制导系统的性能降低甚至失效,而红外窗口是气动热辐射效应评估的关键因素。通过分析红外辐射在红外窗口中的传输特性,提出一种红外窗口气动热辐射效应评估方法,基于等温状态试验,评估了某超音速飞行器红外探测系统蓝宝石红外窗口在中波3.7~4.8m波段的气动热辐射效应。研究结果显示,红外窗口暴露于大气环境后,蓝宝石窗口导致的气动热辐射效应迅速上升,表现为红外窗口透过率下降约10%,仍然在0.9以上,而自辐射迅速增强约458倍,相当于约125℃黑体,在探测器获取总辐射中的比例大于78%。在对地探测应用中,对于厚度小于20 mm的蓝宝石红外窗口,窗口温度在100~350℃范围内,随着厚度增加,透过率下降,自辐射增强,总辐射也增强,自辐射在总辐射中的比例增加,易造成探测器饱和,对探测系统影响较大。     

Temperature-Induced Instabilities in Macro-Bend Fiber Based Wavelength Measurement Systems

An investigation of temperature-induced instabilities in a wavelength measurement system based on macro-bend fiber filter used in the ratiometric scheme are presented. Two wavelength measurement systems based on macro-bend fiber, a standard low bend loss single-mode fiber filter based system and a high bend loss fiber filter based system are considered. In the case of a low bend loss fiber filter based system, the oscillatory variation in the ratio response with temperature and the difference in the temperature-induced ratio variation at different wavelengths makes the temperature corrected calibration of the system unfeasible, which is essential for precise wavelength measurements. The high bend loss fiber filter based system is more sensitive to temperature than the low bend loss fiber filter based system, but critically for the high bend loss fiber filter based system the ratio has a linear variation with temperature, which can be corrected by a suitable temperature calibration process. Comprehensive studies on the temperature dependence of both the macro-bend fiber filter system and its effect on wavelength measurements are presented in this paper.      

高超声速飞行器红外窗口热辐射特性试验

对于大气层内的高速飞行器,强烈的气动加热使红外探测系统的红外窗口温度迅速上升,成为气动热辐射效应的主要因素,导致红外探测系统的探测距离、识别概率、跟踪精度等性能下降,甚至失效。通过简化红外窗口热辐射传输模型,设计了一种红外窗口热辐射特性试验平台,并对某蓝宝石红外窗口在中波红外3.7~4.8 m波段的热辐射特性进行试验研究。研究结果表明,在100~350 ℃高温范围内,该红外窗口热辐射特性与温度近似呈现3次方关系,随温度升高,透过率下降约16%,而自身辐射持续增强,幅度最高在100倍以上,对红外探测系统造成的影响比透过率要大得多。     

分离变量法的瞬态高温实验研究

分析了蓝宝石光纤温度传感器测试系统组成及工作原理,由于黑体腔膜层内外表面存在较大温差,使得该系统测出的被测物温度存在一定误差.为了解决这一问题,运用分离变量法从黑体腔内表面温度外推出黑体腔外表面温度,降低了测试对传感器的性能要求,实验验证了该方法的可行性,提高了蓝宝石光纤黑体腔温度传感器的测温精度.     

ODN中光纤的宏弯损耗对ONU弱光的影响

通过对ONU弱光的ODN链路衰耗进行分析,发现ODN链路的下行衰耗严重超标的现象,在用OTDR进行故障定位、并测试光纤在相应波长的宏弯损耗后,得出光纤的宏弯损耗是导致ODN链路下行衰耗超标的原因;进一步对ODN链路的入户段光缆进行衰耗测试,从而验证了宏弯损耗是引起ONU弱光的主要原因。     

Wavelength demultiplexing using bends in a single-mode opticalfiber

A method of wavelength demultiplexing is developed that makes use of the wavelength and bend-radius dependence of the pure bend loss at single radius bends in a single-mode fiber. The light leaving the fiber at a bend forms one output of the demultiplexer. Equations are derived that predict the bend radii for the most-efficient operation of the demultiplexer and the power extracted from the fiber at each wavelength. The demultiplexer operates over the wavelength range corresponding to V numbers from 2.4 to 1.6. A two-wavelength demultiplexer formed from 90° bends is constructed and tested. Collection efficiencies of 70% and insertion losses of less than 2 dB are shown to be possible. Crosstalk isolation in excess of 40 dB can be achieved with the aid of optical wavelength filters. The performance of a three-wavelength demultiplexer is also considered     

The design of an optical fiber pressure transducer for use in theupper airways

The development of an optical fiber transducer for use in biomedical applications has been presented. The design was targeted for use in the upper airways of patients with sleep disorders stemming from partial or total occlusion of the airway. The transducer's preliminary specification was suited for that of upper airway manometry: a resolution of 10 Pa over the range ±5 kPa, a single transducer being less than 0.94 mm in diameter. Amplitude modulated optical fiber sensors are susceptible to loss due to bending of the fiber core and cladding. The design of the transducer uses a series of three optical fibers, one emitting and two receiving, the combination of the two receiving optical fibers is used to reduce effects of light loss: a bend radius of 50 mm is typical for the insertion into the naso-pharynx. The transducer transduction element is a silicone gel coated with reflective titanium dioxide, the meniscus deforms under pressure and modulates the intensity of light reflected back into the receiving optical fibers. The main disadvantage of optical fiber pressure transducers is their susceptibility to temperature drift. Temperature in the airway rarely changes more than 17°C. The frequency of breathing and the high thermal mass of the catheter means that temperature drift in this application is not significant, and will cause an insignificant error of 12 Pa. The transducer is inexpensive to produce, and may be deemed disposable: approximately $20 in material costs (using current manufacturing techniques this can be halved). The system has the added advantage of being electrically, magnetically, and chemically passive. The potential for miniaturization is limited only by the mechanical strength of the optical fibers as mechanical problems associated with fragile elastic membranes do not apply     

用于石化反应器的光纤F-P温/压复合传感器

为了实时监测石化反应器内部高温、高压环境下压力和温度变化, 严格控制原料的反应过程, 采用法布里-珀罗(F-P)多腔干涉理论, 设计并制备了一种光纤F-P温度、压力复合传感器。该传感器由石英玻璃和蓝宝石玻璃构成, 石英与蓝宝石之间的空气腔为压力腔, 温度腔则为蓝宝石本身。通过理论计算和仿真验证, 分析了压力腔和温度腔不同参数对传感器性能的影响, 从而取得了最佳的传感器结构参数数据。结果表明, 该传感器制作工艺简单且性能可靠, 能够实现0MPa~5MPa和-20℃~300℃范围内压力和温度的同时测量; 该传感器在压力0.1MPa~5MPa和温度20℃~180℃环境下有良好压力温度线性响应关系, 压力灵敏度为796nm/MPa, 温度灵敏度为3.864nm/℃。该传感器适用于石化反应器内部高温高压环境下压力和温度的同时监测。