直流磁控反应溅射制备IrO2薄膜

为研究氧化铱（ＩｒＯ２）对ＰＺＴ铁电薄膜疲性能的影响。利用直流（ＤＣ）磁控反应溅射（ｓｐｕｔｔｅｒｉｎｇ）工艺成功地在ＳｉＯ２／Ｓｉ（１００）衬底上制得了高度取向的ＩｒＯ２薄膜,并在其上制成ＰＺＴ铁电薄膜,讨论了溅射参数（溅射功率、Ａｒ／Ｏ２比、衬底温度）以及退火条件对氧化铱薄膜的结晶,取向和形态的影响。     

直流磁控反应溅射制备IrO2薄膜

为研究氧化依（ＩｒＯ_２）对ＰＺＴ铁电薄膜疲劳性能的影响,利用直流（ＤＣ）磁控反应溅射（ｓｐｕｔｔｅｒｉｎｇ）工艺成功地在ＳｉＯ_２／Ｓｉ（１００）衬底上制得了高度取向的ＩｒＯ_２薄膜．并在其上制成ＰＺＴ铁电薄膜．讨论了溅射参数（溅射功率、 Ａｒ／Ｏ_２比、衬底温度）以及退火条件对氧化铱薄膜的结晶、取向和形态的影响．     

常压MOCVD制备MgO薄膜的研究

本文首次报道用常压金属有机化学气相沉积（ＡＰ－ＭＯＣＶＤ）在Ｓｉ（１００），ＳｉＯ２／Ｓｉ（１００）和Ｐｔ／Ｓｉ（１００）衬底上外延高质量的ＭｇＯ薄膜。研究了衬底温度与薄膜的取向性关系和ＭｇＯ薄膜的潮解特性。高纯ｍａｇｎｅｓｉｕｍａｃｅｔｙｌａｃｅｔｏｎａｔｅ［ｂｉｓ（２，４－ｐｅｎｔａｎｅｔａｎｅ－ｄｉｏｎｏ）ｍａｇｎｅｓｉｕｍ］［Ｍｇ（ＣＨ２ＣＯＣＨ２ＣＯＣＨ３）２］作为金属有机源，扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ），透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）和Ｘ－ＲＡＹ衍射实验显示，在较低的衬底温度（～４８０℃）下一次淀积成单晶膜。薄膜均匀，致密，结晶性和取向性很好，衬底温度（Ｔｓ）在４００℃到６８０℃之间，在Ｓｉ（１００）衬底上生长的ＭｇＯ薄膜都具有［１００］取向，在Ｓｉ（１００）、ＳｉＯ２／Ｓｉ（１００）和Ｐｔ／Ｓｉ（１００）衬底上生长的ＭｇＯ薄膜也都具有［１００］取向。     

溶胶-凝胶法中热处理对PMNT薄膜结构的影响

研究用溶胶－凝胶方法制备ＰＭＮＴ（铌镁酸铅）薄膜的工艺过程．通过ＸＲＤ和ＳＰＭ系统地分析了热处理条件（热解温度和退火条件）与ＰＭＮＴ薄膜的形态．结晶和取向的对应关系,已建立起制备高度取向 ＰＭＮＴ薄膜的工艺．并成功地在Ｐｔ／Ｔｉ／ＳＩＯ_２／Ｓｉ衬底上制备成（１１１）取向的ＰＭＮＴ薄膜．     

高取向锐钛矿TiO2薄膜的MOCVD法制备与表征

采用热壁低压ＭＯＣＶＤ方法，以Ｔｉ（ＯＣ４Ｈ９）４为源在ＳｉＯ２／Ｓｉ衬底上制备出高取向锐钛矿ＴｉＯ２薄膜。用Ｘ射线衍射技术研究了沉积温度和衬底对薄膜的结构和相组成的影响规律，采用ＸＰＳ和ＳＥＭ分别研究了薄膜的组成和形貌，结果表明，当沉积温度为５００＾０Ｃ和６００＾０Ｃ时，薄膜为锐钛矿结构，３００＾０Ｃ和４００＾０Ｃ地，薄膜以无定形结构为主，薄膜的组成为ＴｉＯ２，衬底影响薄膜的相组成，不同沉积温度     

沉积条件对RF反应溅射多晶ZnO薄膜结构的影响

采用ＲＦ反应溅射法在Ｓｉ（１１１）、玻璃衬底上制备了具有良好Ｃ轴承向的多晶ＺｎＯ薄膜。用ＸＲＤ分析了沉积条件（衬底温度、工作气体中的氧与氩气压比和衬底种类）对样品结构的影响,发现（１）薄膜的取向性随着衬底温或高而增强,超过４００℃后薄膜质量开始变差;（２）工作气体中氧与氩气压比（Ｐｏ２／ＰＡｒ）为２：３时,薄膜取向性最好;（３）薄膜晶粒尺寸１１－３４ｎｍ,相同沉积条件下,单晶硅衬底样品（００２）衍     

改进溶胶-凝胶法制备PZT50/50铁电薄膜

采用改进的溶胶凝胶法在Ｐｔ／Ｔｉ／ＳｉＯ２／Ｓｉ衬底上制备了ＰＺＴ５０／５０铁电薄膜，用Ｘ射线衍射表征了薄膜的物相，用原子力显微镜（ＡＦＭ）表征薄膜的微观形貌，用ＲＴ６６Ａ测量了薄膜的铁电特性，获得了具有优良的铁电性能的晶粒尺寸为１００ｎｍ的ＰＺＴ５０／５０铁电薄膜，在２０Ｖ电压下，Ｐｒ＝３１．８３μＣ／ｃｍ２。     

溅射工艺参数对PZT铁电薄膜相变过程的影响

采用射频磁控溅射工艺,在（１１１）Ｐｔ／Ｔｉ／ＳｉＯ２／Ｓｉ衬底上用ＰＺＴ（５３／４７）陶瓷靶制备铁电薄膜。用快速光热退火炉对原位沉积的薄膜进行ＲＴＡ处理。     

用喷雾热分解法制备MgO薄膜

用压缩空气式喷雾热分解法在Ｓｉ（１００）衬底上制备了（１００）取向ＭｇＯ薄膜。结果表明：衬底温度和喷雾速率是制备（１００）取向ＭｇＯ薄膜的关键因素。在６００℃得到了（１００）取向的ＭｇＯ薄膜,用Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）,原子力显微镜（ＡＦＭ）和透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）分析了薄膜的微观结构。     

脉冲准分子激光CuO－SnO_2薄膜沉积及其结构分析

采用脉冲准分子激光沉积（ＰＬＤ）技术，分别在Ｓｉ（１１１）单晶及玻璃基片上外延沉积了具有高ａ轴（２００）取向的ＣｕＯ掺杂的ＳｎＯ２薄膜。Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）及透射电镜（ＴＥＭ扫描附件）分析表明：在Ｓｉ（１１１）片上沉积，４００～５００℃退火温度处理的薄膜，只有（２００）峰存在；当退火温度升高到６００～７００℃时，ＳｎＯ２的其余诸峰相应出现，薄膜呈多晶态，取向度降低，晶粒尺寸变大，晶粒分界明显．在玻璃基片上沉积的薄膜，经４００℃低温处理后，（２００）取向度很小；随着退火温度的升高，达到５００℃时薄膜呈高ａ轴（２００）取向生长，结晶度较好，晶粒分布均匀．     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...