常压碱溶法提取软锰矿酸浸渣中的硅

软锰矿经还原焙烧酸浸提取锰后,渣中二氧化硅质量分数超过60%,而且其他杂质较少,是较好的含硅原料。采用在常压下用氢氧化钠溶液浸出软锰矿酸浸渣中硅的工艺,通过正交实验和单因素实验,考察了反应温度、反应时间、氢氧化钠浓度和液固比等因素对硅浸出率的影响,并对浸出机理进行了探讨。结果表明：影响硅浸出率的主要因素依次为反应温度、液固比、反应时间和氢氧化钠浓度。当反应温度为120 ℃、液固比（溶液体积与软锰矿酸浸渣质量比,mL/g）为2∶1、反应时间为5.5 h、氢氧化钠浓度为20 mol/L时,硅的浸出率达到70.9%。     

加压酸浸煤矸石中氧化铝工艺及动力学研究

为解决实际生产中煤矸石浸出氧化铝耗酸量大和浸出时间长等问题,以贵州某地煤矸石为研究对象,以硫酸溶液为浸出介质,浸出率为指标,将以往的常压酸浸工艺改为加压酸浸工艺。研究在浸出过程中反应时间、反应温度、酸矸比和液固比对氧化铝浸出率的影响,获得了加压酸浸过程氧化铝的浸出动力学。结果表明:在反应时间为130 min、反应温度为150℃、酸矸比为1.3∶1、液固比为4∶1时,氧化铝浸出率达到99.32%,酸渣中SiO 2和TiO 2合计质量分数大于98%;120℃~160℃时,浸出过程符合固体产物层(残留层)内扩散控制的“未反应核减缩型”模型,反应活化能为30.62 kJ/mol。相比常压酸浸工艺,加压酸浸工艺不仅实现了煤矸石中Al 2O 3的高效浸出和酸渣中硅钛资源的高效富集,而且减少了反应时间、降低了反应温度和耗酸量,为煤矸石提取氧化铝资源综合利用开辟了新线路。     

电解锰渣酸浸实验条件探究

以铜仁市某电解锰企业排放的电解锰渣为原料,通过X射线衍射及化学分析方法分析锰渣中主要物相及成分含量.实验中以盐酸作为酸解剂,考察盐酸浓度、固液比、反应时间、反应温度对锰渣分解率的影响,通过正交试验表明:盐酸浓度对分解率的影响最为显著,其次是反应固液比、反应温度,反应时间对锰渣分解率的影响最小,在最佳酸浸条件下测得锰的浸出率为95.89％,铁的浸出率为94.69％,钙的浸出率为63.38％,铝的浸出率为2.21％,NH4+-N浸出率96.34％.     

不同种类无机酸浸出钢渣中磷、铁元素的研究

为了促进钢渣中磷的高效浸出,降低浸出过程铁的损失,研究了钢渣中磷、铁元素在盐酸、硝酸、硫酸中的溶出行为,考察了浓度、反应时间、反应温度、酸溶液与渣样液固比及混合酸等因素对钢渣中磷、铁元素浸出率的影响。结果表明,酸浓度、反应时间、液固比对磷、铁元素浸出率有较大影响,反应温度的影响不明显,当钢渣平均粒径为65μm,酸浓度为0.1 mol/L,反应时间为10 min,搅拌速率为800 r/min,温度为298 K,液固比为80∶1 mL/g时,最优磷浸出率为99.07%;磷和铁在硫酸溶液中的浸出率最高,而在硝酸及盐酸溶液中的浸出效果相差不大;混合酸溶液的浸出效果要优于单酸。浸出前,渣样呈不规则块状,表面致密。酸浸后,渣样颗粒表面呈蜂窝状,有大量孔洞形成。     

煤气化粉煤灰酸浸工艺条件的研究

在常压、较低温度（≤100℃）下,开展了煤气化粉灰硫酸浸出工艺条件的研究。以煤气化粉煤灰中Al2O3的浸出率为主要考察指标,通过单因素条件实验和正交实验,分别考察了粉煤灰活化焙烧温度、酸浸反应温度、酸浸反应时间、硫酸溶液质量浓度、液固比等因素的变化对煤气化粉煤灰中Al2O3浸出率的影响。在无需活化焙烧、不使用助剂的条件下,确定较适宜的酸浸工艺条件为：酸浸反应温度95℃、酸浸反应时间5h、硫酸溶液质量浓度40％、液固比4．5：1;此条件下的重复实验表明煤气化粉煤灰中Al2O3的平均浸出率为94．87％。     

褐铁型红土矿碱浸渣的常压酸浸工艺条件优化

采用Na2CO3焙烧-水洗方法处理褐铁型红土镍矿,并对预处理后的原料(碱浸渣)进行常压酸浸工艺研究. 通过热力学计算判断酸浸过程中可能发生的反应及趋势大小,考察各元素在硫酸和盐酸常压浸出中的行为,并结合浸出渣的XRD图谱,分析浸出过程中的反应,综合考虑浸出液及废渣处理等因素,选定盐酸为常压浸出剂. 实验研究了酸渣比、液固比、浸出温度和时间对各元素浸出规律的影响,确定优化酸浸条件为：酸渣质量比1.25,液固质量比4,浸出温度80℃,保温时间3 h,此时Ni, Co和Fe的浸出率分别达99.2%, 99.5%, 97.8%(w).     

粉煤灰酸浸提铝及其动力学

对KF为助剂焙烧活化粉煤灰酸浸提铝过程进行了研究,考察了粉煤灰焙烧活化和盐酸浸出条件对粉煤灰中铝浸出率的影响及其浸出过程动力学. 结果表明,焙烧活化优化条件为：时间1 h、温度800℃、粉煤灰与KF质量比为20:4. 浸出温度90℃、浸出时间2 h、盐酸浓度4 mol/L、液固比4 mL/g的条件下,铝提取率达到92.46%. 粉煤灰烧结产物加热酸浸过程符合收缩未反应核模型,反应级数为0.3718,反应活化能为43.49 kJ/mol,过程速率为化学反应速率控制.     

赤泥中钇浸出行为及动力学研究

采用盐酸浸出提取赤泥中的钇,考察了盐酸浓度、浸出温度、液固比和反应时间对钇浸出率的影响.分析了赤泥盐酸浸出提钇过程的物相变化和表面形貌变化.根据钇浸出动力学参数,确定了关键控制步骤和表观活化能.结果表明:在盐酸体积浓度30％,浸出温度为80℃,液固比为7 mL/g,反应时间为60 min的条件下,钇的浸出率为82.57％.酸浸过程赤泥中钙霞石和方解石全部溶解,赤铁矿和钙钛矿部分溶解,酸浸渣的粒度变小,颗粒粘结现象消失.在低浓度盐酸介质中,钇的浸出过程主要受化学反应控制,在高浓度盐酸介质中,主要受内扩散控制.不同浸出温度条件下,赤泥酸浸提钇过程均主要受内扩散模型控制,浸出提钇过程的表观活化能为19.8 kJ·mol-1.     

钒渣焙烧-水热碱浸提钒

实验研究了不同条件下钒渣焙烧与NaOH溶液水热浸出对钒浸出率的影响,并分析了过程机理. 结果表明,焙烧温度达700℃以上可实现钒铁尖晶石的氧化分解,850℃焙烧2 h是钒渣空白焙烧的最佳条件,浸出的最佳条件是反应温度180℃、钒渣粒度小于74 mm、反应时间2 h、液固比5 L/g、碱浓度30%(w)、搅拌速度500 r/min. 该条件下钒浸出率达95%以上,无有害气体产生.     

热酸浸出回收黄钾铁矾渣中有价元素

实验研究了硫酸和盐酸对黄钾铁矾渣中Fe,Si,Zn,Pb的浸出工艺.结果表明,硫酸浸出黄钾铁矾渣的最佳工艺条件是反应温度95℃、反应时间2 h、搅拌速率300 r/min、硫酸浓度1.2 mol/L、液固质量比100:5,该条件下Fe,Zn的浸出率达80%.盐酸浸出黄钾铁矾渣的最佳工艺条件是反应温度95℃、盐酸浓度2.8 mol/L、搅拌速率400 r/min、反应时间1.5 h、液固质量比100:5,该条件下Fe,Zn,Pb的浸出率分别达83%,89%和99%.采用黄钾铁矾法可将浸出液中的Fe元素沉淀,所得黄钾铁矾渣进行无害化固定处理,得富含Zn元素的溶液.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.