储藏时间对玉米原粮中脂肪酸组成的影响

以2013年收获的"源玉3"和"先玉335"玉米原粮为试验对象,测定了样品中脂肪含量、脂肪酸组成及脂肪酸值随储藏时间的变化。并对完整籽粒和胚芽中的脂肪酸含量进行了比较分析。结果表明,在储藏270 d时间中,脂肪含量分别下降14.25%和12.19%。棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量呈先上升后下降趋势。油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量呈下降趋势。5种脂肪酸含量在胚芽中所占比例略高于在完整籽粒中所占的百分比,但是脂肪酸含量变化规律保持一致,无显著差异。在本试验模拟粮仓储藏条件下,应用玉米胚芽提取玉米油的玉米原粮的适宜储藏期不宜超过210 d,但并不影响玉米原粮的宜存品质。     

储藏温度对稻谷微生物和脂肪酸值的影响研究

通过模拟储藏,研究了高湿(85%)条件下温度对稻谷微生物区系和脂肪酸值的影响。结果表明:在85%湿度条件下,随着储藏时间的延长,霉菌量和脂肪酸值呈增加的趋势,细菌量呈先增加后减少趋势。方差分析得出储藏温度、时间对稻谷微生物区系和脂肪酸值有显著影响,相关性分析表明霉菌量、脂肪酸值与储藏温度和时间呈显著二元线性关系,而细菌量与储藏温度和时间呈极显著的二元二次曲线关系。进一步的研究表明稻谷脂肪酸值与霉菌量、温度呈极显著的二元线性关系,脂肪酸值随着霉菌量的增加和储藏温度的升高而逐渐增高。     

人工模拟和过夏贮藏条件对大米脂肪酸的变化研究

选用2003、2004、2005年新收获的天津小站稻米为材料,并将2004年稻米的含水量调为13%、14.2%、16.5%进行以室温条件贮藏和以恒温恒湿箱(35℃、80%)模拟过夏条件贮藏,定期测定大米中的脂肪酸值的变化。试验结果表明:小站稻米中脂肪酸值随贮放时间的延长而变化,储放1年以上大米出现陈化变质现象,品质下降。水分和储藏温度是影响大米脂肪酸含量的主要因素。经2年储藏后(2003年米)脂肪酸值先稍有增加后急速下降,大米陈化程度已经很严重。     

不同储藏温、湿度条件下小麦粉脂肪酸值的变化

在6种温度(10、15、20、25、30、35℃)和3种相对湿度(55%、70%、85%)组合情况下进行小麦粉储藏试验。在90 d的储藏过程中,每10 d取一次样测定脂肪酸值。结果表明:55%RH和70%RH条件下,储藏温度越高,脂肪酸值增长速率也越大,且相同储藏时间的小麦粉脂肪酸值也越大。在85%RH的条件下,10℃和15℃下储藏的小麦粉脂肪酸呈直线上升趋势,20、25、30、35℃下储藏的脂肪酸在储藏初期都呈上升趋势,然后均出现不同程度地下降,储藏温度愈高,下降速度愈大;另外,分别在55%RH、70%RH和85%RH条件下,就储藏温度和储藏时间对脂肪酸值的影响进行了方差分析,并建立了脂肪酸值与储藏温度和储藏时间关系的回归方程。     

不同包装材料对储藏小麦粉微生物和脂肪酸值的影响

通过模拟储藏,研究了包装材料对储藏小麦粉微生物和脂肪酸值的影响。结果表明:在70%RH、18～20℃储藏条件下,由于包装材料的阻湿性能不同,不同包装材料储藏小麦粉的水分呈现不同程度的下降,导致储藏小麦粉细菌量、霉菌量和脂肪酸值的变化规律不尽相同,小麦粉的细菌量与储藏时间呈一元线性负相关,霉菌量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,脂肪酸值与储藏时间呈一元线性正相关,但相关程度与包装材料有关。进一步的分析表明脂肪酸值与水分、细菌量(或霉菌量)呈现二元线性关系。通过比较储藏过程中细菌量、霉菌量和脂肪酸值的变化速率,表明在给定的模拟储藏条件下,布袋为最适合储藏小麦粉的包装。     

糙米储藏期间品质变化研究

在农户储藏方式下,通过研究1年储藏期内糙米的水分含量、脂肪酸值、电导率、发芽率及品尝评分值的变化,探索储藏时间对辽宁省本地5种糙米品质的影响。结果表明:各种糙米样品在储藏期间各指标的变化趋势基本相同,脂肪酸值和电导率在储藏期间逐渐增高,发芽率呈现下降趋势,而品尝评分值先升高后降低,糙米水分含量变化受环境温湿度影响,呈上下波动趋势。     

储藏温度对玉米胚芽和胚乳生理变化的影响

以黑育I号玉米为试材,研究不同温度对玉米储藏品质的影响。结果表明:随着储藏时间的延长,玉米蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪含量逐渐下降,脂肪酸值增加。低温储藏可明显延缓玉米营养物质的流失速度,抑制α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力。储藏22 d后,在20℃储藏的玉米的α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力分别为在-18℃储藏的玉米的2.3和4.4倍。     

后熟期间大豆籽粒油脂组成和品质特征的变化规律

通过测定新收获的国产大豆在后熟期间油脂的粗脂肪含量、酸价、过氧化值和脂肪酸组成来探究后熟期间大豆籽粒中脂肪的变化规律。结果表明：在后熟过程中,大豆的粗脂肪含量呈逐渐上升趋势,度过后熟期则逐渐下降,粗脂肪含量从初始的19.25%升高至21.30%,在30 d达到最大值后缓慢下降;大豆酸价及过氧化值均为上升趋势,且大豆酸价及过氧化值均与大豆油脂肪酸的比值呈负相关;油酸和亚油酸的相对含量呈负相关,亚油酸和亚麻酸的相对含量呈正相关。通过研究发现后熟期间大豆籽粒脂肪含量有了显著升高,对于生产实际有很好的指导作用。     

稻谷实仓储藏品质变化规律研究

稻谷在实仓储藏过程中的品质变化对其食用及商业价值具有重要影响,本试验以浙江省级粮库中不同储藏年份的早籼稻为研究对象,分别测定了其发芽率、电导率、丙二醛含量、蛋白质组分、淀粉含量、脂肪酸值、脂肪酸组分以及挥发性成分等与稻谷品质密切相关的重要指标。结果显示,随着仓储时间的增加,稻谷的发芽率显著降低;电导率和脂肪酸值则呈上升趋势,丙二醛含量无显著变化;蛋白质含量与淀粉含量随时间变化相对较小,但受稻谷品种的影响较大;脂肪酸组分以油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸为主,其含量变化呈逐步上升趋势;挥发性成分中酯类化合物含量呈先下降后上升趋势,醛类物质与此相反,烷烃类无显著变化,烯类和醇类物质呈上升趋势,酮类物质则呈下降趋势。上述结果表明,随着仓储时间的延长,稻谷的生命活力逐步下降、细胞膜受到损坏、脂质氧化并产生不良风味,可根据这些指标的变化情况初步判断稻谷品质的劣变程度,并为稻谷实仓储藏的条件控制与优化提供一定的理论依据。     

米糠发酵过程中脂肪酸组分及含量变化的研究

以新鲜米糠为原料,以料水比1:9(w:v)配成培养基,接入红曲(Monascus anka)M180和木耳(Auricularia auricular)A900,在30℃、200r/min摇床培养,培养时间分别为4d和7d。利用气相色谱法,对米糠发酵过程中脂肪酸组分及含量的变化进行分析。结果显示,米糠中主要脂肪酸为C16:0、C18:1、C18:2,占总脂肪酸的95.05%,C16:1、C18:1、C18:2等不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的80.09%,在红曲和木耳发酵过程中,脂肪酸含量一直呈下降趋势,总脂肪酸含量由最初的200.75mg/g分别下降至68.35mg/g和79.95mg/g,红曲M180比木耳A900利用脂肪酸速度快。发酵结束后,红曲发酵米糠和木耳发酵米糠中不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比例分别为83.76%和80.84%,与发酵前相比,没有得到明显提高。利用红曲和木耳发酵米糠不能达到富集不饱和脂肪酸的目的,但可作为除去米糠中脂肪,抑制酸败的潜在途径。     

氧气含量与光照对薏仁米储藏中脂肪氧化的影响

探讨不同氧气含量和光照条件下薏仁米贮藏过程中水分含量、脂肪酸值、过氧化值、丙二醛、脂肪酶活动度及电导率等指标的变化对薏仁米脂肪氧化的影响。结果表明:脂肪酸值、过氧化值、丙二醛、电导率能灵敏体现薏仁米不同储藏时间、氧气含量和光照条件下的脂肪氧化。随着储藏时间的延长,到180 d时,虽然氧气含量低或未检出,脂肪酸值、过氧化值、丙二醛、电导率与初始值比增加了113.6%、103.62%、6.32%和18.91%,在一定的氧气含量下,各指标比氧气含量低或未检出样增加了14.86%、52.34%、52.92%和24.07%;在避光下,薏仁米储藏180d时脂肪酸值、过氧化值、丙二醛和电导率分别增加了84.85%、132.33%、31.34%和12.95%;受光照条件的影响,这四项指标比避光下分别增加了28.24%、38.72%、27.53%和5.09%。氧气含量低或未检出及避光下不能避免薏仁米储藏的脂肪氧化,氧气含量与光照强度加速薏仁米储藏中的脂肪氧化,在放脱氧剂的条件下,抽真空、充CO_2或N_2和避光能减缓薏仁米中脂肪氧化的速度。     

Hepatic lipogenic enzyme expression in pigs is affected by selection for decreased backfat thickness at constant intramuscular fat content

This study investigated (i) whether genetic selection for decreased backfat thickness at constant intramuscular fat (IMF) affects the expression of lipogenic enzymes in pig liver and (ii) whether expression of the hepatic lipogenic enzymes is related to subcutaneous fat and IMF fatty acid composition. The enzymes investigated were fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase and Δ6-desaturase (Δ6d). Experiments were conducted on 30 barrows (15 controls and 15 selected). Selected pigs had lower backfat thickness, which was accompanied by a reduced expression of the hepatic FAS and Δ6d when compared to control pigs. There was a trend towards a positive relationship between FAS and Δ6d protein expression and saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids content respectively, in subcutaneous fat but not in muscle. It was concluded that selection against backfat thickness is associated with changes in expression of the hepatic FAS and Δ6d proteins. The changes in protein expression did not influence significantly the tissue fatty acid composition under these conditions.     

Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and cheese from cows fed extruded oilseeds

Extruded oilseeds were fed to 24 dairy cows to study the influence on the conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and cheese. Cows were fed one of three diets that contained forage and grain in a ratio of 47:53. A control diet containing 13.5% soybean meal was compared with diets containing 12% full fat extruded soybeans or 12% full fat extruded cottonseed. The control, extruded soybean, and extruded cottonseed diets contained 2.73, 4.89, and 4.56% fatty acids, respectively. Measurements were made during the last 5 wk of the 8-wk experiment. The DM intakes and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yields were higher for cows fed the extruded soybean and extruded cottonseed diets than for cows fed the control diet. A tendency for lower fat and protein contents in the milk of cows fed the extruded soybean and extruded cottonseed diets was detected. Most of the C18 fatty acids were increased in the milk and cheese when extruded soybeans and cottonseeds were fed. The conjugated linoleic acid content in milk and cheese increased a mean of 109% when full fat extruded soybeans were fed and increased 77% when cottonseeds were fed compared with the conjugated linoleic acid content when the control diet was fed. Processing the milk into cheese did not alter the conjugated linoleic acid content. The conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and cheese can be increased by the inclusion of full fat extruded soybeans and full fat extruded cottonseeds in the diets of dairy cows.     

不同贮藏条件下核桃及其油脂品质的变化分析

研究了不同贮藏条件对核桃及其油脂品质的影响。将新鲜核桃分别贮藏于常温、低温、蜡封与保鲜袋包装中,通过测定核桃水分含量、粗蛋白质含量、粗脂肪含量、脂肪酶活力以及核桃油酸值、过氧化值、脂肪酸组成,分析不同贮藏条件对核桃及其油脂品质的影响。结果表明:核桃油中饱和脂肪酸约占9%,不饱和脂肪酸含量高达约91%;蜡封贮藏条件下的核桃在贮藏90 d后,水分含量、粗蛋白质含量、粗脂肪含量下降速率最慢,分别减少8.09、0.7、2.16个百分点,核桃油酸值(KOH)与过氧化值增长速率较慢,分别为0.44 mg/g、2.19 meq/kg;蜡封贮藏条件下核桃脂肪酶活力先上升后下降,且整体活性较低;蜡封贮藏条件下核桃油中不饱和脂肪酸含量下降幅度最低,为1.03个百分点。在降低温度的基础上采用蜡封的密封方式,能够一定程度上隔绝氧气,对核桃及其油脂的保存有积极意义。     

Cholesterol content and lipid composition of low fat dairy products

The lipid composition of different products obtained from the same raw milk was investigated. The cholesterol content of skim milk (0.05% total fat) and butter milk (0.57% total fat) lipids was 4.20% and 1.31%, respectively, while raw milk lipids and butter fat contained 0.34% or 0.30%, respectively. As the cholesterol content of these low fat milk products increases with decreasing fat content, equations were derived to estimate the fat-related cholesterol content from the value analysed in butter fat. In contrast to the fat-related cholesterol content, the product-related content is still relatively small in skim and butter milk. Their fat-related cholesterol content was found to be influenced by drying. The high content of phospholipids in skim and butter milk led to considerable changes in the fatty acid composition and affected the detection of foreign fat by butyric acid as well as by triglycerides. Skim and butter milk lipids contained only 2.41% or 2.33% butyric acid, respectively, instead of 3.36% found in raw milk lipids. Further, the overlap of phospholipids as well as cholesterol with the gas chromatographic triglyceride pattern resulted in calculated foreign fat contents of more than 20%.     

Effect of antioxidant on the fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation of intramuscular lipid in pressurized pork

To investigate the effect of antioxidants on lipid oxidation and fatty acid composition in pressurized pork, minced pork with or without 1% Na(2)EDTA was pressurized at 500MPa before 7days storage at 4°C. TBARS value, lipid content and fatty acid composition in untreated and high-pressure (HP) treated samples were analyzed. HP treatment induced marked increases in TBARS values and lipolysis of partial phospholipids causing an increase of free fatty acid content. Preferential hydrolysis for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in phospholipids resulted in the percentage of PUFA in phospholipids decreasing markedly and thereby that in free fatty acids increasing significantly. Addition of 1% Na(2)EDTA to minced pork before HP significantly decreased the TBARS values in pressurized samples, but did not inhibit the lipolysis of phospholipids, causing the fatty acid composition of phospholipids and free fatty acids to change similarly to those samples without Na(2)EDTA.     

Effect of replacement of fat with sesame oil and additives on rheological, microstructural, quality characteristics and fatty acid profile of cakes

Effect of replacement of fat with 25, 50, 75 and 100% sesame oil (on fat basis); 50% sesame oil, hydrocolloids and emulsifiers on the rheological, microstructural, quality characteristics and fatty acid profile of cake was studied. Addition of increasing amount of sesame oil decreased viscosity, increased specific gravity of cake batter; decreased cake volume and overall quality score. Microstructure studies showed disrupted gluten matrix. Among the two different hydrocolloids [hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and xanthan] and emulsifiers [glycerol monostearate (GMS) and sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL)] tried, HPMC and SSL increased the batter viscosity, decreased the specific gravity, increased the volume and overall quality score. Use of combination of HPMC and SSL improved significantly the quality characteristics of cake with 50% sesame oil in such a way that the overall quality score was higher than that of the control cake with fat. The microstructure of cake crumb with 50% sesame oil and HPMC showed a smooth structure with less number of cavities and SSL showed a continuous protein matrix. On replacing the fat with 50% sesame oil, there was a decrease in saturated fatty acids and increase in unsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid. The fatty acid profile of cake with 50% sesame oil was better than the control cake as there was 2.4 times decrease in palmitic acid content and 5.9 times increase in essential fatty acids (EFA) content.     

冷冻对香猪组织和器官中脂类成份的影响研究

为了探明冷冻贮藏对香猪组织和器官中脂类成分的影响,本研究选择3 头相同日龄的香猪,选取皮下脂肪、背最长肌及肝脏组织为实验样品,分析冷冻贮藏前后样品的脂肪含量、脂肪与脂肪酸组成、丙二醛含量(TBARS 值)。结果显示：冷冻贮藏对各组织的脂肪含量无明显影响;贮藏后皮下脂肪、肌肉和肝脏的磷脂含量均显著下降(P ＜ 0.01),其中以肝脏的磷脂含量下降幅度最大(从45.61% 下降至34.96%);皮下脂肪、肌肉和肝脏中游离脂肪酸的含量贮藏以后分别增加到原来的6.6 倍、7.7 倍和9.1 倍。－ 18℃冷藏150 d 后,各样品的脂肪酸组成差异明显,但中性脂肪的饱和脂肪酸含量都显著升高(P ＜ 0.01),而磷脂的多不饱和脂肪酸含量则显著下降(P ＜0.01),游离脂肪酸的饱和脂肪酸含量大幅度降低(P ＜ 0.01)。皮下脂肪、肌肉和肝脏的TBARS 值分别为0.7、16.7、120.5mg/kg,且3 种组织间差异显著(P ＜ 0.01)。研究结果表明,冷冻贮藏中饱和脂肪酸的水解速度相对较慢,而不饱和脂肪酸有大量水解。冷冻贮藏过程中肝脏的脂肪组分最容易发生氧化,其次是肌肉中的脂肪,而皮下脂肪的氧化稳定性最高。     

Inclusion of blended lipid solutions as functional ingredients to alter the fatty acid profile of beef patties

Beef patties formulated to contain beef fat, plant oil, and a rosemary extract to increase unsaturated fatty acid content and maintain desirable sensory attributes were compared to control beef patties formulated without plant oils. Treatment patties were formulated to a fat content of 10% or 20% by combining beef trimmings (6% fat) with 4% or 14% addition of a lipid blend. Blends contained 57% beef tallow, 0.3% rosemary extract, and 43% of high oleic safflower oil (SO), olive oil (OO), or corn oil (CO). Lipid oxidation, as measured by TBA values, of treatment patties were similar to control patties after 0 and 3 d of refrigerated (2 °C) storage and up to 56 d of frozen (-10 °C) storage. Cooked lipid blend patties having a fat content of 10% or 20% were similar to or higher than control patties for juiciness and were no different for other sensory attributes evaluated. At fat levels of 10% or 20%, oleic acid (18: 1) in cooked SO patties (46.1% and 50.3%, respectively) and OO patties (43.8% and 48.1%, respectively) was higher than the control (37.3% and 37.6%, respectively). Unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios at the 10% or 20% fat levels were higher in SO (1.37 and 1.60, respectively) and CO (1.40 and 1.48, respectively) patties than the control (0.97 and 0.94, respectively). Beef patties manufactured with varying lipid blends increased unsaturated fatty acid content and were similar in physical characteristics and sensory attributes of all beef patties formulated without lipid blends. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The development of healthier beef products that will be more appealing to consumers has long been an industry goal. The authors believe that lipid blends such as the one used in this study could be used to create such products, not only in the form of beef patties, but any number of processed meat products. Because the materials and equipment used to create the lipid blends in this study are widely available, their incorporation into meat products would represent a small capital investment. This is an important factor in bringing a reasonably priced, healthier product to consumers.     

冻藏条件对人乳脂质及挥发性风味物质的影响

以新鲜人乳为对照(0d),设置-18、-60℃和-60℃快速冷冻(-60℃(Q))3种冻藏条件分别冻藏60 d与180 d,通过测定脂质含量、非酯化脂肪酸(non-esterified fatty acids,NEFA)含量、脂质过氧化物(lipid peroxide,LPO)含量、脂肪酸组成、乳脂肪球微观结构及挥发性...