聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的辐照接枝改性研究

聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜经Co-60辐照,接枝乙烯基单体,再经磺化,成为磺化聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜.研究了辐照剂量、接枝时间对接枝率的影响和磺化反应的条件等.试验表明,改性后膜的亲水性和抗污染性增强.此外,还讨论了膜改性的机理.     

原硅酸钠改性的聚偏氟乙烯接枝苯乙烯磺化膜接枝率的影响因素

以过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)作引发剂,通过溶液接枝聚合法把苯乙烯接枝到原硅酸钠改性的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜上,磺化后得到聚偏氟乙烯接枝苯乙烯磺酸(PVDF-g-PSSA)电解质膜。讨论了原硅酸钠的用量、接枝反应时间、反应温度、BPO浓度、苯乙烯单体浓度等对PVDF-g-PSSA膜接枝率的影响。结果表明,原硅酸钠用量为10%(质量分数,下同)、BPO浓度为0.016mol/L反应液、苯乙烯与四氢呋喃的比例为4∶1、在75℃水浴中,氮气保护下反应10h,可得到接枝率为16.1%、电导率为1.6×10-2S/cm的PVDF-g-PSSA电解质膜。     

聚两性电解质修饰聚偏氟乙烯膜的制备及抗污染性能

膜污染是膜分离技术广泛应用的瓶颈之一。文中通过自由基接枝聚合法将2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)接枝到聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜上构建聚两性电解质化膜表面。研究了改性前后膜表面结构和抗污染性能的变化。随着单体投料量增加,聚两性电解质的接枝率逐渐增加;接枝聚两性电解质后,膜亲水性逐渐增强,膜表面孔尺寸减小。与纯PVDF膜相比,改性膜具有较低的蛋白质吸附量;在牛血清蛋白(BSA)溶液渗透过程中,膜的不可逆污染向可逆污染转化。由于可逆污染可通过简单的纯水清洗得到抑制,改性膜具有较高的通量恢复率。这个结果证明了聚两性电解质的引入赋予PVDF膜良好的抗污染性能。     

聚偏氯乙烯超滤膜的辐照接枝改性研究

聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜经Ｃｏ－６０辐照，接枝乙烯基单体，再经磺化，成为磺化聚氟乙烯超滤膜。研究了辐照剂量、接枝时间对接枝率的影响和磺化反应的条件等。试验表明，改性后膜的亲水性和抗污染性增强。此外，还讨论了膜改性的机理。     

臭氧引发接枝制备聚偏氟乙烯亲水膜

利用臭氧的强氧化性,对溶解在N-甲基吡咯烷酮中的聚偏氟乙烯进行处理引入过氧基团,然后通过热引发接枝聚合亲水性聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(PEGMA),通过相转变法(phase inversion)制备具备亲水特性的PVDF分离膜.通过红外光谱、热重分析和接触角测试对接枝改性后的聚偏氟乙烯的结构和性能进行表征.红外光谱显示在1 734 cm-1处出现PEGMA的特征吸收峰,表明已成功接枝上PEGMA.接枝后的PVDF膜接触角降低到42°,表现出很好的亲水性;同时研究了接枝条件对改性膜亲水性的影响,随接枝单体浓度增加其亲水性增大;改性前后的聚偏氟乙烯膜的表面形貌通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明,在相同成膜条件下改性后分离膜表面形貌发生很大变化,改性后制备的分离膜有较大的膜孔出现;水通量测试和牛血清蛋白吸附实验进一步表明,接枝改性可以明显改善PVDF分离膜的亲水性和抗污染性能.     

改性聚偏氟乙烯接枝苯乙烯磺酸质子导电膜的结构与形貌

以过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)作引发剂,通过溶液接枝聚合法把苯乙烯接枝到原硅酸钠改性的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜上,磺化后得到聚偏氟乙烯接枝苯乙烯磺酸(PVDF-g-PSSA)电解质膜。研究发现,原硅酸钠改性的PVDF膜与苯乙烯发生接枝聚合反应,且接枝率与添加原硅酸钠的质量分数呈线性变化关系。用红外光谱检测原硅酸钠改性的PVDF膜经过接枝和磺化后所发生的结构变化,并用扫描电镜(SEM)观察PVDF膜接枝前后的形貌以及接枝磺化后产物PVDF-g-PSSA膜的形貌及硫和硅分布。研究表明,原硅酸钠改性的PVDF膜与苯乙烯进行接枝共聚反应时,PVDF膜结构在接枝前后和磺化前后发生变化,确认苯乙烯接枝到PVDF膜上。     

聚偏氟乙烯接枝3-苯基丙烯酸的改性研究

以过氧化对苯二甲酰(BPO)为引发剂,3-苯基丙烯酸为单体,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液中引发接枝聚合,制得接枝3-苯基丙烯酸的聚偏氟乙烯.通过红外测试、差示扫描量热仪以及热失重分析表明3-苯基丙烯酸(CA)接枝到PVDF骨架上.通过接触角测试,发现改性后的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF-g-P(CA))的接触角由88°降低到54...     

改性硅藻土/聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物插层结构多孔聚合物电解质的制备及电化学性能EI北大核心CSCD

采用聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物[P(VDF-HFP)]为基体,掺杂不同质量分数的表面改性硅藻土,通过浇铸-热压法制膜。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、热重-差示扫描量热法、交流阻抗法等测试手段对电解质膜的物理和电化学性能进行了表征与测试。实验表明,添加2%改性硅藻土的聚合物电解质膜相比于纯聚合物电解质膜的孔隙率、吸液率和热稳定性都有所提高,结晶度降低,界面稳定性极大改善,电导率(30℃)和电化学稳定窗口分别达2.90 mS/cm和5.5V。表明在聚合物基体中嵌入高开孔结构的硅藻土构成插层结构的方案具有取代造孔剂制膜方法的可能性。     

PVDF-HFP基复合多孔聚合物电解质膜的研制

聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物(PVDF-HFP)多微孔膜在锂离子电池领域中具有很好的应用前景.采用Bellcore制膜法,用纳米材料对PVDF-HFP为基质的聚合物微孔膜材料进行了改性.利用XRD,SEM,交流阻抗等测试手段对电解质膜的晶体结构、微观形貌、电化学性能等进行了表征.结果表明:改性后聚合物电解质膜的孔隙率增加、结晶度降低,PVDF-HFP/SiO2和PVDF-HFP/Al2O3聚合物电解质隔膜的电导率(20℃)分别达到2.762×10-3S/cm和3.517×10-3S/cm,相应的离子迁移数分别为0.80和0.82.     

界面聚合法改性聚偏氟乙烯膜的制备与表征

通过界面聚合法对聚偏氟乙烯膜进行表面改性。并利用红外光谱,接触角,扫描电镜等检测手段对基膜和改性膜分别进行表征。研究结果表明,经过改性,聚哌嗪酰胺功能层成功地聚合到功能层表面。改性后,膜的亲水性大大增强,抗污染性提高。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to