注入温度对增强型地热系统性能的影响研究

基于考虑增强型地热系统(EGS)流体损失的三维传热传质数值模型,将热提取速率定义为与注入温度无关的函数,对比分析注入温度对以CO₂为工质的EGS(CO₂-EGS)和以水为工质的EGS(H₂O-EGS)的性能的影响。结果发现:对于CO₂-EGS,较高的注入温度抑制热开采和CO₂损失(即CO₂封存);对于H₂O-EGS,较高的注入温度促进热开采,同时导致较大的水损失。当热提取速率被大部分研究者定义为与注入温度相关的函数时,注入温度对CO₂-EGS和H₂O-EGS的热开采性能的影响将分别被高估和低估。     

地热流体开发利用中防垢除垢技术研究进展

地热流体结垢是阻碍地热资源稳定、经济和高效开发利用的因素之一。系统总结了中高温地热流体开发利用中防垢除垢技术研究进展。中高温地热田中代表性垢物是钙垢和硅垢,其中钙垢成分以CaCO₃为主,多形成于因压力下降导致CO₂脱气的开采井或者地面设备,硅垢成分以无定型SiO₂为主,多形成于因温度下降导致的溶解度减小的回灌井或者地面设备。实际生产中防垢除垢技术应结合地热流体利用方式进行选择和优化,直接利用方式可考虑采用基于CaCO₃和无定型SiO₂热力学性质的防垢技术;发电方式中钙垢可考虑阻垢剂注入的防垢技术,而硅垢则考虑利用石英和无定型SiO₂溶解度差异、调控温度、pH、无定型Si O₂浓度等防垢技术。     

CO2乳液置换开采天然气水合物研究进展

CO₂置换开采及封存的碳汇是降低我国南海水合物产业化开采成本的重要路径,不仅能保障粤港澳大湾区经济建设所需的能源供给,而且能降低大湾区过量的碳排放,与气态、液态CO₂相比,注入CO₂乳液置换效率更高。综述CO₂乳液在置换开采甲烷水合物中的应用,以及乳液的稳定性问题,讨论CO₂乳液开采南海水合物的优势及难点,并对下一步CO₂乳液法置换开采南海水合物进行分析,为未来天然气水合物开采及同步碳封存提供参考和建议。     

地热系统碳酸钙垢形成原因及定量化评价

碳酸钙垢是我国喜马拉雅构造带高温地热系统开发利用面临的主要问题之一,其直接原因是流体中Ca²⁺和CO₃^2- 的活度积大于当前温度下的平衡常数,通常与pH值增大有关。导致pH值增大的过程包括井筒内的沸腾作用促进CO₂脱气,套管腐蚀消耗质子,流体上升过程中的减压作用以及其他气体的侵入导致的CO₂逃逸,主控因素是沸腾作用。本文建立了一套系统评价地热流体结垢趋势、位置和规模的方法。首先基于地热流体经历的地球化学过程（如沸腾、混合、结垢等）,利用井口或者泉口样品的数据和地球化学程序重建储层流体的化学组分;利用水文地球化学模拟程序或者雷兹诺指数,计算碳酸钙的饱和指数,评价其发生结垢的趋势。其次利用井径测井或者井筒模拟和地球化学模拟,定量给出发生结垢的深度及范围。此外,储层和井口流体Ca²⁺ 浓度差异和平衡模拟方法以及碳酸钙结垢厚度评价方法可用于定量计算一定开采时间内的结垢量,其结果与实际情况具有可比性;对于川西某结垢地热井,48 h内的结垢量达151 ~ 300 kg或结垢厚度为1 ~ 3 cm。碳酸钙形成原因分析和定量化评价可为下一步的防垢或者除垢设计提供科学依据。     

干热岩增强型地热系统备选靶区选址标准的探讨

通过干热岩增强型地热系统备选靶区选址标准提出背景的阐述,充分体现出制定干热岩增强型地热系统备选靶区标准的重要性;在此基础上制定出5条干热岩增强型地热系统备选靶区选址标准,提供有关部门、单位开发综合利用干热岩地热资源勘查、评估、选址、开采钻探、项目利用规划与设计等参考。     

急倾斜特厚煤层开采保护层保护范围及效果研究

针对窑街煤电集团三矿急倾斜特厚、煤(岩)与CO₂突出煤层,经过多年的开采治理摸索、实践、调整、总结,形成了三矿煤与CO₂特有的治理模式。急倾斜特厚煤层上分层工作面回采后对下分层工作面进行有效卸压保护,进回风巷施工卸压爆破孔,进一步增大了被保护层的有效保护范围,提升了保护效果。通过开采保护层技术研究及应用,有效降低工作面的突出危险,取得了较好的技术经济效益。     

水合物法分离CO2工艺研究进展

随着温室效应加剧,CO₂减排行动已迫在眉睫。水合物法分离CO₂工艺作为一种发展前景广阔的新型CO₂分离技术,为CO₂减排提供了一种解决思路。水合物法分离CO₂工艺相比于化学吸收、物理吸附、深冷分离和膜分离等技术具有分离效率高、过程简单无副产物、条件温和的优势,为减缓CO₂排放增加对环境造成的影响提供了一个中短期解决方案,以此为前提将允许人类继续使用化石燃料直至可再生能源技术广泛应用。本文综合分析了国内外的相关文献,介绍了水合物法分离CO₂工艺的基本原理,并比较了水合物法分离CO₂不同工艺的优劣之处,为进一步优化水合物法分离CO₂工艺提供指导。     

利用水合物法分离捕集二氧化碳研究进展

我国是以煤炭为主要能源的国家,面临着严峻的碳减排挑战。相对于传统气体分离技术,水合物法CO₂分离捕集技术具有环境友好、工艺简单、能耗低等特点,被认为是具有应用前景的CO₂分离捕集技术,因而被广泛研究。综合调研了国内外水合物法分离捕集CO₂的研究,从热力学、动力学、微观分析、分离工艺及分离装备、成本比较等方面对相关研究进行了系统分析及综合评价,并详细讨论了水合物平衡条件和不同类型添加剂对水合物平衡条件的影响。为进一步开发水合物法CO₂分离捕集技术的研究提供指导。     

基于碳捕集与液态CO2储能的综合能源系统优化调度

针对综合能源系统在新能源消纳方面的不足,提出一种基于碳捕集与液态CO₂储能的综合能源系统。首先,分析了液态CO₂储能实际运行特点以及碳捕集装置综合灵活运行方式的“削峰填谷”特性;其次,建立考虑液态CO₂储能与碳捕集装置不同运行方式的综合能源系统;最后,以系统总运行成本最小为目标函数建立优化调度模型,并通过负荷率、能源利用率等评价指标衡量调度结果。算例分析表明,该优化模型可提高能源利用率,缓解系统调峰压力,实现系统运行的经济性和低碳性。     

TSR炉喷吹CO2热力学分析及工业试验

从热力学角度对CO₂用于不锈钢冶炼可行性进行了分析,通过热力学计算研究,发现在C含量不低于0.25%时,将CO₂用于不锈钢冶炼是可行的。建立了喷吹CO₂冶炼410S不锈钢工艺模型,该模型能够较好拟合实际应用CO₂冶炼过程。并通过70 t TSR炉工业试验结果进行验证。试验结果表明：CO₂用于不锈钢冶炼具有强化脱碳及减少铬烧损的效果,与原工艺相比,同期C含量降低0.011%,Cr含量提高0.144%。     

On production behavior of enhanced geothermal systems with CO2 as working fluid

Numerical simulation is used to evaluate the mass flow and heat extraction rates from enhanced geothermal injection–production systems that are operated using either CO₂ or water as heat transmission fluid. For a model system patterned after the European hot dry rock experiment at Soultz, we find significantly greater heat extraction rates for CO₂ as compared to water. The strong dependence of CO₂ mobility (=density/viscosity) upon temperature and pressure may lead to unusual production behavior, where heat extraction rates can actually increase for a time, even as the reservoir is subject to thermal depletion. We present the first ever, three-dimensional simulations of CO₂ injection–production systems. These show strong effects of gravity on the mass flow and heat extraction due to the large contrast of CO₂ density between cold injection and hot production conditions. The tendency for preferential flow of cold, dense CO₂ along the reservoir bottom can lead to premature thermal breakthrough. The problem can be avoided by producing from only a limited depth interval at the top of the reservoir.     

Thermo-economic analysis of a direct supercritical CO2 electric power generation system using geothermal heat

A comprehensive thermo-economic model combining a geothermal heat mining system and a direct supercritical CO₂ turbine expansion electric power generation system was proposed in this paper. Assisted by this integrated model, thermo-economic and optimization analyses for the key design parameters of the whole system including the geothermal well pattern and operational conditions were performed to obtain a minimal levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Specifically, in geothermal heat extraction simulation, an integrated wellbore-reservoir system model (T2Well/ECO2N) was used to generate a database for creating a fast, predictive, and compatible geothermal heat mining model by employing a response surface methodology. A parametric study was conducted to demonstrate the impact of turbine discharge pressure, injection and production well distance, CO₂ injection flowrate, CO₂ injection temperature, and monitored production well bottom pressure on LCOE, system thermal efficiency, and capital cost. It was found that for a 100 MW_e power plant, a minimal LCOE of $0.177/kWh was achieved for a 20-year steady operation without considering CO₂ sequestration credit. In addition, when CO₂ sequestration credit is $1.00/t, an LCOE breakeven point compared to a conventional geothermal power plant is achieved and a breakpoint for generating electric power generation at no cost was achieved for a sequestration credit of $2.05/t.     

地热流体在井筒中的流动及碳酸钙结垢过程模拟

以地热井筒流动和碳酸钙结垢过程为研究对象,建立了地热流体从井底到井口流动过程中的质量、能量以及压降数学模型并进行了求解。通过数学模型计算了质量流量和井口压力对应的关系;模拟分析了温度、压力、干度和CO₂分压沿井筒不同位置的变化情况;总结了井口干度、温度、压力和CO₂分压随热储压力、温度、流量、CO₂含量以及井壁粗糙度的变化规律;分析了结垢位置、结垢厚度以及结垢延续长度对井口压力的影响。结果表明,通过数学模型可以对井筒内的流动进行模拟,确定不同截面上的参数变化情况,并可进一步推导热储的特性变化情况。     

两相流与溶液化学平衡相结合的地热井结垢模拟研究

水热型地热系统和干热岩增强型地热系统在运行一段时间后都有可能出现井筒和管道设备结垢现象,困扰和阻碍着地热资源的高效低成本开发。由于温度和压力变化导致CO2从地热水中逸出,进而使得CaCO3析出结垢,是地热生产井堵塞的主要原因。将两相流动换热计算与水溶液物理化学模拟相结合,针对地热井内CaCO3垢进行流动换热与化学组分变化的模拟和计算方法的研究,获得了特定地热条件下井筒内流动状况与化学组分变化情况的详细分析结果,可为井筒地热水流动进行结垢分析和预测。     

Prospects for geothermal energy applications and utilization in Canada

Like the sun, the earth is a vast energy source. The utilization of this geothermal furnace is still in its infancy, the heat flow from the mantle to the surface (9 × 10⁻¹ cal/cm²/min; 0.063 W/m²) is the energy equivalent to 2 × 10¹¹ barrels of oil per yr (3 × 10¹⁰ tons or about fourfold greater than the present yearly total world energy consumption). Although today only local hot spots yielding dry and wet steam, and shallow hot-water sites are used economically, future technology may well lead to a much greater utilization. This will be done through additional imaginative and sophisticated exploitation of available regions of dry hot rock, geopressure-geothermal fields, and even deep areas of significant heat flow. Such potential utilization of geothermal resources should provide for relatively pollution-free, steam-generated electrical power, steam and hot-water for home and industry, mineral and chemical by-products, as well as numerous uses where hot water is required in agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, mining, pulp and paper and other industries. Canadian developments in these areas are still relatively dormant. The problem areas are not of a technological nature but rather of an institutional type in passing a geothermal act that would provide the incentives for exploration and economical development.     

CO2单井增强地热系统取热性能研究

为提高闭式单井系统取热性能,提出一种CO2单井增强地热系统（CO2-SEGS）。建立井筒流动换热和储层热-流-固耦合的数学模型,考虑CO2可压缩性以及井纵向压力传递特性,对比分析了水和CO2在SEGS中的取热性能,研究系统取热性能与封隔间距、井筒保温的关系。结果表明：（1）额定循环流量下,井口生产温度从134.09℃降低至116.06℃;CO2在采出过程中降压膨胀做功,产生明显的温降效应,中心管井口温度比底部低约57℃。（2）井筒不同位置处CO2的密度、热容差异很大,当循环流量小于50 kg/s时,依靠浮升力作用,SEGS可实现自主循环运行,无需额外泵功。（3）当水和CO2的流量分别为15 kg/s和40 kg/s时,两者年均取热速率近似相等,CO2的采出温度比水低约40℃,而压力损耗远小于水。（4）SEGS取热性能与封隔间距以及中心管保温性能呈正相关。研究结果可为SEGS系统的开发提供参考。     

CO2 sequestration in Ontario, Canada. Part II: cost estimation

As the Kyoto target set for Canada is to reduce GHG emission by 6% of the 1990 level by 2008–2012, several options are being considered to achieve this target. One of the possible options in Ontario is geological sequestration of captured CO₂ in saline aquifers, where CO₂ is expected to be stored for long geological periods, from 100 to several thousand years depending on the size, property and location of the reservoir. The preferred concept is to inject CO₂ into a porous and permeable reservoir covered with a cap rock located at least 800 m beneath the earth's surface where CO₂ can be stored under supercritical conditions. This paper evaluates the capital and operating cost for CO₂ sequestration in southwestern Ontario from a 500 MW coal fired power plant. The main focus is on the cost of sequestration (CO₂ transport and injection), and thus, the cost of capturing and pressurizing the CO₂ from the plant flue gas is not considered here.

A significant amount of capital investment is necessary to transfer CO₂ from a 500 MW fossil fuel power plant to the injection location and to store it underground. Major components of the cost include: cost of pipeline, cost of drilling injection wells and installing platforms, since the more plausible injection area is under Lake Erie. Many uncertainties are associated with cost estimation; several are identified and their impacts are considered in this paper. The estimated cost of sequestration of 14,000 ton/day of CO₂ at approximately 110 bar in southwestern Ontario is between 7.5 and 14 US$/ton of CO₂ stored.     

CO2 production rates for geothermal energy and fossil fuels

We calculate the CO₂ production rates for fossil fuels and three forms of geothermal energy. We show that most geothermal resources produce significantly less CO₂ than the fossil fuels for equivalent electricity production. We conclude geothermal energy may contribute to a reduction of global warming.     

U型井开发干热岩井筒温度场研究

干热岩开发主要采用水力压裂的方式,而以U型井方法取代固有开发模式,具有减少水损、提高能量衰减周期,避免诱发地震等显著优势。因此,建立了U型井井筒和干热岩储层非稳态流动传热耦合模型,采用有限体积法结合Crank-Nicolson全隐式格式进行离散求解,并通过地热井数据验证了模型的可靠性。研究了干热岩开采过程中井筒及地层的温度变化特征,定量分析不同的敏感性因素对出口温度的影响,利用正交试验法明确影响取热量大小的因素排列。结果表明：各个因素的大小对出口温度影响明显,而影响取热量的因素由主到次为注入流量、水损率、岩石导热系数、水平段长度、入口温度、井筒直径。研究成果进一步完善了干热岩高效热提取理论,可为我国干热岩地热能的开发利用提供借鉴作用。     

地热资源发电技术特点及发展方向

地热资源是一种清洁无污染、可再生的新型能源,对于发展低碳经济、实现可持续发展具有积极的作用.目前地热发电技术主要包括干蒸汽发电、扩容式蒸汽发电、双工质循环发电和卡琳娜循环发电等.其中干蒸汽发电系统工艺简单,技术成熟,安全可靠,循环效率可达20％以上,是高温地热田发电的主要形式;扩容式发电技术已在地热发电领域得到广泛应用,尤其是中高温地热田,二级扩容系统循环效率约为15％～20％;针对中低温地热资源,双工质循环发电技术是较为适用的,它由地热水系统和低沸点介质系统组成,循环效率较扩容式蒸汽发电技术可提高20％～30％;卡琳娜循环在低温地热资源应用领域中有其独特的优越性,通过调整氨和水的比例,可以适应低温地热水的发电特性,卡琳娜循环发电技术的循环效率比朗肯循环的效率高20％～50％.在低温地热资源的开发利用过程中,双工质循环和卡琳娜循环技术具有广阔的发展前景.作为一种新型地热资源,干热岩具有很高的开发利用价值.新型的联合循环发电技术是地热发电技术的发展方向.在浅层地热能得到大规模开发后,中深层地热资源和干热岩资源将成为地热发电技术新的资源,我国应注重中深层地热资源和干热岩资源的开发.