太阳能光伏-PEM水电解制氢直接耦合系统优化

利用水电解制氢进行氢储能是我国可再生能源弃电问题的解决方案之一。本文建立了太阳能光伏阵列与质子交换膜（proton exchange membrane, PEM）水电解直接耦合系统的分析模型,研究耦合系统优化运行工况。结果表明,天气变化易导致直接耦合系统工作点偏离光伏最大功率点,引起耦合失配并降低太阳能利用率。通过匹配太阳能光伏阵列串并联结构和水电解器工作槽数进行“粗调”,改变PEM水电解器工作温度进行“精调”,可使直接耦合系统工作在最大功率点附近,使系统能量损失最小。本研究为太阳能光伏-PEM水电解氢储能直接耦合技术的运行策略和优化奠定了理论基础。     

考虑制氢效率特性的风氢系统容量优化

针对利用风电制氢导致电解槽间歇式运行的问题,提出了考虑制氢效率特性的风氢系统容量配置优化方法。首先研究了电解槽的制氢效率特性,评估电解槽的最优工作区间;在此基础上,采取电网辅助购电策略,维持电解槽的最优运行;考虑售电收益、售氢收益、投资运维成本和弃风成本,以风氢系统联合收益最大化为目标,计及风氢系统稳定运行约束和风电出力爬坡约束,合理地分配风电上网功率和制氢功率。文章联合风电外送输电工程进行了风氢系统容量配置优化,为风氢系统的容量优化提供新思路。     

碳中和愿景下绿色制氢技术发展趋势及应用前景分析

围绕目前主流的绿色制氢技术,综述国内外“绿氢”技术的最新研究进展,重点阐述电解水制氢技术（碱性电解水法、质子交换膜电解水法、固体氧化物电解水法）、太阳能分解水制氢技术（光催化法、光热分解法、光电化学法）以及生物质制氢技术（热化学转化法、微生物法）的产氢原理、技术难点和改进方法等,讨论比较各类“绿氢”技术的优缺点,分析未来绿色制氢技术的应用前景和发展方向。     

考虑多变量因素影响的光伏PEM制氢系统建模与分析

针对复杂工况对光伏制氢系统性能产生不确定性的影响,提出考虑多变量因素影响的光伏制氢系统模型,探索辐照度、温度、膜厚、压力等因素对光伏质子交换膜（PEM）制氢系统的影响。系统首先建立考虑辐照度、温度、膜厚、压力等因素影响的光伏-质子交换膜电解槽-氢储罐的光伏制氢模型,之后对系统进行定量计算和定性分析,并依据实际光伏数据进行实验验证。结果表明,在额定功率范围内,太阳电池输出电流和功率随辐照度的增加而增大,随温度的升高而降低。质子交换膜电解槽电压随辐照度、膜厚、压力的增加而增大,随温度的升高而减小。太阳电池输出功率、质子交换膜电解槽电压的变化趋势与辐照度变化趋势具有一致性。最终计算得到太阳电池系统、质子交换膜电解槽系统和总系统效率分别为16.8%、72.2%和12.1%。     

含电池储能系统的电热联合系统风电接纳能力评估

为促进风电消纳,减少“弃风”,将电池储能系统（BESS）接入电热联合系统。为考虑风功率的不确定性,基于风功率预测误差的概率特性建立风功率场景概率模型。然后,建立包含BESS的电热联合系统风电接纳能力评估模型。模型具有系统运行成本最低和“弃风”电量最小2个不同维度优化目标,且目标优化之间可能存在冲突。为求解该模型,基于改进主要目标法将其转换为多个单目标优化问题,并采用GAMS中DICOPT求解器给出风电接纳能力评估模型的帕累托解集。基于帕累托解集,从接纳电量和接纳成本两方面对BESS接入后的电热联合系统风电接纳能力进行深入分析。最后进行仿真分析,验证了该文所提模型及求解算法的有效性。     

风氢耦合系统能量管理策略研究

针对风力机出力的波动性和并网弃风问题,采用风力机/电解槽/燃料电池/超级电容的风氢耦合发电系统及其能量管理控制策略。针对风氢耦合发电系统的12种运行模式,提出一种能量管理控制策略,确保在各个控制单元的作用下,能量协调流动于各个子单元间。能量管理控制策略不仅使风氢耦合发电系统出力可控,而且平抑了直流母线电压波动,平滑了上网功率。通过Matlab/Simulink软件进行仿真研究,验证了风氢耦合发电系统的能量管理控制策略的有效性,提高了风电消纳能力。     

考虑制氢效率提升的风电制氢系统优化控制策略

通过分析电解制氢效率与制氢功率的关系，提出一种基于分段模糊控制电解槽阵列效率提升的策略，基于大规模风-氢耦合系统应用场景，建立考虑风电制氢效率的风电制氢系统优化调度模型，并采用人工蜂群算法求解最优制氢功率。仿真结果表明，所提出的控制策略不仅可保证电解槽的安全运行，同时能提高电解槽的制氢效率，为电解制氢系统在电力系统中的大规模应用提供理论依据。最后，在此基础上，加入电解槽阵列的模块化优化策略，使建立的分段模糊控制器能够统筹安全性、经济性、能效性，以期为氢能在电力系统中的大规模应用提供理论依据。     

计及弃风的“电气互补-冷热联供”模式研究

针对弃风严重以及传统供暖方式存在难以“热电解耦”的问题,提出一种将蓄热式电锅炉、燃气锅炉、吸收式制冷机相结合的“电气互补-冷热联供”弃风消纳模式。首先,根据弃风和冷热负荷特性建立“电气互补-冷热联供”模型;然后,考虑供暖与制冷成本,构建“电气互补-冷热联供”经济性模型;最后,通过算例分析与传统“燃气锅炉-空调”供暖制冷模型的经济性进行对比。结果表明：所提模式可在消纳弃风的同时减少碳排放量,达到提升系统收益的目的。     

利用制氢系统消纳风电弃风的制氢容量配置方法

在分析风电制氢系统结构和运行特性的基础上,提出一种利用制氢系统消纳风电弃风的制氢容量配置方法。采用区间估计方法建立风电年弃风电力统计模型,以经济收益最大为目标,运用区间优化理论确定制氢系统最优容量配置区间;通过建立多属性决策模型,确定制氢系统最优电解槽配置方案。分别以东北某30 MW风电场和100 MW风电场群为例进行对比分析,结果表明风电场群共建制氢系统的方案其经济性更为显著。进一步量化分析电解槽电耗量、H2市场价格、弃风利用率和风电机组年利用小时数等关键因素对制氢系统配置容量的影响。     

风氢耦合系统超前控制策略研究

针对风电场计划出力跟踪精度不足、储能系统调控不力、输出功率波动较大的问题,本文提出风氢耦合系统超前控制策略,其中风氢耦合系统由风电机组-电解槽-储氢罐-燃料电池耦合而成.基于氢储能系统状态、超短期预测功率及日前计划出力,制定系统调节策略,提出最大化计划出力跟踪能力、最大化储能系统调节能力以及最小化功率波动平滑加权的目标...     

Control strategy of electrolyzer in a wind-hydrogen system considering the constraints of switching times

In order to improve the operational performance of alkaline electrolyzers powered by wind power, the influences of the fluctuating wind power on alkaline electrolyzers must be taken in accounts. In pursuing this goal, the influences of fluctuating wind power on both the hydrogen production and the self-safety of alkaline electrolyzer is discussed firstly. And a wind-hydrogen integrated energy system (WHIES) integrated supercapacitor is designed to smooth the fluctuation of wind power. In which, the fluctuation of wind power is divided into two kinds, instantaneous fluctuation and wide power fluctuation, the former is absorbed by supercapacitors, the latter is overcomed by adopting a modular adaptive control strategy to optimize the operation mode of alkaline electrolyzer. A simulation has been developed for a specific wind farm located in Northeast China. The simulation results show that under the condition of fluctuating wind power, the WHIES with the proposed control strategy can reduce the switching times of electrolyzers by 93.5% and increase hydrogen production by more than 44.18% when compared with other control strategies.     

Influence of wind turbine power curve and electrolyzer operating temperature on hydrogen production in wind-hydrogen systems

Current simulation tools used to analyze, design and size wind-hydrogen hybrid systems, have several common characteristics: all use manufacturer wind turbine power curve (obtained from UNE 61400-12) and always consider electrolyzer operating in nominal conditions (not taking into account the influence of thermal inertia and operating temperature in hydrogen production). This article analyzes the influence of these parameters. To do this, a mathematical wind turbine model, that represents the manufacturer power curve to the real behaviour of the equipment in a location, and a dynamic electrolyzer model are developed and validated. Additionally, hydrogen production in a wind-hydrogen system operating in “wind-balance” mode (adjusting electricity production and demand at every time step) is analyzed. Considering the input data used, it is demonstrated that current simulation tools present significant errors in calculations. When using the manufacturer wind turbine power curve: the electric energy produced by the wind turbine, and the annual hydrogen production in a wind-hydrogen system are overestimated by 25% and 33.6%, respectively, when they are compared with simulation results using mathematical models that better represent the real behaviour of the equipments. Besides, considering electrolyzer operating temperature constant and equal to nominal, hydrogen production is overestimated by 3%, when compared with the hydrogen production using a dynamic electrolyzer model.     

Operation planning of hydrogen storage connected to wind power operating in a power market

In this paper, a methodology for the operation of a hybrid plant with wind power and hydrogen storage is presented. Hydrogen produced from electrolysis is used for power generation in a stationary fuel cell and as fuel for vehicles. Forecasts of wind power are used for maximizing the expected profit from power exchange in a day-ahead market, also taking into account a penalty cost for unprovided hydrogen demand. During online operation, a receding horizon strategy is applied to determine the setpoints for the electrolyzer power and the fuel cell power. Results from three case studies of a combined wind-hydrogen plant are presented. In the first two cases, the plant is assumed to be operating in a power market dominated by thermal and hydropower, respectively. The third case demonstrates that the operating principles are also useful for isolated wind-hydrogen systems with backup generation.     

独立式海上风电制氢工艺设计

  目的  文章旨在为充分利用深远海优质的风资源,解决海上风电的弃风问题以及对未来新能源船舶提供一种可能的海上氢气燃料供给方式。  方法  论述了一种依托于独立式海上平台的海上风电耦合海水制氢技术的工艺流程,主要对关键设备——质子交换膜电解水制氢系统、氢气压缩机、氢气储罐及部分辅助设备的工艺设计问题进行阐述,简略说明了制氢平台的控制方案,并且对其经济性进行了初步分析。  结果  从工艺设计的角度对海上风电制氢平台上的设计仅在较为前期的阶段,关键设备的供应链市场处于发展初级时期且大部分供应商未进军海工市场,表明现今海上浮式制氢的工程设计到工程化还不成熟且可再生能源制氢经济性较差。  结论  目前,海上风电还无法做到平价上网,海洋风电耦合氢能应用还需要一个长期过程,进行工程试验是大规模工程化的前提。     

Optimization of power allocation for wind-hydrogen system multi-stack PEM water electrolyzer considering degradation conditions

Hydrogen production from wind power has become one of the most important technologies for the large-scale comprehensive development and utilization of wind power, but the randomness of wind power has a large negative impact on the stability and cost of such wind-hydrogen hybrid energy systems. In this work, we initially analyze the relationship between electrolyzer efficiency and degradation with a three-dimensional multi-physics field model of PEMWE single-cell. Optimization of a power allocation strategy for wind-hydrogen system with a multi-stack PEM water electrolyzer (PEMWE) is proposed by considering degradation conditions. The multi-stack PEMWE power allocation strategy consists of the control module and execution module. In the control module, the degradation of PEMWE is quantified using the voltage degradation rate under different operating conditions. By setting the turning power point and external power supply and calculating the power allocation order online to reduce the degradation of PEMWE. In the execution module, the extended duty cycle interleaved buck converter (EDCIBC) based on fuzzy PID control is used to power each PEMWE single-stack. Case studies are carried out via computer simulation based on the configuration and experimental data for a specific wind farm located in Cixi, Zhejiang, China. Our results show that the energy efficiency of the wind-hydrogen system is 61.65% in a one-year operation, the voltage degradation of the PEMWE single-stack is 7.5 V, and the maximum efficiency is 6.29% lower than that when it is not aged. The EDCIBC output current ripple is as low as 0.053%, which rapidly and accurately follows the generated power allocation signal.     

Optimal sizing of wind-hydrogen system considering hydrogen demand and trading modes

In order to make full use of renewable energy and improve the utilization of wind power, a new joint optimization scheme of the wind-hydrogen system coupled with transmission project is proposed in this paper, in which wind power is reasonably allocated for grid integration and for hydrogen production. Aiming at maximize the annul wind-hydrogen system benefit, the optimal sizes of wind power transmission project and hydrogen system are obtained under different hydrogen production modes, hydrogen trading modes and hydrogen demand levels. In addition, the penalty cost of wind curtailment and hydrogen supply shortage and the system environmental benefits are taken into account. Results show: during the long-term of insufficient of wind power, it is better to produce hydrogen using wind power and grid-assisted power to avoid hydrogen supply shortage; considering the future increase of hydrogen demand, the optimal supply number of hydrogen refueling stations in the wind-hydrogen system is two. Also, the low utilization of fuel cells means that the benefit from regeneration cannot offset the high cost, which leads to the abnegation of fuel cells in the wind-hydrogen system.     

开关磁阻风电制氢动力传动系统机电耦合动力学分析

为揭示开关磁阻风电制氢动力传动系统的机电耦合作用规律,考虑齿轮系统的详细特性和制氢装置非线性物理细节以及发电机电磁特性,建立包含风轮、齿轮传动系统、开关磁阻发电机、制氢装置的开关磁阻风电制氢动力传动系统机电耦合动力学模型,仿真分析变风况下系统的能量流、机电耦合动力学特性以及并联电解槽数量对系统动态特性的影响.结果表明:...