二次吹扫条件下PEMFC电堆冷启动特性实验研究

为探究燃料电池低温启动性能,利用自搭建的实验平台,对稳态运行后的PEMFC电堆进行二次吹扫实验,考察吹扫气体温度、流量对吹扫实验中电堆内阻的影响,对经过二次吹扫后的电堆进行多次启动试验,研究进气温度对电堆冷启动性能的影响.实验结果表明:增大吹扫气体温度和流量都可降低电堆内阻,但进气温度影响较小;从启动时间上来看,二次吹...     

氢燃料电池氢气利用率提升策略研究

针对燃料电池堆再循环管线的再循环速率低的问题,提出用于燃料电池的氢气供应系统的循环控制方案,根据再循环管线中再循环的气体量精确估计由吹扫阀吹扫的氢体浓度,通过反馈每种气体的吹扫量,调节吹扫阀的开度,提升氢气利用率,并对该方案进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,燃料电池阳极侧氢气利用率明显提升,最高可达92.733%,可提高燃料电池堆的耐久性。     

不同操作和环境条件下的PEMFC低温冷启动数值模拟研究

基于COMSOL建立质子交换膜燃料电池低温冷启动一维瞬态多物理场耦合模型,该模型考虑气态水和膜态水在0 ℃以下结冰来研究恒电压输出、恒电流输出、膜态水初始含量以及环境温度等不同操作和环境条件对质子交换膜燃料电池低温冷启动性能的影响。结果表明,恒电压输出模式下,低电压操作相对于高电压能产生更多的热,温度上升更快,但结冰速率也会激增,从而导致性能衰减更快;恒电流输出模式相较于恒电压能达到更高的温度,但需更好的气体传质能力;如果低温冷启动之前吹扫不足导致膜水含量较高,膜的储水能力下降,这将造成输出性能下降更快,不利于冷启动的成功进行;启动时环境温度的不同会直接影响燃料电池低温冷启动成功与否,仅依赖被动加热成功启动的初始环境温度存在极限值。     

气体扩散层厚度对PEMFC性能的影响

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的气体扩散层(GDL)厚度对燃料电池的输出性能有重要影响。文章利用多物理场直接耦合分析软件(COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0),在电池温度为70℃的条件下,对4种不同厚度的GDL进行模拟分析,并在相同的操作条件下,得到了4组极化曲线、阴极氧气浓度、阴极水浓度、阳极氢气浓度以及电流密度的变化趋势图。对比分析4组变化趋势图后发现:GDL的厚度越小,燃料电池的性能越好;GDL的厚度对阳极氢气的浓度分布影响不大;当GDL的厚度增大时,产生的液态水会堵塞GDL的孔隙,降低GDL的孔隙率。     

辅助蒸汽吹扫锅炉末级再热器的应用研究

某电厂锅炉末级再热器大面积换管后,投运前须对再热器及其管道进行吹扫,目的 是去除在大面积换管过程中产生的杂质(金属屑、切割物、焊渣等杂物),以提高机组的安全性,改善运行期间的蒸汽品质.通过主蒸汽吹扫及辅助蒸汽吹扫两种方案的比较,确定了最适合吹扫方案.     

联合辅助负载和N_2吹扫停机策略的实验研究

为了快速消除电堆内残留的H2,通过实验研究对比分析直接停机、利用辅助负载停机和N2吹扫停机3种不同的停机方式对质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell,PEMFC)的影响,并提出联合辅助负载和N2吹扫的停机策略。结果表明:该停机策略不仅可减短电堆维持开路高电压的时间,而且可避免燃料电池在启停机过程中氢空界面的形成,有利于延长电堆寿命和提高电堆耐久性,是一种十分有效的燃料电池系统停机控制策略。     

车用发动机低温冷启动磨损研究

为了改善车用发动机低温冷启动磨损情况 ,对车用发动机低温冷启动时气缸壁的磨损进行了实验研究 ,结果发现 :发动机冷启动温度越低 ,气缸壁的磨损程度越严重。发动机低温冷启动时气缸壁的磨损主要有粘着、磨粒、腐蚀磨损等三种形式。在发动机冷启动前 ,低温下冷凝后酸性燃烧产物对气缸壁的腐蚀为发动机冷启动时的粘着磨损和磨粒磨损提供了气缸壁磨损的准备。实践表明 :发动机低温冷启动的冷却水温度在 70℃以上后 ,气缸壁的磨损程度大大减小。     

影响气质联用测定水质挥发性有机物实验结果的因素

采用吹扫捕集/气相色谱质谱法对水质57种挥发性有机物分别在不同的吹扫温度、盐浓度及pH条件下进行分析.实验结果表明,提高吹扫温度及盐浓度可以增加化合物的灵敏度获得更好的富集效果,将样品pH调至中性或酸性可以使得替代物及加标回收率正常.     

不同衰退机理对PEMFC怠速工况性能衰退影响的模拟研究

分析质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)怠速工况衰退机理,确定怠速工况不同衰退机理对燃料电池模型参数的影响,采用所建立的PEMFC二维等温多物理场模型,仿真研究燃料电池在怠速工况衰退前后的性能及各种衰退因素对电压衰减量的贡献和内部反应气体分布变化。研究结果表明,阴极活化损失增大是怠速工况下最重要的衰退因素,其次是开路电压衰退,影响最小的是阴极电化学活性面积衰退;在相同操作条件下,衰退后燃料电池的最低氧气摩尔浓度和最低氢气摩尔浓度上升,电流密度分布不均匀现象加剧。     

城市高压天然气管道的通球、清管和水压试验与干燥

通过对城镇、输油输气施工验收规范的对比，介绍了城市高压天然气管道施工过程中，进行通球、试压、吹扫及干燥各环节的施工方案、施工方法、工程中遇到的问题及解决方案。     

Experimental study on rapid cold start-up performance of PEMFC system

The cold start-up of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is considered one of the main factors affecting the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. In this study, an automotive fuel cell system was designed and tested for cold start-up at low temperatures. In the absence of PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) heating device, the stack was directly loaded to generate heat, which provided the cold start-up characteristics of system at low temperatures. Cold start-up process and purging control strategies were analyzed at −20 °C and −30 °C. It was found that the fuel cell system could produce 50% power in 25 s at −20 °C, the coolant temperature's heating rate was 0.78 °C/s, the coolant outlet temperature could reach 20 °C within 40 s and no apparent low voltage of single cell occurred. While, the cell close to the end plate had low cell voltage and reverse polar phenomena throughout the −30 °C cold start-up process. The heating rate of the coolant temperature was 0.44 °C/s, and the temperature of coolant outlet reached 20 °C within 90 s. The purging time ranged from 180 to 260 s according to the voltage drop value of stack and the ohmic resistance of stack was 360–470 mΩ after the high-volume air purging at different tests. After 30 cold start-up tests, the rated point performance of the stack declined by about 1%, and the consistency of cell voltages did not change significantly. Future work will focus on optimizing cold start-up strategy and speeding up purging time to minimize the performance impact of the cold start-up.     

Investigation on sub-zero start-up of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell using un-assisted cold start strategy

The technical barriers for commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) are the startup ability and survivability at sub-zero temperatures. Ice formation causes cold start fail and volume change damages the cell components leading to performance decay. Many strategies are used to assist successful cold start and to reduce the performance decay. But, unassisted cold start is very crucial and needs attention. Here, an experimental protocol is reported for successful unassisted cold start using low temperature gas purging at various temperatures (-5,-8,-10,-15, and -20 °C) as well as to recover temporary performance decay. The stability of the membrane electrode assembly is also studied in freeze/thaw and sequential cold start cycles. At temperature −10 °C, there is small performance decay after the 6th freeze/thaw cycle. However, the subsequent cold start cycle shows significant performance decay after the 6th cycle. Changes in microstructures and loss of hydrophobicity in the gas diffusion layer are attributed to the performance decay in both freeze/thaw and sequential cold start cycles. The effect of cold start temperature on the performance of a PEMFC in subsequent freeze/thaw cycles is also studied. It shows that depending upon the start-up temperature, the preferential ice formation can affect the performance decay characteristics.     

Investigation of mechanical vibration effect on proton exchange membrane fuel cell cold start

A three-axis vibration platform is first constructed and utilized in the investigation of the effects of mechanical vibration on the cold start performance of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. In addition, an intermittent pattern of purging is adopted to improve the purging efficiency. The applied vibrations are found to promote water dispersion, but ultimately do not enhance water removal. Under subzero conditions (−13 °C), the vibration of the fuel cell improves cold start performance via delayed freezing, especially when vibrating at the fuel cell natural frequency (10 Hz). With an increase in vibration amplitude, the freezing rate is found to be slow and eventually plateau. Finally, the vibration in the vertical axis is found to play a positive role in improving cold start performance; the effects of other orientations depend on the startup temperature. The result of cold start under vibration might indirectly prove the existence of super-cooled water.     

燃料电池船舶舱内氢气泄漏爆炸的数值模拟研究

以燃料电池客船“Water-Go-Round”号为对象,利用FLUENT软件模拟燃料电池客船舱内管道发生氢气泄漏并引发爆炸的情况,研究不同舱室氢气点火爆炸事故的影响规律。结果表明：可燃氢气云被点燃后,爆炸超压波自点火位置向四周迅速传播,点火位置对超压波的分布影响较大;控制舱爆炸时,超压强度最大,对船体超压危害最大;乘客舱爆炸强度最小,但超压中心分布在乘客舱,超压对乘客造成的危害最大;船舶舱室燃烧火焰温度主要由可燃氢气云的分布决定,燃料电池舱的火焰衰减趋势基本相同;乘客舱受到的高温危害较低,船艏舱无燃烧火焰的高温危害。     

Low temperature operation and influence parameters on the cold start ability of portable PEMFCs

The start up behaviour of PEM fuel cells below 0 °C is one of the most challenging tasks to be solved before commercialisation. The automotive industry started to develop solutions to reduce the start up time of fuel cell systems in the middle of the nineties. The strategies varied from catalytic combustion of hydrogen on the electrode catalyst to fuel starvation or external stack heating via cooling loops to increase the stack temperature.Beside the automotive sector the cold start ability is as well important for portable PEMFC applications for outdoor use. But here the cold start issue is even more complicated, as the fuel cell system should be operated as passive as possible.Below 0 °C freezing of water inside the PEMFC could form ice layers in the electrode and in the gas diffusion layer. Therefore the cell reaction is limited or even inhibited. Product water during the start up builds additional barriers and leads to a strong decay of the output power at isothermal operating conditions.In order to find out which operational and hardware parameters affect this decay, potentiostatic experiments on single cells were performed at isothermal conditions. These experiments comprise investigations of the influence of membrane thickness and different GDL types as well as the effect of gas flow rates and humidification levels of the membrane. As pre stage to physical based models, empirical based prediction models are used to gain a better understanding of the main influence parameters during cold start. The results are analysed using the statistical software Cornerstone 4.0.The experience of single cell investigations are compared to start up behaviour of portable fuel cell stacks which are operated in a climate chamber at different ambient temperatures below 0 °C. Additional flow sharing problems in the fuel cell stack could be seen during cold start up experiments.     

Hydrogen utilization enhancement of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with anode recirculation system through a purge strategy

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are widely considered as potential alternative energy candidates for internal combustion engines because of their low-temperature start, high energy density, and ease of scale up. However, their low hydrogen utilization rate is one of the main reasons for the limited commercial development. This study focuses on improving the hydrogen utilization rate of PEM fuel cells and system efficiency using optimal active recirculation system (ARS). An anode ARS and purging strategy are introduced to enhance the hydrogen utilization rate of PEM fuel cells. An ARS simulation model with purge strategy model is developed in a MATLAB/Simulink environment. A control-oriented dynamic model is developed to study the hydrogen recirculation system characteristics. The dynamic model is used as basis to propose a proportional integration differentiation controller to maintain the anode hydrogen concentration and increase the hydrogen utilization rate. Several experiments are performed using different purging strategies in conjunction with ARS. The hydrogen utilization rate is the highest when the purge time is 0.3 s and the purge period is 10 s. Simulation results show that the PEM fuel cells with an anode recirculation configuration exhibit a better performance than other configurations in terms of hydrogen utilization. Experimental results also demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system, the performance of which is also superior to that of other hydrogen supply system.     

Research on PEMFC resistance relaxation characteristics and degradation under thermal cycles with different residual water locations

The storage problem at low temperatures is one of the technical barriers to commercialization in the future for the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). In this study, the resistance relaxation characteristic under different pretreatment methods before low-temperature storage of PEMFC is analyzed. The effect of residual water in different PEMFC locations on its storage performance after thermal cycles are investigated. The evolution curves of resistance after the purging process are different under equilibrium, cold, and hot purge and the percentage drop of cell resistance at relaxation stage under three methods are 14.5%, 66.3%, and 73.1%. It is found that the most likely reason for relaxation is membrane water structure reorganization. The voltage of the cell with no purge and purged to the end of the first stage becomes smaller at low current density after 20 freeze/thaw cycles. The charge transfer resistances of the cell with no purge, purged to the end of the first stage, and purged to the end of the second stage increase by 8.2%, 15.6%, and 7.4%, respectively. And the cell purged to the end of the first stage has the largest decay rate of electrochemical surface area. The result implies that the performance degradation after freeze/thaw cycles is associated with the water in the ionomer of catalyst layers, which freezes between ionomers and Pt particles at low temperatures.     

氢能的安全性和燃料电池汽车的氢安全问题

为了深化对氢能安全性的研究、推动氢能在我国的规模应用，通过对有关文献的调研和分析，对氢能的安全性和燃料电池汽车的氢安全问题进行了初步探讨：详细讨论了氢的泄漏、脆化、扩散、可燃性和爆炸性等特殊的安全性问题；并以汽油的安全性为参照，对燃料电池汽车的安全性进行了评价，得出了正常运行中，设计良好的燃料电池汽车具有与汽油汽车、天然气汽车及甲烷汽车同等的安全性的结论。