计及绿色电力证书与碳交易制度的“源-荷”协调优化调度

基于低碳电力和智能电网的背景,考虑现有的风电消纳困境,该文以绿色电力证书为基础,结合碳排放权的交易制度,同时引入需求侧高载能企业负荷的响应模型,并将虚拟电厂经济效益作为优化目标函数,建立以绿证交易为基础,结合碳交易制度和高载能需求侧响应的“源-荷”双侧互补协调优化调度模型。最后将某省份区域电网代入到该文所构建模型之中进行仿真,并采用自适应免疫疫苗算法对模型进行求解,结果表明所建立的计及绿证交易与碳交易的模型有利于促进风电消耗,降低单位发电量的碳排放。     

面向“双碳”目标的脆弱区域生态光伏模式研究

光伏作为大力发展的零碳能源之一,是“双碳”目标达成的主力军,有必要对生态光伏模式进行研究。在总结分析光伏阵列对气象、土壤和植被的影响,光伏电站区域的固碳增汇效益和生态系统服务价值估算研究现状的基础上,从成本约束下的生态-经济效益最大化和固碳效益最优化角度,提出了生态光伏的概念和内涵;基于脆弱区域特征,融合生态系统过程模型和InVEST效益核算模型,构建基于“双碳”目标的脆弱区域生态光伏模式。研究结果可为光伏发电与脆弱区域生态修复双重效益核算,开发路径识别,行业标准出台提供参考。     

含电池储能系统的电热联合系统风电接纳能力评估

为促进风电消纳,减少“弃风”,将电池储能系统（BESS）接入电热联合系统。为考虑风功率的不确定性,基于风功率预测误差的概率特性建立风功率场景概率模型。然后,建立包含BESS的电热联合系统风电接纳能力评估模型。模型具有系统运行成本最低和“弃风”电量最小2个不同维度优化目标,且目标优化之间可能存在冲突。为求解该模型,基于改进主要目标法将其转换为多个单目标优化问题,并采用GAMS中DICOPT求解器给出风电接纳能力评估模型的帕累托解集。基于帕累托解集,从接纳电量和接纳成本两方面对BESS接入后的电热联合系统风电接纳能力进行深入分析。最后进行仿真分析,验证了该文所提模型及求解算法的有效性。     

计及弃风消纳的储电-蓄热协同优化控制研究

针对新疆地区全年供暖期长、供暖期间弃风情况严重的问题，考虑采用蓄热式电锅炉将风能进行转换以促进弃风就地消纳能力。首先考虑风电的快速波动及随机性等不确定性，引入具有灵活调节、双向流动功能的电化学储能协同蓄热式电锅炉消纳弃风。然后建立蓄热-储电系统的供暖模型，根据所提出优化控制策略进行仿真调度。最后以新疆某风电场的真实数据为例，通过仿真分析对比不同供暖方案下弃风消纳率和供暖效益，验证所提方案的经济性及有效性。     

基于链式分配策略的风氢耦合系统设计与控制

针对风力发电“弃风”电量耦合制氢问题,提出一种基于链式分配策略的风氢耦合系统。首先建立能表征弃风电量与质子交换膜电解槽主要特性的风氢耦合拓扑电路结构,围绕高降压比交错Buck变换器及其控制方法构建风氢耦合系统,并提出多堆质子交换膜电解槽风氢耦合系统链式功率分配策略。最后通过算例仿真验证该系统可提升弃风利用率和系统可靠性,可有效解决弃风电量水电解制氢耦合控制与功率分配问题。     

BIPV/T技术在新徽派民居中的应用探索

针对新徽派民居中存在的建筑能耗大、热舒适性差及室内空气品质低等问题,探索在保持建筑典型特点的前提下,将太阳能光伏光热建筑一体化（BIPV/T）新技术和新方法在新徽派民居中综合运用。文章主要基于作者团队最新的研究,探讨了兼顾“黛瓦”的光伏瓦技术、兼顾“粉壁”的集热-除甲醛多效墙体技术、兼顾“马头墙”的通风-除菌杀毒多效太阳能烟囱技术、兼顾“青砖”的光伏装饰技术、兼顾“门楼”的平板型PV/T技术、兼顾“花格窗”的碲化镉光伏通风窗技术在新徽派民居中应用的可行性。通过一典型案例设计,基于Energyplus软件对其全年发电量、热水、室温、房间冷热负荷及通风性能进行模拟研究。结果表明,BIPV/T技术可以在发电的同时降低空调负荷、改善室内环境,节能效果显著。     

电、煤锅炉联合供暖消纳弃风策略及效益分析

针对当前中国"三北"地区风电大规模快速发展而存在的大量弃风问题,研究基于电储热锅炉和燃煤锅炉联合供暖的弃风消纳策略,并建立起综合效益分析模型。根据电网运行管理部门的风电出力与负荷预测数据,建立特定时间段内弃风电量计算模型,并在此基础上研究电储热锅炉利用弃风电量储热、放热的"电-热"能量转换模型,提出利用弃风电量替代燃煤锅炉进行供暖的调度策略。根据热网所需总热量及电储热锅炉调度策略,研究燃煤锅炉最佳节煤运行方式,进一步提出电、煤锅炉联合供暖消纳弃风协调调度控制策略。研究电储热锅炉所消纳弃风电量与同等热量下燃煤锅炉煤耗间换算模型,建立电、热锅炉联合消纳弃风的综合效益分析模型。以风电供暖工程实例进行的仿真分析表明,该文提出的电、煤锅炉联合供暖消纳弃风策略可有效提高弃风消纳能力,同时能大幅减少燃煤锅炉煤耗,提升经济和环境效益。     

电网储能与弃风协调运行方法

提出电网通过储能建立消纳风电的安全屏障,研究储能投入能力评估和判别方法,建立储能运行模型和储能额定功率与风电消纳需求关系模型,构建电制热储热负荷与供暖期弃风相关性分析方法,探索弃风电量、弃风小时数与弃风电力的定性关系。实际分析案例表明,储能消纳弃风效果明显,储能功率按最大弃风功率配置,储能利用效率并不高,电制热储热负荷消纳的是供暖期的弃风电量。     

大规模弃风与储热协调调控评估方法

北方地区合理利用大规模弃风电量,特别是将弃风用于清洁供暖,必将产生巨大的社会效益.本文重点研究弃风电量与储热容量匹配关系,以及评估某省级电网连续5年储热跟随弃风运行情况.首先,提出基于年弃风电量、年最大弃风功率和最大日弃风电量的全额消纳弃风储热容量配置方法,以及基于年最大弃风功率按百分比部分消纳弃风的储热容量配置方法.然后,根据分布式储热和集中式储热的运行特性,构建储热跟随弃风能力的评估模型.最后,通过某省级电网连续5年的实际运行案例进行数值分析,研究供暖季和供暖季低谷期弃风消纳问题.弃风消纳电量与储热配置容量结果显示,储热装置对电网弃风消纳效果显著,随着风力发电装机容量增加,储热配置容量也应增加才能满足弃风消纳需求,且不以百分百消纳弃风电量为目标配置储热容量更经济.此外,储热跟随弃风评估结果显示,基于年弃风电量配置储热功率更符合电网的实际运行情况,储热应跟随弃风规律运行才能提升电网消纳弃风的能力.     

Economic analysis of electrical heating with heat storage using grid integrated wind power

针对冬季供热期我国北方地区因电网风电接纳能力不足导致的严重弃风问题,研究了电力市场背景下采用蓄热式电采暖提高电网风电消纳规模的经济性评估问题,考虑弃风电量、弃风电价等因素影响,建立了弃风蓄热式电采暖系统的经济性评估模型,分析了影响蓄热式电采暖系统经济性的关键因素。结合某清洁供暖示范工程进行算例分析,分析了协定弃风电价对系统经济性的影响,对所提出的经济性评估模型的有效性进行验证,为蓄热式电采暖可行性分析奠定了理论基础。     

Renewable hydrogen driven CHCP device

Rural Research Stations (RRS), Refugee Camps Motorhomes and Caravans are in need of a portable Compact Heating, Cooling and Power (CHCP) generating device. Heating and power generation devices with diesel as driving source of energy are available commercially. In this paper, an innovative compact heating, cooling and power generating device which uses renewable hydrogen and suits rural areas, extreme weather conditions and disastrous situations is proposed. The device is driven by renewable hydrogen fuel generated by PV electrolysis as the source of energy. Low vibration low noise Stirling Engine (SE) is used as mechanical energy converter. Generator is used as electrical energy converter and heat pump is used for supplying heating and cooling effects. The proposed device has many advantages such as encouraging the rural tourism, supply rural research stations the heating and/or cooling loads and contribute in saving lives in the extreme weather conditions and disastrous situations. Analysis of the proposed device in terms of workability and performance was performed. Results showed that renewable energy base, electricity independent, silent, low vibration and better performance were achieved (OHR = 2.662) with the current device compared to available devices.     

土壤水力学特征对水平埋管换热能力的影响分析

以土壤毛管水力特征曲线为基础,通过数值模拟手段,计算分析地下水位线变化对水平换热埋管换热特性、土体热失衡风险和热泵机组技术经济特性的影响规律,并提出“单位热影响面积换热量”这一新的评价指标,讨论土壤水力学特征对水平埋管换热能力的影响规律。研究结果表明：随着地下水位线埋深变浅,埋管水平土壤含水饱和度从12%增加到100%时,在制冷工况下,水平管延米换热量增加了30%,出口水温降低了23%,单位热影响面积换热量提高了47%;制热工况下,水平管延米换热量增加了24%,出口水温升高了25%,单位热影响面积换热量提高了39%。地下水位线埋深和土壤中含水饱和度对水平埋管换热器地下换热效率影响显著。同时,不同水力特征曲线的蓄能土体热失衡风险具有差异性。     

关于提高建筑冷热电联供系统能源综合利用率的思考

建筑冷热电联供系统(又名分布式能源)通常以能源综合利用率来评价它的节能特性。行业标准《燃气冷热电三联供工程技术规程》也明确规定系统平均能源综合利用率应大于70%。然而,由于各种原因,分布式能源系统有时达不到上述要求。本文分析了分布式能源烟气温度对余热利用的影响及如何提高分布式能源的能源综合利用率。     

Environmental assessment and extended exergy analysis of a “zero CO2 emission”, high-efficiency steam power plant

Aim of this paper is to analyze the performance of an innovative high-efficiency steam power plant by means of two “life cycle approach” methodologies, the life cycle assessment (LCA) and the “extended exergy analysis” (EEA).

The plant object of the analysis is a hydrogen-fed steam power plant in which the H₂ is produced by a “zero CO₂ emission” coal gasification process (the ZECOTECH^© cycle). The CO₂ capture system is a standard humid-CaO absorbing process and produces CaCO₃ as a by-product, which is then regenerated to CaO releasing the CO₂ for a downstream mineral sequestration process.

The steam power plant is based on an innovative combined-cycle process: the hydrogen is used as a fuel to produce high-temperature, medium-pressure steam that powers the steam turbine in the topping section, whose exhaust is used in a heat recovery boiler to feed a traditional steam power plant.

The environmental performance of the ZECOTECH^© cycle is assessed by comparison with four different processes: power plant fed by H₂ from natural gas steam reforming, two conventional coal- and natural gas power plants and a wind power plant.     

Value of electric heat boilers and heat pumps for wind power integration

The paper analyses the economic value of using electric heat boilers and heat pumps as wind power integration measures relieving the link between the heat and power production in combined heat and power plants. Both measures have different technical and economic characteristics, making a comparison of the value of these measures relevant. A stochastic, fundamental bottom‐up model, taking the stochastic nature of wind power production explicitly into account when making dispatch decisions, is used to analyse the technical and economical performance of these measures in a North European power system covering Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway and Sweden. Introduction of heat pumps or electric boilers is beneficial for the integration of wind power, because the curtailment of wind power production is reduced, the price of regulating power is reduced and the number of hours with very low power prices is reduced, making the wind power production more valuable. The system benefits of heat pumps and electric boilers are connected to replacing heat production on fuel oil heat boilers and combined heat and power (CHP) plants using various fuels with heat production using electricity and thereby saving fuel. The benefits of the measures depend highly on the underlying structure of heat production. The integration measures are economical, especially in systems where the marginal heat production costs before the introduction of the heat measures are high, e.g. heat production on heat boilers using fuel oil. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于风电机组可靠性的风电场平准化成本模型研究

考虑综合风电场总体运行成本、风电机组可靠性及风电场发电量等多个维度,从风电场全生命周期视角出发,建立基于风电机组可靠性的风电场平准化成本模型,并通过算例分析得出,提升风电机组可靠性可降低风电机组的故障维护成本,提高风电场运行小时数,进而降低风电场平准化成本。在此基础上测算当前阶段风电实现平价上网需达到的利用小时数,最后给出促进风电发展的合理化建议。     

Cost minimization for a local utility through CHP,heat storage and load management

The energy-system optimization model MODEST is described, especially heat storage and electricity load management. Linear programming is used for minimization of capital and operation costs. MODEST may be used to find the optimal investments and when to make them. The period under study can be divided into several linked subperiods which may consist of an arbitrary number of years. MODEST is here applied to a municipal electricity and district-heating system during three five-year periods. Each year is divided into three seasons. Demand peaks, as well as weekly and diurnal variations of, for example, costs are considered. The electricity demand is divided into the three sectors households, industries, and service. The electricity demand may be reduced by energy conservation, replacement of electric heating and load management. The profitability of load management, as well as cogeneration with and without heat storage at different prices of purchased power is calculated. At traditional Swedish electricity prices, the local utility should build a woodchips-fired steam-cycle CHP (combined heat and power) plant. Consumers would find it beneficial to reduce their electricity use by conservation and switching from electric heating to oil and biofuel. If just marginal power production costs are paid, the utility should introduce biomass-fired heat-only boilers instead. Electricity conservation is smaller at these lower prices. Load management is mainly profitable at the first price scheme which includes output-power-related charges. The heat storage should be used threefold: to cover demand peaks, as well as to enable increased CHP output when it is limited by the heat demand or to run heat pumps at cheap night electricity instead of in the daytime. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Techno-economic analysis of a hybrid energy system for CCHP and hydrogen production based on solar energy

A typical problem in Northeast China is that a large amount of surplus electricity has arisen owing to the serious photovoltaic power curtailment phenomenon. To effectively utilize the excess photovoltaic power, a hybrid energy system is proposed that uses surplus electricity to produce hydrogen in this paper. It combines solar energy, hydrogen production system, and Combined Cooling Heating and Power (CCHP) system to realize cooling, heating, power, and hydrogen generation. The system supplies energy for three public buildings in Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China, and the system configuration with the lowest unit energy cost (0.0615$/kWh) was obtained via optimization. Two comparison strategies were used to evaluate the hybrid energy system in terms of unit energy cost, annual total cost, fossil energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions. Subsequently, the annual total energy supply, typical daily loads, and cost of the optimized system were analyzed. In conclusion, the system is feasible for small area public buildings, and provides a solution to solve the phenomenon of photovoltaic power curtailment.