硫氧镁水泥固化沿海风电场滩涂软土加固机理及微观特性分析

沿海风电场滩涂软土含水率高,压缩性大,必须对其加固才能进行风电基础施工。为研究硫氧镁水泥固化滩涂软土的加固机理及微观特性,开展了硫氧镁水泥复合固化剂加固滩涂软土的XRD试验以及不同初始含水量（w）、固化剂掺量（Wg）和龄期（T）下固化滩涂软土的扫描电镜（SEM）试验,利用图像处理技术研究固化滩涂软土微观孔隙、微观颗粒形态以及接触面积率（RCA）受Wg、w和T影响的规律。研究结果发现,固化滩涂软土主要由石英、5Mg（OH）₂·MgSO₄·7H₂O相（简称5·1·7相）、白云石、叶腊石、M-F-A-S凝胶相以及少许CaO和MgO构成,固化机理包括改性硫氧镁水泥的水解和水化反应、离子交换及填充作用和碳酸化作用,固化滩涂软土微观孔隙可分为凝胶、接触和骨架3种类型,固体颗粒呈叶片状、颗粒状和凝块状3种形态。微观结构参数（RCA）与宏观力学参数,即初始切线模量Ei和强度指标（c和φ）均随w的增加而减小,随着Wg和T的增加而增大。最后建立了固化滩涂软土的RCA与Ei、c、φ之间的函数关系。     

太阳能热泵联合风电蓄热供暖系统优化研究

设计一种太阳能热泵联合风电蓄热系统,并建立系统动态模型。为获得最大太阳辐照量和最小生命周期成本,使用4种不同优化算法对集热器倾角（CTA）、集热器方位角（CAA）、集热器面积（CA）、水箱容积（TV1、TV2）、热泵功率（HP1、HP2）和电锅炉功率（BP）等关键参数进行优化。以乌鲁木齐某单位行政楼的供暖系统为对象进行算例分析。结果表明:Hooke-Jeeves方法优化效果最佳,CTA为(φ-6°)（φ为当地纬度）、CAA为(α-2.5°)（α=0°为正南朝向）时,可使系统获得最大采暖季辐照量;TV2/BP为69.8 L/kW,TV1/CA为86.4 L/m²,（HP1+HP2）/CA为125.6 W/m²,系统生命周期成本最低,相比优化前,参数优化后的系统生命周期成本节省11.8%。     

辐射对太阳电池光电输出性能影响的定量研究

该文定量研究电子和质子辐射对太阳电池输出特性的影响。首先,证实作者前期工作得到的太阳电池输出电流-电压（I-V）模型仍适用于高能粒子辐射后的太阳电池;其次,由太阳电池输出电流-电压特征量定义一个等效电阻（Req）。采用最小二乘方曲线拟合方法,找到能够定量描述太阳电池能量转化效率（PCE）与等效电阻（Req）的关系,并且定量解释了经历电子和质子辐照的太阳电池的等效电阻（Req）同辐照剂量的关系。最后,扩展这个模型用于定量描述太阳电池外量子效率（EQE）与入射光子能量（hν）的关系,经拟合验证,该模型与实验数据十分吻合,理论同实验结果的相关系数R大于0.98,平均相对误差（ARE）小于3%。     

改进幂次趋近律滑模控制的H桥逆变器复杂动力学行为研究

以改进幂次趋近律滑模控制的H桥逆变器为例：首先,运用频闪映射理论建立数学离散模型;其次,采用频闪图和频谱图观察到系统工作在不同控制参数k1和k2作用下的非线性动力学行为;再次,运用快变稳定性定理对系统工作稳定性进行理论分析,研究的结论与频闪图及频谱图的分析完全一致;最后,研究发现输入电压E、负载电感L与电阻R等外部电路参数的变化,对系统的稳定性能有重要的影响。     

中国不同气候区逐日直散分离模型适用性分析及通用计算模型优化

利用中国5个气候区59个气象台站1981——2010年的日值气象数据,对比分析8个散总比和3个散射系数直散分离模型在中国不同气候区的适用性。采用判定系数（R2）、均方根误差（RMSE）、平均绝对误差（MABE）、平均误差（MBE）和全局性能系数（GPI）5个误差评价指标,确定各气候区最适宜的模型形式。以该模型为基础,建立适用于中国不同气候区的散总比和散射系数逐日直散分离通用模型。结果表明,除线性形式散射系数模型精度较差外,其他模型计算精度均较高,散总比和散射系数模型平均R2分别为0.85和0.62;基于晴空指数-日照百分率的二次多项式散总比模型和基于日照百分率三次多项式散射系数模型在不同气候区精度均最高;以该模型为基础建立中国不同气候区散总比和散射系数逐日直散分离通用模型,其平均R2分别为0.89和0.70。     

涡流发生器弦向位置对翼型动态失速的影响机理

采用k-ω SST湍流模型,研究加三角翼涡流发生器（VGs）的DU91-W2-250翼段的动态失速过程,从升阻力系数、表面压力系数、流场、VGs脱落涡发展过程等方面,分析VGs弦向位置（x/c）对动态失速抑制作用的影响规律。结果表明x/c对翼型动态失速过程中的增升效果影响较大,VGs增大了翼型的失速攻角。升阻力及压力结果显示,x/c=0.25时增升效果最佳,翼段上表面压力系数Cp较大;x/c=0.20~0.25时尾缘附着流动较好;从涡量峰值变化看,x/c过大、过小时对分离涡的抑制作用有所减弱;从VGs脱落涡的变化看,x/c=0.20~0.25时VGs下游脱落涡强相对较大,旋涡耗散速度较慢。总而言之,VGs在x/c=0.20~0.25时对翼段气动性能提升效果最佳。     

建筑密度对建筑物群内风能利用的影响

针对建筑物群内风能应用问题,采用CFD方法,对建筑密度分别为26%、20%、18%、16%、14%的5种建筑物群周围风速和湍流强度特征开展研究,分析建筑密度对建筑物群内风力机合理安装位置的影响方式。结果表明：在低于1.5H高度范围内,建筑物群的建筑密度越大,同一安装高度上适合于安装风力机的区域就越大,即越有利于建筑物群内风能的应用;在高度高于1.5H后,建筑密度对建筑物群内风力机安装位置的影响消失;无论建筑密度大小,在低于1.2H的高度范围内,建筑物群内不适合安装风力机;在高度高于1.45H后,可优先考虑将风力机安装于建筑物群内中间一排建筑物顶面,在建筑物顶面可优先将风力机安装于拐角位置;5种建筑密度的建筑物群内只考虑风速要求即可确定风力机的合理安装位置。     

基于LMI的直流微电网分布式鲁棒H∞控制

针对直流微电网中分布式发电单元（DGU）投入或退出引起的结构不确定性,采用分布式鲁棒H∞控制,使微电网电压稳定。采用区域极点配置约束控制器参数,使闭环系统的极点落在区域D中。通过线性矩阵不等式的H∞优化求解,得到鲁棒H∞-γD控制器。控制器的设计仅需DGU和与之连接的线路参数,而无需整个微电网参数。给每个DGU分别配置相应的控制器,嵌入DGU中,可以实现分布式控制。仿真结果表明,该控制方法有较好的鲁棒性。     

卫星太阳翼在轨输出功率预测模型

该文介绍一种卫星太阳翼在轨功率输出预测方法,由单体太阳电池根据固体物理理论推导出来直流理论分析模型获得其等效电路,通过对单体太阳电池串、并联后组成的太阳翼电气电路,获得太阳翼等效电路,并根据该等效电路推导出太阳翼的直流分析模型。将太阳翼的直流分析模型转化为由单片太阳电池片开路电压Voc、短路电流Isc、最大功率点电压Vmp、最大功率点电流Imp这4个参数决定的太阳翼工程应用方程。同时,通过地面试验获得单体太阳电池的电压和电流衰降系数,获取太阳翼实际在轨不同时刻的开路电压VAoc、短路电流IAsc、最大功率点电压VAmp、最大功率点电流IAmp,并通过计算获取太阳翼工作点电压、电流,得到太阳翼的在轨预测工作输出功率。通过将该文模型预测值与太阳翼实际在轨输出电流、电压遥测值进行比较,验证该预测模型的有效性。该预测模型可通过单体太阳电池的4个工程参数,获得整个太阳翼的直流分析模型,便于太阳翼设计阶段建模分析的工程化应用。     

波浪作用下海上风电伞式吸力锚基础周围冲刷演变机制

以近海风电伞式吸力锚基础为研究对象,进行室内水槽试验和数值模拟,研究波浪作用下伞式吸力锚基础周围冲刷演变机制,分别基于Raaijmakers和Myrhaug模型,提出随机波浪小Keulegan-Carpenter数（KC）情况下伞式吸力锚基础周围平衡冲刷深度预测模型。结果表明：随机波浪下,波峰时形成的旋涡体系主导冲刷过程,此时基础上游逆压梯度最大,这有利于波浪边界层充分分离,形成马蹄形旋涡,马蹄形旋涡和桩侧流线压缩导致筒裙上游两侧约45°圆心角位置剪切流速最大,筒裙和锚枝的设置保护了该位置床面土体,使得最大冲刷深度位置位于锚枝之间。当KC采用KCs,p,且KCs,p<8时,修正Raaijmakers模型预测的平衡冲刷深度Seq'与计算值具有较好的一致性,当KCs,p>8时,预测值与试验值之间的误差变大,修正Raaijmakers模型过分估计了平衡冲刷深度。当KCrms,a<4,n=10时,修正Myrhaug平衡冲刷深度预测模型预测效果最好。     

A novel PVT/PTC/ORC solar power system with PV totally immersed in transparent organic fluid

A novel hybrid PVT/parabolic trough concentrator (PTC)/organic Rankine cycle (ORC) solar power system integrated with underground heat exchanger has been proposed. The evaporator unit consists of a transparent flat PVT solar collector and a PTC connected in series. The first transparent solar collector has transparent covers and consists of solar cells totally immersed within a pressurized transparent organic fluid that allows the solar radiation to reach the solar cells, cools them effectively, and captures all thermal losses from the solar cells. The second concentrator is a conventional one with opaque black receiver used to reheat the transparent organic fluid to higher temperatures. Both solar collectors (the PVT and PTC) perform as the boiler and superheater for the ORC. The performance of the proposed system is investigated by a steady‐state mathematical model. The results show that, at design conditions, the efficiency of the PV modules stabilizes around 12%, absorber efficiency varies within 64% to 75%, and the ORC efficiency varies within 7% to 17%.     

A coal-fired power plant integrated with biomass co-firing and CO2 capture for zero carbon emission

A promising scheme for coal-fired power plants in which biomass co-firing and carbon dioxide capture technologies are adopted and the low-temperature waste heat from the CO₂ capture process is recycled to heat the condensed water to achieve zero carbon emission is proposed in this paper. Based on a 660 MW supercritical coal-fired power plant, the thermal performance, emission performance, and economic performance of the proposed scheme are evaluated. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to show the effects of several key parameters on the performance of the proposed system. The results show that when the biomass mass mixing ratio is 15.40% and the CO₂ capture rate is 90%, the CO₂ emission of the coal-fired power plant can reach zero, indicating that the technical route proposed in this paper can indeed achieve zero carbon emission in coal-fired power plants. The net thermal efficiency decreases by 10.31%, due to the huge energy consumption of the CO₂ capture unit. Besides, the cost of electricity (COE) and the cost of CO₂ avoided (COA) of the proposed system are 80.37 $/MWh and 41.63 $/tCO₂, respectively. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that with the energy consumption of the reboiler decreasing from 3.22 GJ/tCO₂ to 2.40 GJ/ tCO₂, the efficiency penalty is reduced to 8.67%. This paper may provide reference for promoting the early realization of carbon neutrality in the power generation industry.     

Combustion technology developments in power generation in response to environmental challenges

Combustion system development in power generation is discussed ranging from the pre-environmental era in which the objectives were complete combustion with a minimum of excess air and the capability of scale up to increased boiler unit performances, through the environmental era (1970–), in which reduction of combustion generated pollution was gaining increasing importance, to the present and near future in which a combination of clean combustion and high thermodynamic efficiency is considered to be necessary to satisfy demands for CO₂ emissions mitigation.

From the 1970s on, attention has increasingly turned towards emission control technologies for the reduction of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, the so-called acid rain precursors. By a better understanding of the NO_x formation and destruction mechanisms in flames, it has become possible to reduce significantly their emissions via combustion process modifications, e.g. by maintaining sequentially fuel-rich and fuel-lean combustion zones in a burner flame or in the combustion chamber, or by injecting a hydrocarbon rich fuel into the NO_x bearing combustion products of a primary fuel such as coal.

Sulfur capture in the combustion process proved to be more difficult because calcium sulfate, the reaction product of SO₂ and additive lime, is unstable at the high temperature of pulverized coal combustion. It is possible to retain sulfur by the application of fluidized combustion in which coal burns at much reduced combustion temperatures. Fluidized bed combustion is, however, primarily intended for the utilization of low grade, low volatile coals in smaller capacity units, which leaves the task of sulfur capture for the majority of coal fired boilers to flue gas desulfurization.

During the last decade, several new factors emerged which influenced the development of combustion for power generation. CO₂ emission control is gaining increasing acceptance as a result of the international greenhouse gas debate. This is adding the task of raising the thermodynamic efficiency of the power generating cycle to the existing demands for reduced pollutant emission. Reassessments of the long-term availability of natural gas, and the development of low NO_x and highly efficient gas turbine–steam combined cycles made this mode of power generation greatly attractive also for base load operation.

However, the real prize and challenge of power generation R&D remains to be the development of highly efficient and clean coal-fired systems. The most promising of these include pulverized coal combustion in a supercritical steam boiler, pressurized fluid bed combustion without or with topping combustion, air heater gas turbine-steam combined cycle, and integrated gasification combined cycle. In the longer term, catalytic combustion in gas turbines and coal gasification-fuel cell systems hold out promise for even lower emissions and higher thermodynamic cycle efficiency. The present state of these advanced power-generating cycles together with their potential for application in the near future is discussed, and the key role of combustion science and technology as a guide in their continuing development highlighted.     

Environmental assessment and extended exergy analysis of a “zero CO2 emission”, high-efficiency steam power plant

Aim of this paper is to analyze the performance of an innovative high-efficiency steam power plant by means of two “life cycle approach” methodologies, the life cycle assessment (LCA) and the “extended exergy analysis” (EEA).

The plant object of the analysis is a hydrogen-fed steam power plant in which the H₂ is produced by a “zero CO₂ emission” coal gasification process (the ZECOTECH^© cycle). The CO₂ capture system is a standard humid-CaO absorbing process and produces CaCO₃ as a by-product, which is then regenerated to CaO releasing the CO₂ for a downstream mineral sequestration process.

The steam power plant is based on an innovative combined-cycle process: the hydrogen is used as a fuel to produce high-temperature, medium-pressure steam that powers the steam turbine in the topping section, whose exhaust is used in a heat recovery boiler to feed a traditional steam power plant.

The environmental performance of the ZECOTECH^© cycle is assessed by comparison with four different processes: power plant fed by H₂ from natural gas steam reforming, two conventional coal- and natural gas power plants and a wind power plant.     

Hybrid clean energy technologies for power generation from sub-bituminous coals: a case of 250 MW unit

Major re-thinking is required on the conventional pulverized fuel conversion route of power generation wherein the ash and mineral burden in coals is transported through the entire flow passage of the boiler. For high-ash fuels, this has to be contained and the boiler must be clear of all mineral matter. The two independent clean coal candidate technologies for efficiency enhancement and emission controls – ultra-supercritical cycle (USC) and integrated gasification with combined cycle (IGCC) – both have limitations in adaptation to high-ash coals. While the USC is limited by the steam temperature up to 600°C (commercial scale) (700°C pilot scale) and boiler tube failure risks, IGCC is limited to high-quality fuels like diesel, naphtha, etc. (commercial scale) and high-grade coals (pre-commercial scale). The hybridization of the two technologies in their current form (ultra-supercritical cycle with gasification conversion) and carbon capture and storage (CCS) together with solar energy (solar thermal and solar photovoltaic) integration presents possibilities for immediate application to low-grade sub-bituminous coals to achieve the clean technology goals. The energy efficiency of the hybrid system is around 44.45%, which is of the order of the USC with pulverized coal combustion. But the predominant benefits of a clean operation override. The benefits are reduction in CO₂ generation from 0.86 to 0.70 kg/kWh and reduction in ash expelled from 0.20–0.24 to 0.12–0.18 kg/kWh besides elimination of dispersion of ash around the power station and facilitating CCS.     

Progress and prospects of innovative coal-fired power plants within the energy internet

The development of electrical engineering and electronic, communications, smart power grid, and ultra-high voltage transmission technologies have driven the energy system revolution to the next generation: the energy internet. Progressive penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources into the energy system has led to unprecedented challenges to the currently wide use of coal-fired power generation technologies. Here, the applications and prospects of advanced coal-fired power generation technologies are analyzed. These technologies can be summarized into three categories: (1) large-scale and higher parameters coal-fired power generation technologies, including 620/650/700 °C ultra-supercritical thermal power and double reheat ultra-supercritical coal-fired power generation technologies; (2) system innovation and specific, high- efficiency thermal cycles, which consist of renewable energy-aided coal-fired power generation technologies, a supercritical CO₂ Brayton cycle for coal-fired power plants, large-scale air-cooling coal-fired power plant technologies, and innovative layouts for waste heat utilization and enhanced energy cascade utilization; (3) coal-fired power generation combined with poly-generation technologies, which are represented by integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) technologies. Concerning the existing coal-fired power units, which are responsible for peak shaving, possible strategies for enhancing flexibility and operational stability are discussed. Furthermore, future trends for coal-fired power plants coupled with cyber-physical system (CPS) technologies are introduced. The development of advanced, coal-fired power generation technologies demonstrates the progress of science and is suitable for the sustainable development of human society.     

Prediction of cost and emission from Indian coal-fired power plants with CO2 capture and storage using artificial intelligence techniques

Coal-fired power plants are one of the most important targets with respect to reduction of CO₂ emissions. The reasons for this are that coal-fired power plants offer localized large point sources (LPS) of CO₂ and that the Indian power sector contributes to roughly half of all-India CO₂ emissions. CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) can be implemented in these power plants for long-term decarbonisation of the Indian economy. In this paper, two artificial intelligence (AI) techniques—adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and multi gene genetic programming (MGGP) are used to model Indian coal-fired power plants with CO₂ capture. The data set of 75 power plants take the plant size, the capture type, the load and the CO₂ emission as the input and the COE and annual CO₂ emissions as the output. It is found that MGGP is more suited to these applications with an R² value of more than 99% between the predicted and actual values, as against the ~96% correlation for the ANFIS approach. MGGP also gives the traditionally expected results in sensitivity analysis, which ANFIS fails to give. Several other parameters in the base plant and CO₂ capture unit may be included in similar studies to give a more accurate result. This is because MGGP gives a better perspective toward qualitative data, such as capture type, as compared to ANFIS.     

某电厂循环流化床锅炉热力学分析

提高CFB锅炉机组燃煤效率是洁净煤电站优化运行的目标。通过对唐山开滦东方发电有限责任公司(简称东方电厂)490t/h CFB锅炉系统热平衡和火用平衡计算及结果分析,研究热效率、火用效率、传热火用损失和燃烧火用损失随锅炉负荷的变化规律。分析表明,降低传热火用损失和燃烧火用损失可有效提高锅炉机组的火用效率,而降低排烟热损失可有效提高锅炉机组的热效率。研究结果可为CFB锅炉机组的优化设计和经济运行提供科学依据。     

Performance of hydrogen and power co-generation system based on chemical looping hydrogen generation of coal

An integrated hydrogen and power co-generation system based on slurry-feed coal gasification and chemical looping hydrogen generation (CLH) was proposed with Shenhua coal as fuel and Fe₂O₃/MgAl₂O₄ as an oxygen carrier. The sensitivity analyses of the main units of the system were carried out respectively to optimize the parameters. The syngas can be converted completely in the fuel reactor, and both of the fuel reactor and steam reactor can maintain heat balance. The purity of hydrogen produced after water condensation is 100%. The energy and exergy analyses of the proposed system were studied. Pinch technology was adopted to get a reasonable design of the heat transfer network, and it is found pinch point appears at the hot side temperature of 224.7 °C. At the given status of the proposed system, the hydrogen yield is 1040.11 kg·h⁻¹ and the CO₂ capture rate is 94.56%. At the same time, its energy and exergy efficiencies are 46.21% and 47.22%, respectively. According to exergy analysis, the degree of exergy destruction is ranked. The gasifier unit has the most serious exergy destruction, followed by chemical looping hydrogen generation unit and the heat recovery steam generator unit.     

A comparison of electricity and hydrogen production systems with CO2 capture and storage—Part B: Chain analysis of promising CCS options

Promising electricity and hydrogen production chains with CO₂ capture, transport and storage (CCS) and energy carrier transmission, distribution and end-use are analysed to assess (avoided) CO₂ emissions, energy production costs and CO₂ mitigation costs. For electricity chains, the performance is dominated by the impact of CO₂ capture, increasing electricity production costs with 10–40% up to 4.5–6.5 €ct/kWh. CO₂ transport and storage in depleted gas fields or aquifers typically add another 0.1–1 €ct/kWh for transport distances between 0 and 200 km. The impact of CCS on hydrogen costs is small. Production and supply costs range from circa 8 €/GJ for the minimal infrastructure variant in which hydrogen is delivered to CHP units, up to 20 €/GJ for supply to households. Hydrogen costs for the transport sector are between 14 and 16 €/GJ for advanced large-scale coal gasification units and reformers, and over 20 €/GJ for decentralised membrane reformers. Although the CO₂ price required to induce CCS in hydrogen production is low in comparison to most electricity production options, electricity production with CCS generally deserves preference as CO₂ mitigation option. Replacing natural gas or gasoline for hydrogen produced with CCS results in mitigation costs over 100 €/t CO₂, whereas CO₂ in the power sector could be reduced for costs below 60 €/t CO₂ avoided.