塔式熔盐吸热器热效率计算数值研究

本文论述了拟建的100MW塔式光热电站熔盐吸热器热损失主要组成项:辐射热损失、对流热损失及导热热损失,其中辐射热损失可由公式直接算出,由于本项目计算的雷诺数大,对流热损失关联式已不适用,故采用数值模拟方法进行对流热损失计算.分析了吸热器外壁温、环境风速、环境温度对换热系数的影响,计算出本项目的吸热器热效率.     

考虑环境风时碟式太阳能热发电系统用腔式吸热器的热性能模拟

吸热器是碟式太阳能热发电系统中集热系统的关键部件，为了探究环境因素对吸热器热性能的影响，利用光线追踪和数值计算的方法，在考虑环境风的情况下，对腔式吸热器进行了不同工况时的热性能模拟，讨论分析了太阳高度角、环境风风向、风速及传热工质进口状态对腔式吸热器热性能的影响。结果表明：太阳高度角越小，腔式吸热器对流热损失越大；随着环境风风向角的增大，无论风速如何，腔式吸热器的热损失都呈现先减小后增大的趋势，当风向角为135°时的热损失最小，风向角小于45°时的热损失较大；任何风向下，腔式吸热器的热损失都随着环境风风速的增大而增大，且在0°和45°风向角下，腔式吸热器对于风速变化较为敏感；传热工质进口流量的增加会提升腔式吸热器的热性能，进口温度的提高则会降低腔式吸热器的热性能，且对其影响的规律呈线性。     

槽式集热器真空集热管传热特性研究

通过分析太阳能槽式集热器真空集热管的热性能,建立了槽式集热器真空集热管稳态传热模型,通过和典型实验数据对比,验证该模型的适用性和准确性。在此基础上,分析在无光照条件下,吸热管内壁温度、环境温度、风速和集热管残存气体种类等因素对集热管热损失的影响。结果表明：吸热管内壁温度的升高会增大玻璃管外壁温度和集热管热损失;环境温度和风速对玻璃管外壁温度有显著影响,但对热损失的影响甚微;吸热管与玻璃管之间以辐射传热为主,对流换热受环形区域残存气体种类和压力的影响。     

超临界二氧化碳太阳能腔式吸热器数值模拟研究

针对太阳能碟式聚光器,设计了一种工质为超临界二氧化碳的圆台形腔式吸热器,建立了腔式吸热器的光热模型。采用蒙特卡洛光线追踪法分析了腔式吸热器的光学特性,并基于相关理论,将热边界条件导入Ansys Fluent软件中,对腔式吸热器的光学特性及流动传热特性进行了计算流体力学(CFD)仿真模拟,得到腔式吸热器内工质出口温度、工质流动压降、光学效率、热效率以及散热损失随着工质进口温度(100～200℃)和太阳光辐射强度(400～1 200 W/m²)的变化规律。结果表明：不同太阳光辐射强度下,吸热器的光学效率基本不变;太阳光辐射强度对腔式吸热器热效率的影响不明显;工质进口温度越高,吸热器的热效率越低;腔式吸热器散热损失中,自然对流散热损失最大,其次是辐射散热损失及导热散热损失。     

槽式太阳能新型腔式吸热器的热性能研究

提出一种适用于抛物槽集热器的新型太阳能腔式吸热器,该装置具有较高的集热效率,同时连接安装和日常运行维护也相对便利。对其建立一套三维传热模型,并搭建采用新型腔式吸热器的抛物槽集热器实验系统,通过实验测试对比吸热器瞬时效率,验证模型的准确性。此外,定量分析不同环境参数与工作参数对新型腔式吸热器热性能的影响,结果表明:集热效率随着法向直接日射辐照度、环境温度的升高而增加,随着环境风速和吸热器入口传热流体温度的升高而降低,而受传热流体质量流量的影响较小。     

抛物槽式太阳能吸热管热损失研究

利用稳态平衡的方法测出了抛物槽式太阳能吸热管的热损,并拟合出了公式,为吸热管热性能提供了重要参数。分析计算了吸热管端部保温部分热损失以及金属管的膨胀量、风速和环境温度对热损的影响,结果表明:吸热管端部热损比较大,占总热损7.3%~9.1%,在槽式太阳能热发电站运行时也应该做好端部的保温;吸热管温度越高,热损越大;风速越大,环境温度越高,热损越大,但风速和环境温度影响较小;热损随着金属管的膨胀量的增大而减小,但是热损变化微乎其微,可以不加考虑。     

基于红外测温的双盘式浮顶储油罐散热损失分布规律研究

采用红外热像仪、表面温度计等对双盘式浮顶储油罐的表面温度场进行测试。结果表明:罐顶表面温度呈轴对称分布,径向温度梯度远高于周向,且距离罐中心越远,表面温度越高。油蒸汽挥发导致浮顶和罐壁间的一二次密封处散热损失明显升高,使其成为罐顶表面温度最高的区域。浮舱隔板、桁架和椽子等结构形成了热桥,使局部位置的表面温度升高,增大了罐顶的散热损失。罐壁周向表面温度梯度低于轴向,并且受油温影响较大,在罐壁保温结构的结合部位、局部保温结构破损位置的表面温度较高,散热损失较大。基于表面温度法,结合环境温度和风速测试结果,采用强迫对流换热关联式计算得到储罐不同部位的散热损失。结果表明:对于双盘式浮顶储油罐,罐顶散热损失最大,约占储罐总散热损失的67%,罐壁散热损失约占25%,罐底散热损失约占8%。     

火电厂直接空冷系统风洞热效应模拟实验研究

将空冷凝汽器模型内通恒定温度的热水构成热循环系统,在低速风洞中首次同时模拟了空气动力学、轴流风机的强迫对流以及热空气的浮力效应在内的复杂流动与热动力学耦合问题.提出影响空冷凝汽器散热效果的回流率的概念,探求来流条件的变化对空冷岛底部平均回流率的影响,并进行相应的PIV测速实验.结果发现,空冷岛底部平均回流率随着风速的增大而增大;不同风速的条件下,空冷岛底部平均回流率随风向角的变化趋势基本一致,并且风向为西风、西南风和西北风附近时空冷岛底部平均回流率较大;增加挡风墙高度可以降低空冷岛底部平均回流率,并且风墙高度为14.64 m时平均回流率最小.     

环境风下不同开口率圆柱形腔体复合热损失特性实验

建立圆柱形腔体热损失性能测试实验台,固定腔体倾角为45°,采用电加热方式对腔体底面和侧面同时加热,探讨有环境风条件时,不同开口率圆柱形腔体在不同风速、风向角下的复合热损失特性,获得混合对流热损失努塞尔特数Nuc和辐射热损失努塞尔特数Nur的拟合关联式,并分析实验过程中的不确定度。结果表明,在有风条件下,对部分开口的圆柱形腔体,对流热损失和辐射热损失随开口率OR的增大而增加,导热热损失随开口率OR的增大而减少;各项热损失随风向角的变化较受开口率的影响要小;开口率增大时,Nuc和Nur均增加;风速增大时,Nuc增加,而Nur减小。     

闷晒式全玻璃真空管太阳能热水器

太阳能热水器主要由集热器与水箱两部分组成。集热器把太阳能转变为热能,靠自然对流或强迫对流把热能储存在水箱中,并有效地防止热损失。评价太阳能热水器性能的好坏,主要看集热器吸热量的多少和水箱散热损失的多少。集热器的吸热量越多,水箱的散热损失越少,其性能越好。不管是平板型的太阳能热水器,还是真空管     

Heat transfer performance of an external receiver pipe under unilateral concentrated solar radiation

The heat transfer and absorption characteristics of an external receiver pipe under unilateral concentrated solar radiation are theoretically investigated. Since the heat loss ratio of the infrared radiation has maximum at moderate energy flux, the heat absorption efficiency will first increase and then decrease with the incident energy flux. The local absorption efficiency will increase with the flow velocity, while the wall temperature drops quickly. Because of the unilateral concentrated solar radiation and different incident angle, the heat transfer is uneven along the circumference. Near the perpendicularly incident region, the wall temperature and absorption efficiency slowly approaches to the maximum, while the absorption efficiency sharply drops near the parallelly incident region. The calculation results show that the heat transfer parameters calculated from the average incident energy flux have a good agreement with the average values of the circumference under different boundary conditions. For the whole pipe with coating of Pyromark, the absorption efficiency of the main region is above 85%, and only the absorption efficiency near the parallelly incident region is below 80%. In general, the absorption efficiency of the whole pipe increases with flow velocity rising and pipe length decreasing, and it approaches to the maximum at optimal concentrated solar flux.     

A new calorimetric facility to investigate radiative‐convective heat exchangers for concentrated solar power applications

A new calorimetric facility for the aerothermal assessment of radiative‐convective heat exchangers in concentrating solar power applications has been developed and is described in this paper. The configuration of volumetric solar receivers enables concentrated sunlight to be absorbed and conducted within their solid volume, from where it is gradually transferred by forced convection to a heat transfer fluid flowing through their structure. Current design trends towards higher thermal conversion efficiencies have led to the use of complex intricate geometries to maximise temperatures deep inside the structure. The work presented aims to aid these objectives by commissioning a new experimental facility for the fully integrated evaluation of such components. The facility is composed of a high‐flux solar simulator that provides 1.2 kW of radiative power, a radiation homogeniser, inlet and outlet collector modules, and a working section that can accommodate volumetric receivers up to 80 mm × 80 mm in aperture. Irradiance levels and flow field nondimensional governing parameters are highly representative of on‐sun experiments at larger scales. Results from experiments with a siliconised silicon carbide monolithic honeycomb are presented, conducted at realistic conditions of incident radiative power per unit mass flow rate to validate its design point operation. Measurements conducted include absorber solid temperature distributions, air inlet and outlet temperatures, pressure drop, incident heat flux, and overall thermal efficiency. The relative influence of different sources of thermal loss is analysed and discussed.     

Optimum outlet temperature of solar collector for maximum work output for an Otto air-standard cycle with ideal regeneration

The optimum solar collector outlet temperature for maximizing the work output for an Otto air-standard cycle with ideal regeneration is investigated. A mathematical model for the energy balance on the solar collector along with the useful work output and the thermal efficiency of the Otto air-standard cycle with ideal regeneration is developed. The optimum solar collector outlet temperature for maximum work output is determined. The effect of radiative and convective heat losses from the solar collector, on the optimum outlet temperature is presented. The results reveal that the highest solar collector outlet temperature and, therefore, greatest Otto cycle efficiency and work output can be attained with the lowest values of radiative and convective heat losses. Moreover, high cycle work output (as a fraction of absorbed solar energy) and high efficiency of an Otto heat engine with ideal regeneration, driven by a solar collector system, can be attained with low compression ratio.     

Exergetic optimization for solar heat receiver with heat loss and viscous dissipation

The exergetic efficiency of heat receiver in solar thermal power system is optimized by considering the heat loss outside the receiver and fluid viscous dissipation inside the receiver. The physical models of heat loss and pumping power consumption for solar heat receiver are first proposed, and associated exergetic efficiency is further induced. As the flow velocity rises, the pumping power consumption and heat absorption efficiency significantly rises, and the maximum absorption efficiency and optimal incident energy flux also increase. Along the flow direction of solar receiver, the exergy flux increment and the flow exergy loss almost linearly increase, while the exergetic efficiency varies very slowly at high flow velocity. According to the exergetic efficiency loss from flow viscou’s dissipation, the exergetic efficiency of solar heat receiver will first increase and then decrease with the flow velocity. Because of the coupling effects of heat absorption efficiency and exergetic efficiency from fluid internal energy, the exergetic efficiency of solar heat receiver will approach to the maximum at proper inlet temperature. As a result, the exergetic efficiency of solar heat receiver will reach the maximum at optimal inlet temperature, incident energy flux and flow velocity.     

环境条件的改变对管簇结构腔体式吸收器热损的影响

分析了槽形抛物聚光集热器中管簇结构腔体式吸收器的热物理特性，依据其热阻网络、太阳能一般性控制方程对热损和所受边界条件的影响作了数值分析。     

Numerical investigation of parabolic trough receiver performance with outer vacuum shell

The useful heat gain of a parabolic collector system is directly dependent on the heat loss from the absorber at its operating temperature. Selective coatings with evacuated/non evacuated glass tubes are employed to control radiative and convective heat losses. A concentric glass shell under vacuum is investigated for its thermal performance as this method circumvents the need for direct sealing between the glass envelope and the metal receiver to maintain vacuum and its related technical challenges. The performance is compared against a non evacuated receiver and its influence under different wind velocities; emissivities are calculated by a one dimensional theoretical model and solved by an iterative method.     

Heat transfer performance and exergetic optimization for solar receiver pipe

The basic physical model of solar receiver pipe with solar selective coating is established, and associated heat transfer and exergetic performances are analyzed and optimized. Because of the heat losses of natural convection and infrared radiation, the energy absorption efficiency has a maximum at optimal incident energy flux. As the pipe radius decreases or flow velocity rises, the wall temperature drops for higher heat transfer coefficient, while the heat absorption efficiency increases. Along the flow direction, the heat absorption efficiency almost linearly decreases, while the exergetic efficiency will first increase and then decrease. As the inlet temperature rises, the heat absorption efficiency of the solar receiver pipe decreases, while the exergetic efficiency of absorbed energy obviously increases, so the exergetic efficiency of incident energy will reach maximum at the optimal inlet temperature. Additionally, the maximum exergetic efficiency of incident energy and optimal inlet temperature both increase with flow velocity.     

Numerical analysis of convective heat loss from a cylindrical–hemispherical receiver using a glass cover and an air curtain

It is imperative to mitigate the convective heat loss from the receiver to improve the overall efficiency of the parabolic dish concentrator. In this study, the reductions of convective heat loss from the cylindrical-hemispherical receiver are numerically analyzed and the model was validated by the experimental data from literature. In the first case, the impact of the glass cover on convective heat loss is examined under conditions of both natural and forced convections at various receiver orientations (γ = 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°). Numerical results clearly demonstrate that the use of a glass cover significantly reduces the intrusion of surrounding air into the receiver cavity which leads to an enhancement of the stagnation zone inside the cavity and, as a consequence, a noticeable reduction in convective heat loss is observed. To perform analysis of the receiver with glass cover under forced convective condition, the wind velocities over the receiver are considered in the range of 1–6 m/s. The maximum reduction of convective heat loss using the glass cover is achieved to be 58.44% with wind velocity of 5 m/s at γ = 60°. In the second case, the influence of air curtain at the receiver aperture under natural convective heat loss conditions is analyzed. The analysis incorporates three variables: receiver orientation (γ = 0°–60°), nozzle width ( $L_{\mathrm{noz}}$ = 0.002–0.004 m), and nozzle outlet velocity ( $V_{\mathrm{noz}}$ = 0.5–3.5 m/s). The results show that the air curtain minimizes the outflow of receiver inside air and results in an improvement in the stagnation zone inside the cavity. The maximum effectiveness of the air curtain is found to be 43.2% at nozzle width of $L_{\mathrm{noz}}$ = 0.004 m and nozzle velocity of $V_{\mathrm{noz}}$ = 1.5 m/s at receiver orientation of 60°. It is also noteworthy that the optimal nozzle velocity decreases with the increase of nozzle widths.     

Investigations on heat losses from a solar cavity receiver

Thermal as well as optical losses affect the performance of a solar parabolic dish-cavity receiver system. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. In this paper, an experimental and numerical study of the steady state convective losses occurring from a downward facing cylindrical cavity receiver of length 0.5 m, internal diameter of 0.3 m and a wind skirt diameter of 0.5 m is carried out. The experiments are conducted for fluid inlet temperatures between 50 °C and 75 °C and for receiver inclination angles of 0° (side ways facing cavity), 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° (vertically downward facing receiver). The numerical study is performed for fluid inlet temperatures between 50 °C and 300 °C and receiver inclinations of 0°, 45° and 90° using the Fluent CFD software. The experimental and the numerical convective loss estimations agree reasonably well with a maximum deviation of about 14%. It is found that the convective loss increases with mean receiver temperature and decreases with increase in receiver inclination. Nusselt number correlations are proposed for two receiver fluid inlet temperature ranges, 50-75 °C and 100-300 °C, based on the experimental and predicted data respectively. Besides no-wind tests, investigations are also carried out to study the effects of external wind at two different velocities in two directions (head-on and side-on). The wind induced convective losses are generally higher than the no-wind convective loss (varying between 22% and 75% for 1 m/s wind speed and between 30% and 140% for the 3 m/s wind speed) at all receiver inclination angles, the only exception being the loss due to side-on wind at 0° receiver inclination angle. This is because the wind acts as a barrier at the aperture preventing the hot air to flow out of the receiver. The head-on wind causes higher convective loss than the side-on wind. Nusselt number correlations proposed in this work are compared with the existing correlations in the literature. It is found that the correlations available in literature under-predict the convective losses at mean receiver temperatures between 100 °C and 300 °C. This is due to the fact that the correlations are developed for certain receiver geometries having the ratio of aperture diameter to receiver diameter equal to or lesser than one.     

Experimental and numerical investigation on solar parabolic trough collector integrated with thermal energy storage unit

Solar parabolic trough collector (PTC) is the best recognized and commercial‐industrial‐scale, high temperature generation technology available today, and studies to assess its performance will add further impetus in improving these systems. The present work deals with numerical and experimental investigations to study the performance of a small‐scale solar PTC integrated with thermal energy storage system. Aperture area of PTC is 7.5 m², and capacity of thermal energy storage is 60 L. Paraffin has been used as phase change material and water as heat transfer fluid, which also acts as sensible heat storage medium. Experiments have been carried out to investigate the effect of mass flow rate on useful heat gain, thermal efficiency and energy collected/stored. A numerical model has been developed for the receiver/heat collecting element (HCE) based on one dimensional heat transfer equations to study temperature distribution, heat fluxes and thermal losses. Partial differential equations (PDE) obtained from mass and energy balance across HCE are discretized for transient conditions and solved for real time solar flux density values and other physical conditions of the present system. Convective and radiative heat transfers occurring in the HCE are also accounted in this study. Performance parameters obtained from this model are compared with experimental results, and it is found that agreement is good within 10% deviations. These deviations could be due to variations in incident solar radiation fed as input to the numerical model. System thermal efficiency is mainly influenced by heat gain and solar flux density whereas thermal loss is significantly influenced by concentrated solar radiation, receiver tube temperature and heat gained by heat transfer fluid. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.