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为探讨湖库型饮用水源地水体重金属的分布特征及引起的人体健康风险,以云南中部某水库饮用水源地水体为研究对象,基于当地生态环境监测部门2019—2021年水质监测数据,分析了研究区库区和入库河流水体中8种重金属Zn、Pb、Fe、Cd、Mn、Cr6+、As、Hg的质量浓度和分布特征,并运用美国环境保护署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型进行人体健康风险评价。结果表明:2019—2021年研究区库区和入库河流水体中均未检出Hg、Cr6+、Pb和Cd,但Zn、As、Fe和Mn均有不同程度检出,且检出质量浓度高值集中在入库河流,入库河流水体重金属质量浓度高值出现在丰水期,库区重金属质量浓度高值出现在枯水期,其中Fe、Mn质量浓度最大值超过我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2022)和《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类水标准限值;经饮水途径,非致癌重金属Pb、Hg、Zn、Fe和Mn对成人和儿童的年健康风险均值处于10-10/a水平,为无风险;致癌重金属As、Cd和Cr6+对成人的... 相似文献
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为研究湘江流域水体重金属污染水平及对人体健康的危害,选取2000—2016年全流域26个监测站点,分析了Hg、Zn、Cu、As、Cr6+、Pb、Cd共7种重金属时空分布特征,利用综合污染指数评价法分析重金属的污染水平,并采用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对健康风险作了初步评价。结果表明:时间上,基于综合污染指数法及MK趋势分析可知流域水质状况良好且逐年改善;空间上,流域水质上游较中下游好,重金属高浓度值主要分布在中下游。健康风险评价结果表明:流域致癌重金属平均个人健康风险值表现为As>Cr6+>Cd,非致癌物重金属平均个人健康风险值表现为Pb>Cu>Zn>Hg,流域主要受致癌物风险影响。As、Cr6+是产生水体健康风险的主要来源且儿童受到的健康风险远高于成人。 相似文献
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以Hg、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu和Cr为研究对象,采用内梅罗综合污染指数法、Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法以及健康风险评价模型,揭示渭河流域渭南段水体重金属污染特征、生态风险和健康危害风险.结果表明:Hg、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu和Cr共6种重金属浓度均在《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅰ—Ⅲ类标准限... 相似文献
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在武汉东湖采集9种水生植物及其对应水样、根区沉积物样,采用微波消解—ICP-MS(Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,电感耦合等离子体质谱)测定其重金属(Cd ,Zn, As,Cu ,Co ,Pb, Mn, Cr, Ni)的含量,分析了9种重金属在植物体内的分布现状及各部位对重金属的富集能力。结果表明水生植物对各种重金属的吸收状况呈Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>As>Co>Cd的一致性,不同植物各部位对重金属的富集能力表现为根>茎>叶。水生植物对重金属的富集能力表现为沉水植物>浮水植物>挺水植物。金鱼藻、青萍和水葫芦对重金属富集系数较大,可作为水体修复植物,净化被重金属Mn,Zn,Cd复合污染的水体。 相似文献
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《人民珠江》2016,(10)
对2014年渤海湾西南部近岸海域共16个采样站位7种重金属的含量分布特征进行了研究,分别测定了各采样站位中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的含量,并作了质量控制。利用潜在生态危害指数法对其污染状况进行了评价,结果表明:该海域表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr和Hg含量的平均值均高于渤海沉积物重金属背景值。沉积物中重金属单元素平均含量潜在生态风险指数中Cd和As的风险等级已经达到"中等",其他重金属元素的潜在生态风险等级"较低";综合潜在生态风险等级属于"中等",港区附近海域的风险等级相对较高。因此,建议加强港口作业区海洋环境环境保护,减少污染物排放量。表层沉积物中重金属和TOC相关性分析表明:该研究海域表层沉积物中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和As相互之间有一定的同源性,TOC对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和As分布具有一定的影响。 相似文献
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为了查明盐城滨海平原区地下水质量状况,选择具有代表性的267个地下水井,检测了33项化学指标,利用单指标综合评价和影响因素识别相结合的方法研究了本区地下水的质量现状,并同时给出毒理学指标的饮水途径健康风险以供参考。结果表明:一般化学指标对本区地下水质量影响程度最高,原生指标中钠离子、铁、锰、氯化物、溶解性总固体、碘化物,砷化物对超Ⅲ类水单指标贡献率超过20%,污染指标中氨氮贡献率最大,为8%,重金属指标对区域地下水质量影响很小;化学致癌物As、Cd和Cr中,As的健康风险值最大,各含水层所致健康危害风险值数量级在10~(-5)~10~(-3)a~(-1),为研究区首要的环境健康风险管理控制指标;化学非致癌物亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、氟化物中,氟化物的健康风险最大,其数量级在10~(-8)~10~(-6)a~(-1),深层地下水和浅层地下水样品中超过USEPA(1×10~(-4)a~(-1))最大可接受风险的比例分别为82%和88%;重金属指标汞、锰、铜、锌和铅的健康危害风险值均较小,绝大部分都低于10~(-6)a~(-1),其中锰和铅的健康风险值相对较高。开展地下水质量和毒理指标的健康风险评价,可为本区地下水资源的合理开采利用和保护提供参考。 相似文献
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阳宗海表层沉积物中的重金属生态风险评估 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对从阳宗海湖底表层采集的25组沉积物样品中的10种重金属质量比进行分析,结果表明,Ti、Mn、Zn、V、Cr、Cu、Ni、Co、Pb和As的质量比平均值均超过了当地土壤背景值。而重金属系统聚类分析表明,Zn、Cr、Pb、As高度相关,其污染主要由于人类活动造成;Ti、Mn、V、Cu、Ni、Co的分布特征相似,其污染原因以岩石风化等自然因素为主。单因子富集系数评价表明,阳宗海10种重金属均达到了中度富集程度,其中As、Cu、Cr富集程度较为突出。用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价阳宗海表层沉积物中重金属的生态风险,结果表明,阳宗海表层沉积物中重金属的生态风险总体属轻微程度,阳宗海南岸局部区域达到中等生态风险程度。几种重金属对阳宗海生态风险的贡献由大到小依次为As、Cu、Co、Ni、Pb、Cr、V、Zn、Mn、Ti,其中,As是阳宗海最突出的生态风险因子。 相似文献
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对三门峡水库水体和表层沉积物样品中重金属元素Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Pb和Hg进行测定,利用健康风险评价法、地累积指数法和潜在风险评价指数法评价了库区重金属污染现状。结果表明:水体中各重金属含量均满足水环境质量二类标准;化学致癌物质As造成的年均健康风险为1.43×10~(-5)~1.41×10~(-4),最大值超过国际辐射防护委员会推荐标准,对人身健康已经构成潜在威胁,其他重金属暂不构成健康危害;沉积物中Cr、Cu、Pb和Hg的含量均满足国标规定的土壤环境质量二级标准(维护人体健康的限制值),Ni、As和Cd的含量均满足三级标准(保障农林业生产和植物正常生长的临界值);地累积指数评价结果显示沉积物中重金属Hg和Cd均达到中等污染水平,其他元素为轻微污染或无污染水平;潜在风险指数法评价显示,重金属造成的潜在生态危害总值RI为250.00~355.11,达到了强污染水平,其中Hg和Cd为主要的贡献因子。 相似文献
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龙江河沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
《人民长江》2021,52(11)
为了解广西龙江河表层沉积物中重金属的污染状况,于2018年3月采集12个样点的沉积物样品,测定沉积物中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As的含量和赋存形态,运用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物中重金属的污染程度和生态风险进行评价,并分析了沉积物中重金属的来源。结果表明:(1)除Cr的平均含量近似于背景值外,Cd、 Pb、As、Zn、Cu的平均含量分别为背景值的57.88,7.12,6.30,4.19,2.17倍。(2) Cr和As以残渣态为主;Zn在中上游碳酸盐结合态含量较高,在下游铁锰氧化物结合态含量较高;Cu和Pb的铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态含量较高;Cd以铁锰氧化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态为主,与2013年相比,铁锰氧化物结合态含量大幅度减少,碳酸盐结合态含量大幅度增加。(3)地累积指数表明,Cr为未污染,Cu为轻度污染,Zn和As为偏中度污染,Pb为中度污染,Cd为严重污染。潜在生态风险指数表明,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr 4种元素均为低生态风险,As和Cd元素生态风险指数较大。(4)沉积物重金属相关性表明,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As 5种元素存在明显同源性。通过沉积物重金属主成分分析,发现第一主成分(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr)的来源为工业源,第二主成分(Cd)的来源为农业活动及采矿活动,第三主成分(As)的来源为矿业活动。 相似文献
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根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。 相似文献
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The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects. 相似文献
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In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment. 相似文献
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V. K. Konovalov O. V. Yashkin V. V. Ermakov 《Power Technology and Engineering (formerly Hydrotechnical Construction)》2008,42(2):105-109
A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed
in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash
and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers
of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional
components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect
dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system,
configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants
of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered.
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Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008). 相似文献
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Peter B. Bayley 《河流研究与利用》1991,6(2):75-86
The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed. 相似文献
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简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式,分析其原因,提出了相应的处理方法及措施,并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。 相似文献