随钻电磁波测井响应时域有限差分数值模拟

应用时域有限差分法研究了随钻电磁波测井在各向异性地层中的响应特性和瞬态传播特性,计算了单轴和双轴电各向异性地层中的随钻电磁波测井响应,分析电各向异性地层参数变化(垂直电导率和水平电导率)、频率变化等对测井响应的影响。研究结果为随钻电磁波测井在电各向异性地层中的响应解释提供了理论基础。     

电成像测井在X6井中的应用

X6井电成像测井测量地层为石炭系和二叠系地层,录井见到良好油气显示,石炭系地层岩性为凝灰岩,二叠系地层岩性为泥岩、砂质泥岩、灰质／白云质泥岩等,均为裂缝性储层。本文论述了电成像测井在X6井石炭系、二叠系地层中有效识别裂缝、确定裂缝发育层段及裂缝参数定量计算中的应用,分析了地层溶蚀情况,确定了该区的地应力方向,研究了X6井井旁构造,在X6井的测井综合评价和地质应用中发挥了重要作用。     

提高上覆地层对比工作效率的研究

为了保证测井资料的解释的质量和工作进度，满足上覆地层对比工作的精度要求，本文建立了一套新测井资料解释及应用双狐软件、direct软件提高对比工作效率，提高对比解释精度，缩短对比工作运转周期，有效地提高上覆地层对比工作的管理水平。     

核磁共振测井基本理论研究与介绍

核磁共振测井是一门全新的技术，它直接测量地层流体中的氢原子信息，可直接得到地层中的孔隙度、渗透率等重要参数信息，不受岩石结构影响，因此一当它成功推出并应用于实际测井过程中，立即被誉为测井技术的神话。经过核磁共振测井已经应用了十多年，但是很多人对核磁共振测井理论还未弄清。文章主要从核磁共振测井基本理论入手，对核磁共振理论进行简要介绍，并对常用的核磁共振测井CPMG序列进行分析与说明。     

基于常规测井曲线频谱分析的多尺度地质分层

测井曲线频谱在地质中有着特殊的意义,也就是测井曲线中的不同频率和尺度的地层进行对应,通过对测井曲线频率与地层关系的探讨,从而对带通滤波建立了多角度的分析体系。对不同地层的分析提供了一定的经验。     

双侧向测井在斜井与水平井中的应用

在直井中,双侧向测井仪所发出的电流面与地层裂缝面之间的夹角,等于地层中裂缝面的倾角。对于水平井和斜井而言,该夹角不等于地层裂缝倾角。由于对双侧向测井响应产生影响的是该夹角,不是地层中的裂缝倾角,所以水平井和斜井的双侧向测井响应可能会出现“假象”。本文得出这两角之间的联系,进而阐明水平井和斜井的双侧向测井曲线响应有时会出现“假象”的原因,并且认为仅根据水平井和斜井的测井响应无法判断裂缝倾角范围,还需要结合其他测井资料。     

浅析油田中测井新技术的应用

我国油田天然气的富集区有许多处在地质条件复杂的地区。其中的不利因素使得常规测井方法对油气储藏的评价精度较低。为了提高测井效果,必须引入先进的测井新技术,本文从陈列感应、核磁共振、地层微电阻率扫描成像等方面浅析油田中测井新技术的应用。     

双侧向测井在水平井与斜井的响应特征与应用

在直井中双侧向测井仪所发出的电流面与地层裂缝面之间的夹角，等于地层中裂缝面的倾角。对于水平井和斜井而言，该夹角不等于地层裂缝倾角。由于对双侧向测井响应产生影响的是该夹角，不是地层中的裂缝倾角，所以水平井和斜井的双侧向测井响应可能会出现“假象”。本文得出这两角之间的联系，进而阐明水平井和斜井的双侧向测井曲线响应有时会出现“假象”的原因，并且认为仅根据水平井和斜井的测井响应无法判断裂缝倾角范围，还需要结合其他测井资料。     

BP神经网络气水识别研究

传统的测井解释技术由于建立在岩石颗粒的均匀排列、孔隙流体均匀分布假定模型基础上,将地层岩性、孔隙率、渗透率等参数作线性研究,致使获得的测井解释结果在大部分复杂地区与地层的真实值不一致。运用测井神经网络,根据测井资料、岩性分析资料、试油资料,可以解决求取地层孔隙率、渗透率、泥质含量、流体饱和度等参数以及进行油气水识别、岩性岩相识别、裂缝识别、水淹层识别、生油岩识别等等。测井神经网络处理解释新技术的兴起和发展,对解决非均质性地层的非线性映射问题具有良好的实用效果。     

多参数吸水剖面组合测井方法研究

油田开发进入中后期,准确掌握注水井各小层的吸水状况能够为油藏综合调整,挖替增效提供可靠的依据。同位素吸水剖面测井已愈来愈不满足实际生产的需求,采用电磁流量计与同位素示踪吸水剖面组合测井能很好地解决诸如地层大孔道以及注聚合物等注入剖面测井难题。在分析测井过程的基础上,提出了多参数组合吸水剖面测井资料解释方法。实例应用表明,多参数组合吸水剖面测井较传统的同位素吸水剖面测井能有效地解决放射性沾污、大孔道等难题,具有良好的应用前景。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...