取向玻璃纤维增强塑料的应力腐蚀开裂研究

应用断裂力学的理论和方法对±30°、±45°、±60°三种取向玻璃纤维增强塑料的应力腐蚀开裂行为进行了研究,并与单向玻璃纤维增强塑料的应力腐蚀开裂行为进行了比较。结果表明,纤维取向对玻璃纤维增强塑料的应力腐蚀行为有很大影响。三种取向玻璃纤维增强塑料的耐应力腐蚀性能强弱顺序为:±30°、±45°、±60°玻璃纤维增强塑料。与单向玻璃纤维增强塑料相比,三种取向玻璃纤维增强塑料有更高的应力腐蚀临界载荷值,低于该载荷,可以认为在可接受的时间范围内不会发生应力腐蚀。进一步的讨论证实纤维/基体界面在取向玻璃纤维增强塑料的应力腐蚀中起着重要作用。随外加载荷的变化,取向玻璃纤维增强塑料与单向玻璃纤维增强塑料的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展机理不同。      

X60钢在硫化氢溶液中的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展研究

输送石油和天然气的X60钢管存在应力腐蚀裂纹扩展的危险.为此,将X60螺旋埋弧焊管试样置于100,500,1000 mg/L的H2S水溶液中,采用改进的楔形张开加载(WOL)试样和恒位移的加载方法进行试验,测定了X60焊接接头在不同环境下的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率.结果表明:在低浓度(100 mg/L)下没有观察到裂纹扩展的情况,说明X60材料具有一定的抗硫化氢应力腐蚀开裂能力;随硫化氢浓度的提高,裂纹扩展速率增大,所以在高浓度硫化氢溶液中,这种材料的硫化氢应力腐蚀开裂情况仍需特别注意.     

冷却剂加锌对316LN应力腐蚀性能影响

目的 在模拟压水堆一回路水化学环境中开展加锌对316LN应力腐蚀开裂行为研究，获得加锌对316LN腐蚀影响特性。方法 通过直流电位降方法获得316LN在不加锌和加锌水化学中的裂纹扩展速率，对比分析不同应力强度因子下加锌对316LN裂纹扩展速率影响，利用扫描电镜、透射电镜分别对316LN应力腐蚀断口形貌以及裂纹尖端元素分布进行观察和分析。结果 在不加锌水溶液中，应力强度因子K=38.5MPa·m1/2，裂纹扩展速率为2.80×10-8 mm/s，应力强度因子K=45.5MPa·m1/2，裂纹扩展速率为3.51×10-8 mm/s；在加锌水溶液中，应力强度因子K=38.5MPa·m1/2，裂纹扩展速率为1.29×10-8 mm/s，应力强度因子K=45.5 MPa·m1/2，裂纹扩展速率为1.74×10-8 mm/s；在加锌或不加锌水溶液中，应力强度因子对316LN裂纹扩展速率有促进作用，但在相同应力强度因子下，随锌的加入，316LN裂纹扩展速率降低46.0%～49.5%，使316LN生成保护性更好、韧性更高的氧化膜。结论 冷却剂加锌有利于提高316LN抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力。     

金属腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的近似计算

根据腐蚀疲劳与纯疲劳间的关系 ,利用疲劳学科研究新结果 ,导出了腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的近似计算表达式 ,并给出了计算示例。结果表明 ,该近似表达式适用于A型腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的计算。关键词　腐蚀疲劳　裂纹扩展速率　应力腐蚀　有效强度因子     

基于灰色理论的高强铝合金应力腐蚀开裂预测模型的建立与应用

采用3.5%NaC1溶液中预制裂纹的方法测试了2124高强铝合金的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展长度随时间的变化,获得了裂纹扩展速率随腐蚀时间的变换规律及应力腐蚀断裂韧性界限值,并对断口进行分析.根据裂纹扩展的基本规律,运用灰色理论GM(1,1)模型,依据2124铝合金应力腐蚀开裂裂纹扩展长度的原始数据进行了灰色预测,并对预测结果进...     

应力比对航空高强LD2CZ铝合金腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

利用扫描电镜联合液压伺服试验机,并借助于Walker公式研究了应力比对预腐蚀不同时间航空高强LD2CZ铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展的影响,在应力比分别为0．05,0．5,0．7的条件下对预腐蚀0,15,30d的LD2CZ铝合金单边缺口板状试样进行了疲劳加载试验,得到了其疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线,并拟合出了Walker公式中的材料常数。结果表明：裂纹扩展速率会随着应力比的增加以及腐蚀损伤的加深而增大,拟舍得到的Walker公式可用来定量化地表征应力比和腐蚀损伤对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。     

拉压加载下纤维增强铝合金层板疲劳裂纹扩展的压载荷效应与预测模型

基于增量塑性损伤理论与纤维增强金属层板疲劳裂纹扩展唯象方法, 推导出在拉-压循环加载下, 纤维增强金属层板疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型。并通过玻璃纤维增强铝合金层板在应力比R=-1,-2的疲劳裂纹扩展实验对预测模型进行验证。结果表明, 纤维增强铝合金层板疲劳裂纹扩展的压载荷效应分为两种情况: 在有效循环应力比R_C>0时, 表现为压载荷对铝合金层所承受残余拉应力的抵消作用; 当R_C<0时, 表现为压载荷抵消残余拉应力后, 对纤维增强铝合金层板金属层的塑性损伤, 对疲劳裂纹扩展存在促进作用。纤维铝合金层板疲劳裂纹扩展的压载荷效应不可忽略, 本文中得出的在拉-压循环加载下疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型与实验结果符合较好。     

LY12—CZ和LC4—CS铝合金在多种环境中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展

文中对两种常用铝合金LY12—CZ和LC4—CS在各种环境中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率与实验室空气中的数据进行了比较,揭示了不同的腐蚀环境对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。腐蚀环境的参加使两种铝合金的裂纹扩展速率明显加快,其影响的严重程度由重到轻依次为:盐水,盐雾,盐雾+SO_2,潮湿空气。LC4—CS合金比LY12—CZ合金对环境因素表现更为敏感,其疲劳裂纹扩展抗力在腐蚀环境中的降低更为显著。     

直流电压降法应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率在线测定试验系统

介绍了应用直流电压降方法(DCPD)在线测量高温高压水环境中不锈钢应力腐蚀裂纹扩展的原理与试验系统,并采用商用301不锈钢对试验方法的准确性与系统的可靠性进行了验证。试验系统包括水化学回路、加热控制系统、动态加载系统与数据采集系统。在320℃,15.5MPa的去离子水中通过改变溶解氧含量和添加SO42-,Cl-等条件下完成了验证性试验。对材料的裂纹长度-时间曲线和断口形貌分析表明,该试验系统能够稳定而准确地在线测量应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率。     

加工硬化对304不锈钢应力腐蚀裂纹裂尖力学性能的影响

压力管道中应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)是奥氏体不锈钢的主要失效形式之一,同时冷加工变形对材料的力学性能和裂纹的萌生及扩展会产生一定影响。本工作首先利用疲劳拉伸机获取304不锈钢不同冷加工硬化下的材料本构参数,同时利用有限元仿真软件ABAQUS建立了SCC裂纹裂尖宏观分析模型及子模型,研究不同加工硬化下304奥氏体不锈钢材料的SCC裂纹裂尖应力应变、J积分及裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明,材料在20%冷加工率变形内,随着材料加工硬化程度的增加,SCC裂纹裂尖Mises应力、J积分逐渐增大,裂纹裂尖应变(PEEQ)减小,一定程度加工硬化会促进和加速304不锈钢发生应力腐蚀开裂。     

High temperature acidic stress corrosion of glass fibre composites: Part I Effect of fibre type

The stress corrosion characteristics of uniaxial glass fibre reinforced thermosetting resin composites have been examined in hydrochloric acid at 80°C. A simple technique based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) is presented for characterizing crack growth in these materials subjected to hostile acidic environments. The environmental stress corrosion cracking is investigated both for different types of resin and different types of glass fibre reinforcements. Two matrices were used: DERAKANE* 411-45 epoxy vinyl ester resin (based on Bisphenol-A epoxy resin) and DERAKANE 470-30 epoxy vinyl ester resin (based on epoxidized novolac resin). Two glass fibre types were employed: standard E-glass fibre and ECRGLAS®, a special type of E-glass with superior acid resistance. Model experiments using a modified double cantilever beam test with static loading have been carried out on unidirectional composite specimens in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution at 80°C. The rate of crack growth in the specimen depends on the applied stress, the temperature and the environment. Consequently, the lifetime of a component or structure made from glass fibre reinforced plastics (GRP) subjected to stress corrosion conditions, could be predicted provided the dependence of crack growth rate on stress intensity at the crack tip is known. Scanning electron microscope studies of the specimen fracture surfaces have identified the characteristic failure mechanisms. The most important finding of this work is that the selection of DERAKANE epoxy vinyl ester resins reinforced with ECRGLAS® fibre exhibited superior resistance to crack growth at 80°C compared to similar E-glass reinforced composites at room temperatures.     

In situ analysis of delayed fibre failure within water-aged GFRP under static fatigue conditions

A stress corrosion model has been applied to the microscopic analysis of the delayed fibre failure processes occurring within a water-aged unidirectional glass/epoxy composite under static fatigue loading (i.e. relaxation). By means of in situ microscopic observations, the individual fibre failures within an elementary volume located on the tensile side of the flexural specimens have been quantified as a function of time under various applied strain levels. It was found that the time dependence of the in situ fibre failure processes obeyed a stress corrosion model. From the microscopic observations, it was possible to assess consistent values of the parameters characterising the in situ fibre strength distribution and the subcritical crack propagation law. A comparison with separate static fatigue experiments using unimpregnated fibre bundles demonstrated that the specific physico-chemical environment encountered by the glass fibres within the aged epoxy matrix can induce significant changes in the subcritical crack propagation rates, as compared to stress corrosion cracking data collected in humid air.     

Measurement of surface strains in GRP products

Current work on fibre composite materials required the measurement of surface strains on glass reinforced plastics (GRP) products subjected to static loading. A study undertaken to account for anomalous results obtained with electrical resistance strain gauges showed that strains measured at a given load, increased with decreasing gauge length and foil gauge resistance. Measurement of localised strains using gauges of length up to 25 mm are subject to considerable discrepancy when compared with gauge lengths of less than 13 mm.     

The environmental stress corrosion cracking of glass fibre-reinforced laminates and single E-glass filaments

The environmental stress corrosion cracking of epoxy/glass fibre crossply, unidirectional coupons and single E-glass filaments have been compared. At initial applied strains > 0.15% the resin does not protect the fibres as shown by their equivalent failure times. The failure occurs in the environment and planar fractures occur because of the localized stress in the load bearing plies adjacent to a transverse crack in the 90° ply of the 0°/ 90°/0° coupons. These transverse cracks result from stress corrosion of the glass/resin interface, which leads to a reduction of the transverse cracking strain. At applied strains < 0.15% fracture occurs within the unexposed half of the coupons and is thought to be caused by rapid transport of glass corrosion products where they crystallize within the coupon. This phenomenon is also responsible for the progressive transverse cracking that occurs in both the 0° and 90° plies of the unimmersed half of the crossply coupon under zero load.     

A study of the corrosion resistance of glass fibre reinforced polymers

Specific interactions between chemical environments (hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and distilled water) and glass fibre cause stress corrosion cracking in the glass fibre surface. The etching of the glass fibre gives rise to an extraction process. Axial or spiral cracks can then be observed. These effects depend on the fibre diameter, the etching time and the chemical environment and cause a drop in tensile stresses. The glass fibre crumbles with increasing etching time.Strict etching procedures lead to definite extraction processes and crack structures in the glass fibres and will be discussed in connection with strength tests.In addition to investigations of individual elements, e.g. glass fibres, it is also possible that whole glass fibre reinforced composites are damaged during service under the influence of aggressive surrounding media. In such cases, circular or spiral-shaped cracks can also be observed preferentially in the glass fibre. The fibres can then no longer contribute to an increase in strength and the result is the untimely failure of the composite material.     

Micro-mechanical theory of macroscopic stress-corrosion cracking in unidirectional GFRP

A micro-mechanical theory of macroscopic stress-corrosion cracking in a unidirectional glass fibre-reinforced polymer composite is proposed. It is based on the premise that under tensile loading, the time-dependent failure of the composite is controlled by the initiation and growth of a crack from a pre-existing inherent surface flaw in a glass fibre. A physical model is constructed and an equation is derived for the macroscopic crack growth rate as a function of the apparent crack tip stress intensity factor for mode I. Emphasis is placed on the significance of the size of inherent surface flaw and the existence of matrix crack bridging in the crack wake. There exists a threshold value of the stress intensity factor below which matrix cracking does not occur. For the limiting case, where the glass fibre is free of inherent surface flaws and matrix crack bridging is negligible, the relationship between the macroscopic crack growth rate and the apparent crack tip stress intensity factor is given by a simple power law to the power of two.     

Modelling the mean stress effect on fatigue life of fibre reinforced plastics

The mean stress influence on fatigue life of carbon and glass fibre reinforced plastics is investigated in detail. A new phenomenological approach is presented to model the mean stress effect in various material systems and fibre dominated stacking sequences. The model is calibrated to fatigue data via a developed fitting-routine that is based on least squares method. The calibration input data is one Woehler curve at R = 0.1 and the ultimate static strengths in tension and compression loading. The characterization effort is reduced by this significantly. Finally the method is verified successfully by fatigue data of several material systems.     

CFRP-PCPs复合筋嵌入加固钢筋混凝土梁裂缝试验及计算方法研究

通过5根嵌入不同张拉控制应力的碳纤维增强塑料预应力混凝土棱柱体(CFRP-PCPs)复合筋加固钢筋混凝土梁受弯试验,对比分析试验梁的裂缝分布与发展,得到最大裂缝宽度与平均裂缝宽度在静力荷载作用下的变化特性。结果表明: 嵌入CFRP-PCPs复合筋能有效的减少被加固钢筋混凝土梁的裂缝宽度和高度。在试验基础上,根据国家现行混凝土规范,对平均裂缝间距和最大裂缝宽度计算公式进行参数修正,建立了CFRP-PCPs复合筋嵌入加固钢筋混凝土梁最大裂缝宽度计算公式,计算值与试验值吻合较好。     

FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION AND CRACK CLOSURE BEHAVIOR IN POLYCARBONATE AND FIBRE REINFORCED POLYCARBONATE

Abstract— Fatigue crack propagation was investigated in polycarbonate and glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate and the effect of stress ratio and glass fibre content determined. The addition of glass fibre increases the tensile strength, but does not always contribute to an increase in fatigue crack propagation resistance. For polycarbonate the effect of stress ratio can be partly explained by using crack closure concepts as other researchers have suggested, but for glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate this was not possible. Fractography revealed a void growth process, which occurred by decohesion at the interface of the glass fibres and the base material, which was dependent on the maximum stress intensity factor. The process of linking the voids and the main crack growth behavior depended on the stress intensity factor range, Δ K. A proposed crack propagation model can explain the effect of stress ratio on crack propagation in fibre reinforced polycarbonate.