Properties of cold lake bitumen saturated with pure gases and gas mixtures

This paper presents new data for the viscosity, density and gas solubility of Cold Lake bitumen saturated with light gases and gas mixtures over a temperature range of 15 to 103°C at up to 10 MPa pressure. Specifically, the gases whose effects on the bitumen properties were measured are N₂, CH₄, CO₂ and C₂H₆, and two mixtures of CO₂ and CH₄. With CO₂ and C₂H₆, experiments were also performed in the liquid-liquid region, and the results of these experiments generally agree with the previously published predictions. The viscosity of the gas-free Cold Lake bitumen is comparable to that of a Marguerite Lake bitumen that was tested previously. Due to the large solubilities of C0₂ and C₂H₆, the reduction in gas-saturated bitumen viscosity is quite dramatic. The density of the gas-saturated bitumen decreases with increased amounts of the dissolved CH₄ and C₂H₆ gases, but no such trends are evident for the N₂ and CO₂ gases. The results of the experiments with two binary gas mixtures (i.e., CO₂ and CH₄) indicate that the bitumen properties are affected largely by the major gas constituent.     

Development of mixing rules for predicting the viscosity of bitumen and its fractions blended with toluene

A comprehensive model is presented for predicting the liquid-mixture viscosity of bitumen and its fractions diluted with toluene. The proposed model is based on the Walther two-parameter viscosity-temperature correlation and a simple viscosity mixing rule. New viscosity data at 22-100°C are presented for 14 blends of Cold Lake bitumen and its fractions with toluene. All of these data are well correlated by the Walther correlation with AAD < 2%. The predictions from a recently proposed simple mixing formula for toluene-bitumen blends viscosity are well within an order of magnitude of the data. The blend viscosity predictions are improved substantially by use of a temperature-dependent viscous interaction parameter. For predicting the viscosity of toluene-diluted whole bitumen, the bitumen is characterized both as a “black-oil” and as a mixture of five fractions or pseudocomponents. The calculation procedure for the viscosity of toluene-diluted bitumen is outlined and the two characterization approaches are evaluated.     

New correlation for predicting the viscosity of heavy petroleum fractions

A new, simple and reliable empirical correlation for predicting the viscosities of heavy petroleum fractions is proposed, applicable to fractions with mid-boiling points from 80 to 550°C over a wide range of viscosities (0.4 to 260 mm² s⁻¹) and measurement temperatures (40 to 200°C). This correlation showed better accuracy in the prediction of heavy petroleum fraction viscosities than that of the most accurate and much more complicated predictive methods in the literature, since it gave an overall average absolute deviation of 6.5% when tested on 296 data for medium and heavy petroleum fractions.     

Correlation and prediction of the viscosity of pure hydrocarbons

A relationship is identified between the effective carbon number (ECN) and parameter b in the one-parameter viscosity euation: log (μ + 0.8) = 100 (0.0lT)^b. The generalized correlation, b = -5.745 + 0.616 In (ECN) - 40.468 (ECN)^?15, provides an equation to predict parameter b, which gives values that are within the maximum deviation of 5% for ECN < 10 and 1% for 10 < ECN < 44 of the empirically-determined values for 70 liquid hydrocarbons. The calculated viscosities are within 5% of literature data. The viscosity prediction method is simple to use, and it can be extrapolated reliably to heavier hydrocarbons.     

Correlation of bitumen viscosity with temperature and pressure

A previous viscosity-temperature correlation (Puttagunta et al., 1992) is extended to include a pressure term and employed successfully in predicting the combined effect of temperature and pressure on the viscosity of Canadian bitumens and heavy oils. Predictions are made on new sets of data based on a single measurement of viscosity at 30°C and 101.3 kPa pressure; and the results show similar accuracy as obtained in the sets of data used in developing the correlation. The correlation yields an absolute average deviation between predicted and experimental viscosity of 4.79% and a correlation coefficient of 0.99 over a range of temperatures between 20 and 120°C and gauge pressures between 0 and 18 MPa.     

提高混炼胶门尼粘度预测精度的研究

根据密炼机橡胶混炼过程的瞬时功率控制法,运用数理统计法的混炼门尼粘度数学模型,其预测精度值不稳定。为了提高预测精度,采取了排除异常值、优选数学模型和确定样本数等措施。使用散眯图很容易发现异常值的存在。用排胶点瞬时功率可以预测胎面蓼交门尼粘度。２０个试样的数学模型可达到需要的预测精度。载重轮胎厂应用本法地生产实践表明,混炼胶门粘度的预测值民实测差值的平均值仅为０．４０－０．８４．     

立方型状态方程的混合规则在相平衡计算中的研究

对立方型状态方程中所使用的混合规则及其在相平衡计算中的应用状况做了综述分析。将混合规则按二次型、LC型、DDLC型和UNIWAALS型分别进行了介绍和讨论。总结了各种类型混合规则的优缺点和适用范围,并提出了混合规则今后的发展方向。     

糊状PVC搅拌工艺与溶胶粘度的研究

研究了糊状PVC的搅拌工艺，分析了增塑剂的用量、PVC的类型、PVC的分子量、填充剂的柱径、搅拌器、降粘剂、搅拌温度、搅拌时间等因素对PVC溶胶粘度和初始粘度上升率的影响。     

Calculation of excess molar volumes with different cubic equations of state and different mixing rules

The effects of the simple composition-dependent combining rules (conventional, Adachi-Sugie and van Laar-Stryjek-Vera-type) and Huron-Vidal-NRTL mixing rules and different cubic equations of state (Redlich-Kwong, Soave-Redlich-Kwong, Peng-Robinson and Peng-Robinson-Stryjek-Vera) on excess molar volume correlation are examined. The results obtained for some asymmetric non-ideal mixtures indicate very good agreement between correlated and experimental data in all cases when Huron-Vidal-NRTL mixing rules are coupled with the Peng-Robinson-Stryjek-Vera equation of state.     

Stockmayer force constants for the viscosity of polar gases

Relationships have been developed for the calculation of the viscosity of a polar gas at atmospheric pressure from macroscopic parameters available for the substance. The molecular force constants for the Stockmayer potential determined by Monchick and Mason from viscosity data were related to the critical constants of the substance and the parameters ω and × defined through the vapor pressure. For 10 polar gases, an average deviation of approximately 3.0% was obtained between experimental viscosities and values calculated with the relationships of this study. The relationships were also utilized to calculate diffusion coefficients for a number of polar binary mixtures.     

SRK方程结合超额Gibbs自由能规则预测汽液平衡

SRK方程结合范德华混合规则应用于极性体系会产生较大误差,而结合超额Gibbs自由能(GE)型混合规则能得较好的结果。Wong-Sandler(WS型)混合规则是基于无穷大压力的GE型混合规则,文中对提出一种基于常压的改进型WS(MWS型)混合规则,利用SRK方程分别结合WS型和MWS型混合规则对多个二元极性体系汽液平衡进行预测。比较结果表明,采用SRK方程结合MWS型混合规则预测汽液平衡结果一般优于WS型混合规则。     

锥形双螺杆挤出过程菠萝型混合元件三维流场分析(Ⅰ)

应用ANSYS有限元软件对锥形双螺杆菠萝型混合元件进行了三维等温非牛顿流场的模拟分析 ,并与常规螺纹元件的流场分析结果进行了对比 ,得出了菠萝型混合元件比常规螺纹元件生产率高 ,分布混合能力强 ,其分散混合能力稍弱于常规螺纹元件的结论     

含白炭黑胎面胶的混炼

以白炭黑作填充剂的轮胎具有滚动阻力低等优点。但是白炭黑在橡胶中不易分散。介绍了为提高含白炭黑的胎面胶的混炼质量，加速白炭黑在轮胎中的推广应用而采取的原材料、混炼工艺和混炼设备。     

高粘聚酯切片特性粘数测试方法的优化

针对高粘PET样品的特性,通过试验对比,对聚酯特性粘数分析测试方法中规定的样品粉碎时间及称样量进行了优化,得到了适用于高粘PET样品特性粘数测试的最佳测试条件。     

密封件用高硬度丁腈橡胶的混炼工艺探讨

探讨了高硬度丁腈橡胶的混炼工艺,如一段混炼法、两段混炼法和逆炼法.实验证明,高硬度丁腈橡胶中的炭黑等填充剂用量较大时,可采用逆炼法混炼工艺;该工艺混炼效果较好,胶料质量稳定,并降低能源消耗.     

混合法高黏度PVC糊树脂的生产研制

介绍了高黏度PVC糊树脂的研制过程,采用气相法白炭黑对PVC糊树脂进行增黏,生产出了B氏黏度>10 000mPa·s的高黏度PVC糊树脂,该法生产成本低,操作简单。     

低粘度聚丙烯酰胺的合成研究

采用链转移法合成了低粘度聚丙烯酰胺。探讨了反应温度、单体浓度、链转移剂、引发剂等对聚合物体系粘度的影响。确定了在单体浓度为30.0%,反应温度为80～90℃,链转移剂浓度为(2～6)×10-2mol/L,引发剂浓度为(3.5～18)×10-3mol/L的实验条件下,获得了粘度为1×102～1×104mPa.s的低粘度聚丙烯酰胺产品。并对该类低粘度聚丙烯酰胺在Si3N4结合SiC耐火材料方面的应用进行了初步研究。     

混炼型锥形双螺杆实验研究

对混炼型锥形双螺杆的挤出产量、物料压力、物料流动状态及混合效果进行了大量实验研究。分析研究了螺杆上混炼元件和分流元件对物料的混炼效果。实验结果表明,混炼型锥形双螺杆对物料的混炼效果明显优于常规型锥形双螺杆。     

电磁动态塑料混炼挤出机性能分析

本文从原理结构、整机性能、制品性能分析了电磁动态塑料混炼挤出机性能的优越性。